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1. Word Formation
Dr. Apexa Dharankar

2. Introduction
• Origin of language
• Various theories
- Divine source
- Natural sound
- Physical adaptation
- Teeth, lips, larynx and pharynx
- Human brain
- Genetic source

3. Etymology
• the study of the origins and history
of words and their meanings
• an explanation of the origin and
history of a particular word

4. • For example, The word etymology derives
from the Greek word ἐτυμολογία
(etumología), itself from ἔτυμον (étumon),
meaning "true sense or sense of a truth",
and the suffix -logia, denoting "the study
of". The term etymon refers to a word or
morpheme (e.g., stem or root) from which
a later word or morpheme derives.

5. Why do we need new words?
• Your answers please!

6. Coinage
• Coinage is the word formation process in
which a new word is created either
deliberately or accidentally without using
the other word formation processes and
often from seemingly nothing. As
neologism or coinage, we identify
the word formation process of inventing
entirely new words (neology)

7. Coinage
• Least common method of word
formation
• Sources are invented trade names:
• E.g. Aspirin, vaseline, xerox
• Variant: Eponyms
• Eponyms are new words based on the
names of a place/person

8. Coinage
• Eponyms:
• Sandwich, Jeans
• Some eponyms are technical terms
based on the names of those who first
discovered or invented things
• E.g. Fahrenheit, Volt, Watt, Newton

9. Borrowing
• Taking over of words from other
languages
• E.g. piano, sofa, tattoo, tycoon, saree
• Special type of borrowing is called loan
translation or Calque
• Gratte-ciel(french) – scrape sky
• Ubermensch(german)- superman

10. Compounding
• Compounding is the process of
combining two words (free morphemes)
to create a new word (commonly a noun,
verb, or adjective). Also called
composition, it is from the Latin for "put
together". Compounding is the most
common type of word-formation in
English.

11. Compounding
• Nouns: bookcase, fingerprint,
showcase, notebook
• Adjective: Good looking, low paid,
over used, full time

12. Blending
• Blending is one of the many ways new
words are made in English. It refers to
joining the beginning of one word and
the end of another to make a new word
with a new meaning. Smog, from smoke
and fog, and brunch, from breakfast and
lunch, are examples of blends.

13. Clipping
• When there is an element of reduction
which is noticeable, it is known as
clipping. This occurs when a word or
more than one syllable is reduced is
reduced to a shorter form, usually
beginning in casual speech. E.g. fax, ad,
cab, flu

14. Clipping
• A special type of reduction, favored in
Australian and British English, produced
form, technically known as hypocorisms,
in which a longer word is reduced to a
single syllable, then –y or –ie is added to
the end. E.g. moving picture - movie,
Australian – Aussie, television - telly

15. Conversion
• A change in the function of a word, as for e.g.,
when a noun comes to be used as a verb
(without any reduction) is known as
conversion. Other labels for this process are
“category change” or “functional shift”.
• For e.g. Bottle, Butter, Chair
• Verb-noun e.g. To guess
• Phrasal verb-noun e.g. To takeover
• Verb-adjective e.g. See-through

16. Conversion
• Adjective-verb e.g. Dirty
• Adjective-noun e.g. Crazy
• Special case: e.g. Doctor (n), To doctor (v)

17. Acronyms
• New words formed from a set of other
words
• These can be in forms such as:
• CD – Compact Disk
• DVD – Digital Video Disk
• VCR – Video Cassette Recorder
• Where pronunciation consist of each
separate letter

18. Acronyms
• More generally acronyms are
pronounced as a new single words like
• NATO – North Atlantic Treaty
Organisation
• UNESCO – United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organisation
• UNICEF – United Nations International
Children’s Emergency Fund

19. Acronyms
• The examples in previous slide have kept
their capital letters, but many acronyms
simply become everyday terms, such as
• Laser- light amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation
• Radar – radio detecting and ranging
• Scuba – self-contained underwater
breathing apparatus

20. Acronyms
• Names of organisations are often
designed to have their acronyms
represent an appropriate term, such as
• Mothers Against Drunk Driving – MADD
• Self Employed Women Association –
SEWA
• Women Against Rape – WAR

21. Acronyms
• Some acronyms come into general
use so quickly that many speakers do
not think of their component
meanings, such as
• ATM – Automatic Teller Machine
• PIN – Personal Identification Number

22. Standard Abbreviation
• Shortened forms of words
• Useful while taking down quick notes
• There are 3 different ways to write
abbreviations
1. Shorten a long word by writing the
beginning of that word

23. Standard Abbreviations
Example: hippo. – hippopotamous
fem. – feminine
2. Omit the vowels of a word
Example: qlty. – quality
tchr. – teacher

24. Standard Abbreviations
3. Write just first and last letter of
monosyllabic word
Example: mt. – mount
ld. – land
Other examples: When you mean ‘for
example’, use of e.g. is an abbreviation
for the Latin phrase ‘exempli gratia’.

25. Derivation
• Most common word formation process
• Accomplished by a large number of
‘small’ bits of the English Language which
are usually given separate listing in the
dictionaries.
• These bits are called affixes
Examples: unhappy, disrespectful,
foolishness, terrorism

26. Derivation: prefixes
1. Negative prefixes:
im – imbalance, imperfect
in – incorrect, incomplete
un – undo, unwrap
a – asymptomatic, apolitical
Non – nonsense, nonstop

27. Derivation: prefixes
Dis – disagree, disable
Il – illogical, illiterate
Ir – irrelevant, irrational
De – decode, decompose
Mis – mislead, misinterpret
Pseudo – pseudo-intellectual
Anti – antisocial, antivirus

28. Derivation: prefixes of number
Mono – monlogue, monochrome
Uni – unipod
Bi – biannual
Di – dichromatic
Tri – tricycle
Tetra – tetrameter
Multi – mulimedia
Poly – polycentric

29. Derivation: prefixes of time and order
Re – revise, return
fore – forehead, foreshadow
Pre – preheat, preplan
Post – postpaid
Ex – ex-minister
Super – superficial, super-senior

30. Derivation: prefixes of location
Sub – submarine, subcontinent
Inter – international
Intra – intrastate
Trans – translocation

31. Derivation: prefixes of degree or size
Super – superfast
Out – outstanding
Under – underperform
Hyper – hypersensitivity
Ultra – ultramodern
Mini – minibus
Over – overqualified
Sub – substandard
Arch - archrival

32. Derivation: prefixes of attitude
Pro – proactive
Anti – antihero
Co – cooperative
Counter - countercultural

33. Derivation: prefixes
Auto – automobile
Neo – neonatal
Semi – semicircle
Pan – pan-indian

34. Class changing prefixes
Be: head(n), behead(v)
En: able(adj.), enable(v)
A: head(n), ahead(adj.)
De: frost(n), defrost(v)

35. Derivation: class maintaining suffixes
-ship: friend(n), friendship(n)
-hood: neighbour(n), neighbourhood(n)
-ite: Hindu(n), hinduite(n)
-er: Dublin(n), dubliner(n)
-ess: poet(n), poetess(n)
-dom: king(n), kingdom(n)
-ery: machine(n), machinery(n)

36. Derivation: class changing suffixes
• Noun to adjective
-ian, -ese, -ful, -less, -ly, -like, -ish, -al, -ous
• Adjective to noun
-ity, -ness, -ry
• Noun to verb
-ate, -ise, -en, -ify

37. Derivation: class changing suffixes
• Verb to noun
-er, -ment, -age, -ant, -ee, -ation, -al, -or
• Verb to adverb
-ily, -fully
• Adjective to adverb
-ly, -wards

38. Creative respelling
• Sometimes words are formed by simply
changing the spelling of a word that the
speaker wants to relate to the new word.
• Product names often involve creative
respelling
Example: color, honor, Mr. Kleen
Names: Christen, Kristen, Krysten