Wool scouring produces an effluent high in organic material like grease, dirt, and residues from veterinary medicines used on sheep. This effluent requires extensive treatment before discharge to remove oxygen-depleting substances and potentially toxic pesticides. Two main wastes - grease and sludge - are also produced. Grease can be recovered and sold, but sludge contains pesticides and must be disposed of carefully, typically through incineration, to avoid polluting land or water. Air pollution is minimal except from hot acid cracking of grease. Strict control of effluent and waste is needed to protect the environment from wool processing.
The document discusses various environmental issues related to wool scouring. It notes that raw wool contains residues from pesticides used on sheep that can pollute waterways if discharged in effluent. It also discusses how different pesticides associate with grease or dirt and are removed to varying degrees during scouring. Land pollution may occur from disposal of grease and sludge by-products. Air pollution can potentially arise from incineration of waste or use of organic solvents during scouring. Overall, proper treatment of effluent and disposal of by-products is necessary to minimize environmental impacts.
The document discusses the preparatory processes involved for wool before manufacturing. It describes the composition of raw wool which mainly consists of keratin protein along with impurities like dirt, suint, fat, and burrs. It then explains processes like carbonization and scouring used to remove these impurities. Carbonization uses sulfuric acid to remove burrs while scouring is done through emulsion, solvent, or freezing methods to remove dirt and fat without degrading the wool. Bleaching methods for wool include reductive bleaching using sodium hydrosulphite or oxidative bleaching using hydrogen peroxide.
This document discusses the process of scouring synthetic fibers and fiber blends. Scouring is used to remove dirt, spin finishes, sizing agents and other impurities added during fiber production and processing. For polyester and nylon fabrics, scouring can be done with soda ash and detergent in water at 70-80 degrees C. Scouring of acrylic must be done under mild alkaline conditions to avoid yellowing. When scouring blends of cotton and polyester, milder alkaline conditions are used to avoid hydrolysis of the polyester fibers. Common scouring conditions for cotton/polyester blends include caustic soda, soda ash and detergent in water at 70-100 degrees
The document discusses the scouring process, which involves removing natural and added impurities from textile fibers. There are three main methods for removing impurities: saponification, emulsification, and solubilization. Saponification converts impurities like oils and fats into water-soluble soaps. Emulsification forms suspensions of non-saponifiable impurities. Solubilization dissolves substances like pectin and proteins into soluble salts. The scouring process aims to remove all impurities and leave the fibers highly absorbent without damage. Common scouring agents include alkaline solutions, surfactants, and sometimes organic solvents.
2 Pre treatments of textile material.pptROHIT SINGH
The basic objective of pretreatment processing is removal of added or natural impurities present in textile fibres to improve the absorbency.
BY:ROHIT SINGH
The document discusses scouring, which is a process used to remove natural and added impurities from cotton fibers. It involves treating cotton with alkaline solutions such as sodium hydroxide. This removes fats, waxes, pectins and proteins from the cotton and improves its absorbency. The document then describes various scouring methods and chemicals used, as well as common industrial scouring processes like kier boiling and J-box scouring.
The document discusses scouring, which is a process used to purify cotton and cotton-blended textiles by removing impurities like oils, waxes, and dirt. It describes two main types of scouring: alkaline scouring, which uses high concentrations of sodium hydroxide at high temperatures; and bio/enzymatic scouring, which uses enzymes like pectinase and lipase at lower temperatures. Alkaline scouring is faster and removes more impurities but is harsher on fibers, more costly, and produces more wastewater. Bio scouring is gentler on fibers, more environmentally friendly, and reduces costs over the full production process though it has
The document discusses various preparatory processes for cotton textiles including desizing, scouring, and bleaching. Desizing involves removing added starches used in sizing through processes like hydrolysis or oxidation. Scouring uses alkaline solutions to remove natural impurities like fats, waxes, pectins and proteins from cotton. Bleaching removes color pigments through oxidation, with common bleaching agents being sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and peracetic acid. These preparatory processes are important to remove impurities, improve dyeability and finishability of cotton textiles.
The document discusses various environmental issues related to wool scouring. It notes that raw wool contains residues from pesticides used on sheep that can pollute waterways if discharged in effluent. It also discusses how different pesticides associate with grease or dirt and are removed to varying degrees during scouring. Land pollution may occur from disposal of grease and sludge by-products. Air pollution can potentially arise from incineration of waste or use of organic solvents during scouring. Overall, proper treatment of effluent and disposal of by-products is necessary to minimize environmental impacts.
The document discusses the preparatory processes involved for wool before manufacturing. It describes the composition of raw wool which mainly consists of keratin protein along with impurities like dirt, suint, fat, and burrs. It then explains processes like carbonization and scouring used to remove these impurities. Carbonization uses sulfuric acid to remove burrs while scouring is done through emulsion, solvent, or freezing methods to remove dirt and fat without degrading the wool. Bleaching methods for wool include reductive bleaching using sodium hydrosulphite or oxidative bleaching using hydrogen peroxide.
This document discusses the process of scouring synthetic fibers and fiber blends. Scouring is used to remove dirt, spin finishes, sizing agents and other impurities added during fiber production and processing. For polyester and nylon fabrics, scouring can be done with soda ash and detergent in water at 70-80 degrees C. Scouring of acrylic must be done under mild alkaline conditions to avoid yellowing. When scouring blends of cotton and polyester, milder alkaline conditions are used to avoid hydrolysis of the polyester fibers. Common scouring conditions for cotton/polyester blends include caustic soda, soda ash and detergent in water at 70-100 degrees
The document discusses the scouring process, which involves removing natural and added impurities from textile fibers. There are three main methods for removing impurities: saponification, emulsification, and solubilization. Saponification converts impurities like oils and fats into water-soluble soaps. Emulsification forms suspensions of non-saponifiable impurities. Solubilization dissolves substances like pectin and proteins into soluble salts. The scouring process aims to remove all impurities and leave the fibers highly absorbent without damage. Common scouring agents include alkaline solutions, surfactants, and sometimes organic solvents.
2 Pre treatments of textile material.pptROHIT SINGH
The basic objective of pretreatment processing is removal of added or natural impurities present in textile fibres to improve the absorbency.
BY:ROHIT SINGH
The document discusses scouring, which is a process used to remove natural and added impurities from cotton fibers. It involves treating cotton with alkaline solutions such as sodium hydroxide. This removes fats, waxes, pectins and proteins from the cotton and improves its absorbency. The document then describes various scouring methods and chemicals used, as well as common industrial scouring processes like kier boiling and J-box scouring.
The document discusses scouring, which is a process used to purify cotton and cotton-blended textiles by removing impurities like oils, waxes, and dirt. It describes two main types of scouring: alkaline scouring, which uses high concentrations of sodium hydroxide at high temperatures; and bio/enzymatic scouring, which uses enzymes like pectinase and lipase at lower temperatures. Alkaline scouring is faster and removes more impurities but is harsher on fibers, more costly, and produces more wastewater. Bio scouring is gentler on fibers, more environmentally friendly, and reduces costs over the full production process though it has
The document discusses various preparatory processes for cotton textiles including desizing, scouring, and bleaching. Desizing involves removing added starches used in sizing through processes like hydrolysis or oxidation. Scouring uses alkaline solutions to remove natural impurities like fats, waxes, pectins and proteins from cotton. Bleaching removes color pigments through oxidation, with common bleaching agents being sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and peracetic acid. These preparatory processes are important to remove impurities, improve dyeability and finishability of cotton textiles.
The document discusses enzymatic or bio-scouring of textiles as an alternative to conventional alkaline scouring. Bio-scouring uses enzymes to selectively remove non-cellulosic structures like pectin and waxes from cotton fibers. It is more environmentally friendly as it reduces water, energy and chemical usage compared to alkaline scouring. While bio-scouring has limitations in removing some impurities like waxes completely, it offers advantages such as retaining cotton fiber structure and being a milder process overall. The document provides details on the bio-scouring process, parameters, advantages and limitations compared to alkaline scouring.
The document describes a study comparing a traditional scouring process to a bio-scouring process for textiles. It finds that bio-scouring using the enzyme Scourzyme L is more environmentally friendly and reduces costs compared to traditional caustic scouring. Specifically, bio-scouring reduces water, energy and chemical usage, lowers BOD, COD and TDS in wastewater, and avoids the health and safety risks of harsh chemicals. However, it provides slightly less whiteness for light and white fabrics compared to traditional scouring. Overall, bio-scouring is shown to be a more sustainable and cost-effective alternative.
This presentation discusses the bio-scouring process. Bio-scouring uses enzymes like pectinase, lipase and protease to selectively remove non-cellulosic impurities like pectin and waxes from cotton fibers. The mechanism involves pectinase hydrolyzing pectin to render waxes extractable. Key process parameters include pH, temperature, wetting agents and emulsifiers. An example recipe uses pectinase, a sequestering agent and wetting agent in water at 60°C for 30 minutes. Bio-scouring offers advantages like lower energy use and costs compared to conventional scouring while removing impurities and improving the cotton surface for dyeing. However,
This document discusses bio-scouring as an alternative to conventional alkaline scouring of cotton fabrics. Bio-scouring uses enzymes like pectinase, lipase and protease to remove non-cellulosic materials from cotton at lower temperatures and reduces environmental pollution. It outlines the key steps in bio-scouring including the use of pectinase to break down pectin on the cotton fiber. While bio-scouring is more environmentally friendly than alkaline scouring, it has some limitations in removing waxes and can reduce whiteness. Overall, bio-scouring offers benefits like reduced energy and water usage compared to conventional scouring methods.
Enzymatic or bio-scouring is an eco-friendly alternative to conventional alkaline scouring that uses enzymes instead of harsh chemicals to remove non-cellulosic impurities from cotton fibers. It uses a blend of pectinase, protease, and lipase enzymes at mild temperatures and pH levels. Bio-scouring generates 50% less effluent with lower BOD, COD, and TDS compared to alkaline scouring. Though it provides benefits like reduced energy and water usage, milder conditions, and cost savings, bio-scouring may not achieve the same degree of whiteness as alkaline scouring. Overall, bio-scouring is a more sustainable pre-
The document discusses the scouring process used to clean fabrics prior to dyeing or finishing. Scouring removes natural and mechanical impurities through processes like saponification, solubilization, and emulsification. Saponification converts oils and fats to soap and glycerin. Solubilization and emulsification remove other impurities like pectins, proteins, waxes, and minerals by making them water soluble or dispersing them. Selection of scouring agents depends on fiber type, fabric properties, and impurity level. Effectiveness is tested through measures like absorbency, weight loss, and residual wax content.
This document summarizes information about wool, including that it is a protein fiber obtained from sheep and contains natural impurities like dirt, suint, fat, and burrs. It also lists added impurities like dust and grease that get onto wool. The document outlines the preparatory processes wool goes through, including scouring to remove impurities using sodium carbonate or soap, and carbonizing using sulfuric acid to remove any remaining vegetable matter. It provides details on the conditions used for scouring and defines carbonizing.
Pakistan's leather industry is a major export earner but generates significant environmental pollution, especially wastewater. Tanneries produce highly polluted wastewater far exceeding standards. Wastewater is the most pressing challenge due to the large volumes and high levels of contaminants like settleable matter. Solid waste and air emissions are also issues but less severe. A variety of in-plant process changes and end-of-pipe wastewater treatments can help tanneries reduce pollution, with activated sludge treatment recommended as the most effective option. Immediate action is needed on in-plant improvements and wastewater treatment to bring pollution levels down to standards and ensure sustainability of the important industry.
Unit 3- Pollution and treatment of tanner and effluntpascchemistry
The document discusses various finishing processes used in tanneries. It describes drying, bleaching, dyeing, fat liquoring, and calendering processes. It also discusses pollution caused by tanneries and describes primary, secondary, and tertiary wastewater treatment methods used, including mechanical screening, sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, and biological treatments to reduce BOD and COD levels before discharge.
Scouring is the process of removing natural and added impurities from textiles using alkali solutions. It makes fabrics hydrophilic and absorbent. There are two main methods - batch/discontinuous scouring using kier boilers, and continuous scouring using J-boxes. Key steps involve saponification of oils and emulsification of waxes. Souring neutralizes residual alkali on scoured fabrics using acids.
The document discusses chemical processing of knitted fabrics, specifically preparatory processes like scouring and bleaching. It describes the objectives of preparatory processes as removing natural and added impurities to allow for high dye uptake and brightness. Scouring removes oils, waxes and other impurities using alkalis and surfactants while bleaching destroys coloring matter using oxidizing agents like hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite. Key steps and considerations for each process are outlined, including chemicals used, mechanisms, effects of parameters, and common tests after pretreatment.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on bio-scouring processes. It introduces bio-scouring as an enzymatic pre-treatment process that uses pectinase enzymes to selectively remove pectin and waxes from cotton fibers. The presentation outlines the mechanisms of bio-scouring, compares it to traditional alkaline scouring, and discusses the advantages of bio-scouring such as reduced energy and water usage. While bio-scouring is more environmentally friendly than alkaline scouring, it also has some disadvantages like inability to remove all waxes and sensitivity to temperature and pH changes.
This document discusses bio-scouring, an enzymatic process for removing non-cellulosic impurities like pectin and waxes from cotton fibers. It involves the use of enzymes like pectinase, lipases and proteases. The mechanism has two stages - pectin removal allows wax to be extracted or emulsified, and further pectin dissolution enables wax emulsification. Key parameters include pH, temperature, wetting and emulsifying agents. Compared to alkaline scouring, bio-scouring is more environmentally friendly as it uses less energy, water, chemicals and time, and produces less effluent. While it cannot remove all waxes and is sensitive to process conditions, bio
This document discusses enzymatic treatments used in textile processing. It provides background on enzymes and their classification. Common enzymes used in textile processing include amylase for desizing, cellulase for bio-polishing, pectinase for scouring, and catalase for removing hydrogen peroxide after bleaching. The document examines the mechanisms of these enzymes and provides experimental data on optimizing enzymatic treatments. It finds that enzymatic treatments provide environmental and performance benefits compared to harsh chemical processes.
Lecture 2 composition of cotton, desizingAdane Nega
The document discusses the composition and constituents of cotton fibers, including natural impurities, fats and waxes, pectins, proteins, colouring matter, and mineral matter. It also describes the purpose and principles of preparatory processes used in the textile industry such as desizing. Desizing is the process of removing size, primarily starch, applied during weaving to prevent warp breakage. Common desizing methods include hydrolysis using acids or enzymes to break down starch into soluble fragments.
In this presentation you will find that ECCO Shoes supported by their passion in Leather. ECCO has their own tanneries, which now also selling leather to other brands. Not only shoes and footwear but also gloves and leathergoods and sports.
The document provides information on various types of dyes used in the textile industry such as direct dyes, vat dyes, disperse dyes, and reactive dyes. It describes the properties and mechanisms of each dye type. It also discusses natural dyes extracted from plants and provides tips for more sustainable and eco-friendly dyeing processes.
The document discusses various preparatory processes that cotton fabric undergoes before dyeing or other chemical processing. It describes how cotton contains natural impurities like fats, waxes, pectins, proteins and colouring matter that need to be removed. The preparatory processes involve mechanical operations like brushing to remove loose threads, shearing to cut attached threads, and singeing to burn protruding fibers. This is followed by inspection of grey fabric for defects and stamping with a lot number for identification during processing.
Natural fibers contain coloring compounds that make them appear off-white. The objective of bleaching is to remove these color bodies and produce a white fabric using oxidizing bleaching agents while minimizing fiber damage. Hydrogen peroxide is the most widely used bleaching agent for cotton and blends. It works through its decomposition product, perhydroxyl ion, which breaks the double bonds in color compounds at an optimal pH of 10-11. Proper regulation of perhydroxyl ions through stabilizers prevents rapid decomposition of the bleach and fiber degradation. Temperature, time, concentration, and liquor ratio must be optimized to achieve effective bleaching with minimal impact on strength properties.
Bio-scouring uses enzymes instead of harsh chemicals to remove impurities from cotton fabrics. It requires only one bath, saving 4 baths compared to conventional scouring. This leads to significant water savings of around 28 liters per kg of fabric processed. Bio-scouring also provides quality, economic, and environmental advantages over traditional scouring by reducing chemical usage, saving energy and time, lowering water consumption and effluent generation. Test results showed bio-scouring achieved satisfactory absorbency levels for dyeing while maintaining fabric strength without excessive weight loss.
Scouring is the process of removing natural and added impurities from textiles using alkali solutions. It makes fabrics hydrophilic and clean. There are two main scouring methods - discontinuous kier boiling and continuous j-box scouring. Kier boiling involves loading fabric into a heated vessel and spraying alkali solution onto it over several hours. J-box scouring passes fabric continuously through an impregnation box, preheater and j-box where it is stored in alkali solution. The main objectives of scouring are to remove oils, waxes and other impurities, increase absorbency and prepare fabrics for downstream processing.
Scouring is a process that removes natural and added impurities from textiles through the use of chemicals like alkalis and surfactants. It saponifies fats and waxes, breaks down proteins and pectins, and increases the textile's absorptive capacity. The type of scouring agent used depends on the fiber and extent of impurities. Scouring emulsifies and saponifies impurities to solubilize and suspend them for removal, improving dyeability and finish performance.
The document discusses enzymatic or bio-scouring of textiles as an alternative to conventional alkaline scouring. Bio-scouring uses enzymes to selectively remove non-cellulosic structures like pectin and waxes from cotton fibers. It is more environmentally friendly as it reduces water, energy and chemical usage compared to alkaline scouring. While bio-scouring has limitations in removing some impurities like waxes completely, it offers advantages such as retaining cotton fiber structure and being a milder process overall. The document provides details on the bio-scouring process, parameters, advantages and limitations compared to alkaline scouring.
The document describes a study comparing a traditional scouring process to a bio-scouring process for textiles. It finds that bio-scouring using the enzyme Scourzyme L is more environmentally friendly and reduces costs compared to traditional caustic scouring. Specifically, bio-scouring reduces water, energy and chemical usage, lowers BOD, COD and TDS in wastewater, and avoids the health and safety risks of harsh chemicals. However, it provides slightly less whiteness for light and white fabrics compared to traditional scouring. Overall, bio-scouring is shown to be a more sustainable and cost-effective alternative.
This presentation discusses the bio-scouring process. Bio-scouring uses enzymes like pectinase, lipase and protease to selectively remove non-cellulosic impurities like pectin and waxes from cotton fibers. The mechanism involves pectinase hydrolyzing pectin to render waxes extractable. Key process parameters include pH, temperature, wetting agents and emulsifiers. An example recipe uses pectinase, a sequestering agent and wetting agent in water at 60°C for 30 minutes. Bio-scouring offers advantages like lower energy use and costs compared to conventional scouring while removing impurities and improving the cotton surface for dyeing. However,
This document discusses bio-scouring as an alternative to conventional alkaline scouring of cotton fabrics. Bio-scouring uses enzymes like pectinase, lipase and protease to remove non-cellulosic materials from cotton at lower temperatures and reduces environmental pollution. It outlines the key steps in bio-scouring including the use of pectinase to break down pectin on the cotton fiber. While bio-scouring is more environmentally friendly than alkaline scouring, it has some limitations in removing waxes and can reduce whiteness. Overall, bio-scouring offers benefits like reduced energy and water usage compared to conventional scouring methods.
Enzymatic or bio-scouring is an eco-friendly alternative to conventional alkaline scouring that uses enzymes instead of harsh chemicals to remove non-cellulosic impurities from cotton fibers. It uses a blend of pectinase, protease, and lipase enzymes at mild temperatures and pH levels. Bio-scouring generates 50% less effluent with lower BOD, COD, and TDS compared to alkaline scouring. Though it provides benefits like reduced energy and water usage, milder conditions, and cost savings, bio-scouring may not achieve the same degree of whiteness as alkaline scouring. Overall, bio-scouring is a more sustainable pre-
The document discusses the scouring process used to clean fabrics prior to dyeing or finishing. Scouring removes natural and mechanical impurities through processes like saponification, solubilization, and emulsification. Saponification converts oils and fats to soap and glycerin. Solubilization and emulsification remove other impurities like pectins, proteins, waxes, and minerals by making them water soluble or dispersing them. Selection of scouring agents depends on fiber type, fabric properties, and impurity level. Effectiveness is tested through measures like absorbency, weight loss, and residual wax content.
This document summarizes information about wool, including that it is a protein fiber obtained from sheep and contains natural impurities like dirt, suint, fat, and burrs. It also lists added impurities like dust and grease that get onto wool. The document outlines the preparatory processes wool goes through, including scouring to remove impurities using sodium carbonate or soap, and carbonizing using sulfuric acid to remove any remaining vegetable matter. It provides details on the conditions used for scouring and defines carbonizing.
Pakistan's leather industry is a major export earner but generates significant environmental pollution, especially wastewater. Tanneries produce highly polluted wastewater far exceeding standards. Wastewater is the most pressing challenge due to the large volumes and high levels of contaminants like settleable matter. Solid waste and air emissions are also issues but less severe. A variety of in-plant process changes and end-of-pipe wastewater treatments can help tanneries reduce pollution, with activated sludge treatment recommended as the most effective option. Immediate action is needed on in-plant improvements and wastewater treatment to bring pollution levels down to standards and ensure sustainability of the important industry.
Unit 3- Pollution and treatment of tanner and effluntpascchemistry
The document discusses various finishing processes used in tanneries. It describes drying, bleaching, dyeing, fat liquoring, and calendering processes. It also discusses pollution caused by tanneries and describes primary, secondary, and tertiary wastewater treatment methods used, including mechanical screening, sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, and biological treatments to reduce BOD and COD levels before discharge.
Scouring is the process of removing natural and added impurities from textiles using alkali solutions. It makes fabrics hydrophilic and absorbent. There are two main methods - batch/discontinuous scouring using kier boilers, and continuous scouring using J-boxes. Key steps involve saponification of oils and emulsification of waxes. Souring neutralizes residual alkali on scoured fabrics using acids.
The document discusses chemical processing of knitted fabrics, specifically preparatory processes like scouring and bleaching. It describes the objectives of preparatory processes as removing natural and added impurities to allow for high dye uptake and brightness. Scouring removes oils, waxes and other impurities using alkalis and surfactants while bleaching destroys coloring matter using oxidizing agents like hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite. Key steps and considerations for each process are outlined, including chemicals used, mechanisms, effects of parameters, and common tests after pretreatment.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on bio-scouring processes. It introduces bio-scouring as an enzymatic pre-treatment process that uses pectinase enzymes to selectively remove pectin and waxes from cotton fibers. The presentation outlines the mechanisms of bio-scouring, compares it to traditional alkaline scouring, and discusses the advantages of bio-scouring such as reduced energy and water usage. While bio-scouring is more environmentally friendly than alkaline scouring, it also has some disadvantages like inability to remove all waxes and sensitivity to temperature and pH changes.
This document discusses bio-scouring, an enzymatic process for removing non-cellulosic impurities like pectin and waxes from cotton fibers. It involves the use of enzymes like pectinase, lipases and proteases. The mechanism has two stages - pectin removal allows wax to be extracted or emulsified, and further pectin dissolution enables wax emulsification. Key parameters include pH, temperature, wetting and emulsifying agents. Compared to alkaline scouring, bio-scouring is more environmentally friendly as it uses less energy, water, chemicals and time, and produces less effluent. While it cannot remove all waxes and is sensitive to process conditions, bio
This document discusses enzymatic treatments used in textile processing. It provides background on enzymes and their classification. Common enzymes used in textile processing include amylase for desizing, cellulase for bio-polishing, pectinase for scouring, and catalase for removing hydrogen peroxide after bleaching. The document examines the mechanisms of these enzymes and provides experimental data on optimizing enzymatic treatments. It finds that enzymatic treatments provide environmental and performance benefits compared to harsh chemical processes.
Lecture 2 composition of cotton, desizingAdane Nega
The document discusses the composition and constituents of cotton fibers, including natural impurities, fats and waxes, pectins, proteins, colouring matter, and mineral matter. It also describes the purpose and principles of preparatory processes used in the textile industry such as desizing. Desizing is the process of removing size, primarily starch, applied during weaving to prevent warp breakage. Common desizing methods include hydrolysis using acids or enzymes to break down starch into soluble fragments.
In this presentation you will find that ECCO Shoes supported by their passion in Leather. ECCO has their own tanneries, which now also selling leather to other brands. Not only shoes and footwear but also gloves and leathergoods and sports.
The document provides information on various types of dyes used in the textile industry such as direct dyes, vat dyes, disperse dyes, and reactive dyes. It describes the properties and mechanisms of each dye type. It also discusses natural dyes extracted from plants and provides tips for more sustainable and eco-friendly dyeing processes.
The document discusses various preparatory processes that cotton fabric undergoes before dyeing or other chemical processing. It describes how cotton contains natural impurities like fats, waxes, pectins, proteins and colouring matter that need to be removed. The preparatory processes involve mechanical operations like brushing to remove loose threads, shearing to cut attached threads, and singeing to burn protruding fibers. This is followed by inspection of grey fabric for defects and stamping with a lot number for identification during processing.
Natural fibers contain coloring compounds that make them appear off-white. The objective of bleaching is to remove these color bodies and produce a white fabric using oxidizing bleaching agents while minimizing fiber damage. Hydrogen peroxide is the most widely used bleaching agent for cotton and blends. It works through its decomposition product, perhydroxyl ion, which breaks the double bonds in color compounds at an optimal pH of 10-11. Proper regulation of perhydroxyl ions through stabilizers prevents rapid decomposition of the bleach and fiber degradation. Temperature, time, concentration, and liquor ratio must be optimized to achieve effective bleaching with minimal impact on strength properties.
Bio-scouring uses enzymes instead of harsh chemicals to remove impurities from cotton fabrics. It requires only one bath, saving 4 baths compared to conventional scouring. This leads to significant water savings of around 28 liters per kg of fabric processed. Bio-scouring also provides quality, economic, and environmental advantages over traditional scouring by reducing chemical usage, saving energy and time, lowering water consumption and effluent generation. Test results showed bio-scouring achieved satisfactory absorbency levels for dyeing while maintaining fabric strength without excessive weight loss.
Scouring is the process of removing natural and added impurities from textiles using alkali solutions. It makes fabrics hydrophilic and clean. There are two main scouring methods - discontinuous kier boiling and continuous j-box scouring. Kier boiling involves loading fabric into a heated vessel and spraying alkali solution onto it over several hours. J-box scouring passes fabric continuously through an impregnation box, preheater and j-box where it is stored in alkali solution. The main objectives of scouring are to remove oils, waxes and other impurities, increase absorbency and prepare fabrics for downstream processing.
Scouring is a process that removes natural and added impurities from textiles through the use of chemicals like alkalis and surfactants. It saponifies fats and waxes, breaks down proteins and pectins, and increases the textile's absorptive capacity. The type of scouring agent used depends on the fiber and extent of impurities. Scouring emulsifies and saponifies impurities to solubilize and suspend them for removal, improving dyeability and finish performance.
Woolworths is a major Australian retail company founded in 1924. It is the largest retailer in Australia and New Zealand by market capitalization and sales. Woolworths operates supermarkets, liquor stores, hotels, and discount department stores under various brand names. It has expanded from its origins in Australia and New Zealand to also operate in Hong Kong and India. Woolworths aims to offer low prices through efficient procurement and supply chain management. It faces challenges in balancing efficiencies across its diverse business units while allowing independence, and competing against other large international retailers.
The document discusses the scouring process for cotton fabrics. Scouring removes natural and added impurities from cotton using alkaline solutions, surfactants, and sometimes solvents. Common scouring methods include caustic soda boiling, soda ash boiling, and continuous scouring using pad steam processes. The scouring process improves cotton's absorbency and prepares it for further treatments like dyeing and finishing.
The document discusses the carbonization process used to remove vegetable matter from wool. It describes the traditional processing stages which include scouring, acid treatment, drying, baking to carbonize the vegetable matter, crushing the matter, and removing it. It also discusses the advantages of ensuring clean fibers while maintaining length and increasing yield, as well as the disadvantage of fiber breakage. Newer carbonization technologies aim to control the process more precisely.
Wool comes from sheep and is produced annually in fleeces weighing 2-30 pounds per sheep. There are several types of wool depending on the breed of sheep, including long wool, medium wool, and fine wool. Wool has many beneficial properties including durability, absorbency, comfort, and flame resistance. The processing of wool involves shearing, cleaning, sorting, washing, picking, carding, roving, spinning, winding, and finishing. Wool is used to make clothes, carpets, and insulating products due its properties. Some alternatives to wool include cotton flannel and polyester fleece.
The document summarizes a study on the chemical modification process of jute fiber through degumming. It examines the degumming of prechlorite treated jute fiber by varying several parameters including sodium hydroxide concentration, treatment time, temperature, and fiber to liquor ratio. The optimum conditions found for gum decomposition were 12g/L sodium hydroxide, 3.0g/L sodium silicate, 2.0g/L TF-107B, 2.0g/L TF-125A, 105 minutes treatment time, 100°C temperature, and a 1:20 fiber to liquor ratio. Under these conditions, the gum decomposition ratio was 61.9% and fineness index was 2.02
This document contains numerous flow charts describing processes in the textile industry, including wet processing, knitting, dyeing, printing, garment manufacturing, and finishing. The charts use arrows and labels to illustrate the sequential steps and material flows for various textile and apparel production processes.
This document contains several textile manufacturing process flow charts, including:
- A flow chart showing the wet processing steps from grey fabric inspection to final delivery.
- Individual flow charts for weft knitting, warp knitting, jute yarn manufacturing, and garment finishing.
- Additional flow charts for specific processes like ring spinning, jute spinning, printing, dyeing, weaving, knitting, and garment manufacturing.
The document discusses various environmental issues related to wool scouring. It notes that raw wool contains residues from pesticides used on sheep that can pollute waterways if discharged in effluent. It also discusses how different pesticides associate with grease or dirt and are removed to varying degrees during scouring. Land pollution may occur from disposal of grease and sludge by-products, which can contain pesticide residues. Air pollution is also possible if sludge is incinerated.
The document discusses various environmental issues related to wool scouring. It notes that raw wool contains residues from pesticides used on sheep that can pollute waterways if discharged in effluent. It also discusses how different pesticides associate with grease or dirt and are removed to varying degrees during scouring. Land pollution can occur from disposal of grease and sludge by-products. Air pollution is also possible if sludge is incinerated. Overall, the document provides an overview of potential water, land and air pollution risks from the wool scouring process and effluent treatment.
The document discusses various environmental issues related to wool scouring. It notes that raw wool contains residues from pesticides used on sheep that can pollute waterways if discharged in effluent. It also discusses how different pesticides associate with grease or dirt and are removed to varying degrees during scouring. Land pollution can occur from disposal of grease and sludge by-products. Air pollution is also possible if sludge is incinerated. Overall, the document provides an overview of potential water, land and air pollution risks from the wool scouring process and effluent treatment.
A brief overview of the relationships between the environment and food safety. Clues on the EU food law, Codex Alimentarius, food safety management schemes
Textile processing toxicity and health hazard. Green Environment Ideas (Bangl...md sohag miah
Textile processing toxicity and health hazard. (Bangladesh perspective)
Presentation on green chemistry: Donghua University, Shanghai. China.
This PPT mainly describes the textile dyes and chemically made health hazards to the workers and surrounding environmental peoples of the textile industry (of Bangladesh).
The textile industry has a significant environmental impact through its various production processes and use of many chemicals. It generates large volumes of wastewater containing dyes, chemicals, and other pollutants from wet processing. This wastewater causes water pollution if not properly treated before discharge. Air pollution is also generated from drying and heat-setting processes. Solid waste from fabric scraps and packaging materials is another output. Proper treatment of wastewater, emissions controls on air pollution sources, and recycling or proper disposal of solid waste can help reduce the industry's environmental impact.
IRJET- Removal of Lead from Textile Effluent using Citrus Aurantium Peel ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using natural adsorbents for removing lead from textile effluent. Citrus aurantium peel and Aloe barbadensis gel were used as low-cost adsorbents. Batch experiments examined the effect of contact time and adsorbent dosage on lead removal efficiency. Citrus aurantium achieved a maximum 76% lead removal at 1.5g dosage over 90 minutes. Aloe barbadensis achieved a higher maximum 78% removal at 2.0g dosage over 90 minutes, making it a more efficient adsorbent. Both natural materials show potential as economical alternatives for treating heavy metal pollution in textile wastewater.
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Super Tannery Ltd, is the world’s leading Buffalo leather tannery and specializes in the manufacture of high quality leather for Automotive & Furniture Upholstery, Safety & Lifestyle Footwear, Bags, Belts, Sporting Goods and Equestrian equipment.
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1. 2 APPLIED PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES
15.
The textile chain begins with the production or harvest of raw fibre. The basic steps in
this chain are schematically represented in the following diagram and will be described in
this chapter.
Figure 2.! : General diagramme of processes in textile industry
2. 2.1.9 Wool
Composition of wool
Wool is an animal hair from the body of sheep. This hair is normally
sheared once, or sometimes twice, a year and its quality and quantity varies
widely, depending on the breed of sheep and its environment. Wool is a
member of a group of proteins known as keratin, also found in horns, nails,
etc. In addition to wool fibre, raw wool contains:
• Natural impurities
- Wool grease 2-25% of greasy wool weight
- - Suint (dried perspiration) 2 - 12 % of greasy wool weight
- - Dirt ' 5-45% of greasy wool weight
- • Residues of insecticides, acaricides or insect growth regulators used
as veterinary medicines to protect sheep from ectoparasites, such as
lice, mites, blowfly, etc.
The percentage of the above-mentioned components may vary widely
depending on the origin of wool. For example, fine wool from merino
sheep, used mainly in apparel, typically contains 13 % wool grease,
whereas coarser wool of the types used for carpets contains an average of
3. about 5 % grease. The clean Fibre content of raw wool usually lies within
the 60 to 80 % range, but may vary from 40 to 90 %.
Wool grease is insoluble in water, but soluble in non-polar solvents such
as dichloromethane or hexane. Refined wool grease is a valuable by-
product.
Suint is water-soluble material arising from the secretion of the sweat
glands in the skin. Suint is soluble in polar solvent such as water and
alcohol.
Dirt can include a variety of materials such as mineral dirt, sands, clay,
dust and organic materials.
%
•Keratine 33
•Dirt 26
•Suint 28 (Dried perspiration)
•Fat 12
•Burrs 2-10 (Dried vegetable matter)
•Mineral matter 1
•Colouring matter 0.5-
Ectoparasiticides
have important implications for the discharge of raw wool
scouring effluent and disposal of the sludge generated by
the treatment of the effluent. The chemicals known to be
present in raw wool inciude:
• Organochlorine insecticides (OCs) -
-yHexachlorocyclohexane (Imdane)
Dieldrin
- DDT
• Organophosphorotis insecticides (OPs)
– Diazinon
– - Propetamphos
– - Chlorfenvinphos
– Chlorpyriphos
– Dichlorfenthion
20
• Synthetic pyrethroids insecticides (SPs)
4. - Cypermethrin
- Deltamethrin
- Fenvalerate Flumethrin
- - Cyhalothrin
- • Insect growth regulators (IGRs)
- - Cyromazine
- Dicyclanil
- - Difilibenzliron
- Triflumuron
The organochlorines are hazardous due to their persistence
and bioaccumulity. They are thus likely to have long-range
effects (in terms of both distance from the source and time
after release). y-Hexachlorocyclohexane (also called lindane)
is the most toxic (and also the most active as pesticide) of
the hexaclorocyclohexane isomers (alpha and beta-HCHs).
The technical crude product contains alpha- and beta-HCH,
the beta-isomer being the most persistent. Lindane and DDT
compounds are well-studied substances with demonstrated
endocrine disrupting capacity. The synthetic pyrethroid
insecticides show high aquatic toxicity (predicted no-effect
concentration for cypermethrin is estimated at 0.0001 ug/l,
while the corresponding value for the OPs diazinon and
propetamphos is 0.01 ug/l - UK environmental quality
standards expressed as annual average). Organophosphates
have lower aquatic toxicity than synthetic pyrethroids and
are less persistent than organochlorines. Nevertheless they
have high human toxicity (problems may therefore arise for
example, for dyers with steam volatile OPs) [279, L.
Bettens. 3001]. All major grower countries have banned the
use of organochlorine pesticides for sheep treatment, but
there is evidence that wool from some former Soviet Union
States and South America contain lindane at detectable
concentrations. This would suggest that either their grazing
is heavily contaminatd or that this compound continues to
be used occasionally for sheep treatment against
ectoparasites.
5. Wool from the majority of grower nations contains residual
sheep treatment medicines which are used legally to control
infestations of lice. ticks and mites. These materials may be
organophosphates, typically diazinon. propetamphos and
trans-chlorfenvinphos, synthetic pyrethroids, typically
cyperinethrin and insect growth regulators such as
cyromazine. The incidence of these materials on wool is
variable and depends on the permitted legal use pattern in
each country.
Manufacturers can use a database containing quantitative
information on the OC, OP and SP content of wool from
major producing countries. ENco maintains one such
database. Manufacturers use these data to avoid processing
wool from suspect sources. The system is of immediate
benefit to manufacturers who purchase and process wool
from known sources. Commission processors of either loose
fibre or yarn may not be aware of the origin of the Fibre
they are processing and so find it more difficult to control
their raw material inputs using this approach. More
information regarding ectoparasiticides is reported in Section
2.3.1 where the wool sourcing process is discussed.
Wool scouring
Environment issues
2.3.1.2 Environmental issues associated with wool
scouring (with water) This section discusses the
environmental issues associated with the overall scouring
process including the treatment of the process effluent. The
main environmental issues associated with the wool scouring
process arise from emissions to water, but solid waste and
the air emissions also need to be taken into account.
Potential for pollution of water
The removal of contaminants present on the raw fibre leads
to the discharge of an effluent in which the main polluting
contributors are:
6. • highly concentrated organic material in suspension and in
solution, along with dirt in suspension
• micro-pollutants resulting from the veterinary medicines
applied to protect sheep from external parasites.
There are also detergents in the discharged water, which
contribute to the increase of the chemical oxygen demand of
the effluent.
The detergent is recycled via the grease recovery/dirt
removal loop. As a result, low efficiency in this recovery
system is associated with higher amounts of detergent in the
effluent.
Compared to the chemical oxygen demand attributable to
wax, dirt etc.. the detergents can be considered minor
contributors to water pollution, but this is not the case
when harmful surfactants such as alkylphenol ethoxylates
are used as detergents (for more detail on environmental
issues regarding detergents, see Section 8.1).
As to the organic matter coming from wax and dirt.
according to "Stewart. 1988" the COD of effluent and of
greasy wool can be calculated using the following equation:
COD(mg/kg) - (8267 x siiint(%)) + (30980 x oxidised gi-
ease(%)) + (29326 x top grease(%)) + (6454 xdii-K%))+
1536. Since the coefficients for top grease and oxidised
grease in this equation are similar and since approximately
equal quantities of top grease and oxidised grease are
present in many wools, it is possible to combine the two
grease terms in the above equation as follows: COD (mg/kg)
= (8267 x suint(%)) +(30153 x total gi-ease(%)) + (6454 x
dirt(%)) + 1536 It is then possible to calculate the COD
content of "typical" merino and crossbred wools: 'l'op niv.isc
is'ui1»xidisci.l urease which is readily separated l'rom scour
liquors by centriluging: oxidised ~reiise is les li'-i.lropliol~i~
and is ICc rea~.ih' senarated Tclilvs Industry
28.
Cliiinti'r ". Merino wool: suint ~ 8 %, grease = 13 %: dirt =
15 % COD - (8.267 x 8) +(30.153 x 13) +(6.454x15)
7. +1.536 = 556 g/kg greasy wool Crossbred wool: suint = 8
"/(>'. grease = 5 %: dirt = 15 % COD - (8.267 , 8)
+(30.153 x 5) + (6.454 x 15)+1.536 = 315 g/kg greasy
wool.
These high levels of oxygen-depleting substances must be
removed from the effluent before it can be discharged to the
environment without potential for harmful effects.
Organohalogen. organophosphorus compounds and biocides
are among the priority substances listed for emission control
in the IPPC Directive. Worldwide, the most common
ectoparasiticides used for treating sheep are diazinon (OP),
propetamphos (OP). cypermethrin (SP) and cyromazine (fly-
specific IGR), for control of blowfly. Insect growth regulators
such as dicyclanil, diflubenzuron and triflumuron are
registered only in Australia and New Zealand.
Organochlorine pesticides (in particular,
iii.•a~.•.lnln>~-Li~llil.'<~ln.~ (ii'i. siin ruLil'id oii wool
coining noiii inc ionnei Soviel utiion. lhe Middle East and
some South American countries [187, INTERLAfNE, 1999]
(see also Section 2.1.1.9).
Concerning the fate of ectoparasiticides when they enter the
scouring process, a distinction has to be made between
lipophilic and hydrophylic compounds such as cyromazine.
The lipophilic compounds - OCs, OPs and SPs - associate
strongly with the wool grease and are removed with it
during scouring (although a fraction -up to 4 %-is retained
by the fibre and will be released in the subsequent finishing
wet processes). This behaviour applies also to diflubenzuron
(IGR). Recent studies have shown that triflumuron (IGR)
associates partially with the dirt and partially with the
grease. As a result, compared to other lipophilic compounds,
a higher proportion of this pesticide is likely to be retained
on-site (on the wool fibre and on the recovered wool grease
and dirt) and not be discharged in the aqueous effluent
[103, G. Savage, 1998]. On the contrary. IGRs such as
cyromazine and dicyclanil are appreciably water-soluble (I I
8. g/l at 20 °C, for cyromazine). which means that they are not
removed in wool grease recovery systems.
In the waste water treatment systems an additional fraction
of the pesticide residues is removed. Physico-chemical
separation techniques remove the biocide residue at
approximately the same rate as the grease and the dirt with
which they are associated. On the other hand, evaporation
system removes Ocs and SPs in significant quantities. But
upto 30% of Ops may appear in the condensate because
they are steam volatile. The water-soluble compounds, such
as the IGR cyromazine are probably not removed from the
effluent stream except by evaporating treatments [187.
INTI-;RI.AINF.. 1999].
Despite these treatments, the removal of pesticides is often
incomplete and there is potential for pesticides to enter the
aquatic environment when the effluent is discharged. The
environmental concentrations of ectoparasiticides in the
receiving water depend greatly on local circumstances, in
particular, the amount of scouring activity concentrated in a
given catchment and the dilution available between scouring
discharges and the river which receives the treated effluent.
In areas of Europe with a high concentration of scouring
activity, there is a risk of high concentration levels of
pesticides in the receiving water. In this case, it is preferable
to define discharge limits on the basis of risk assessment
models. In UK. for example, statutory environmental quality
standards (EQS) for the OCs and non-statutory standards for
the OPs and cypermethrin have been defined. Discharge
limits are set up for processing mills by comparing the given
EQS targets with predicted environmental concentrations
based on tonnage of wool processed and typical effluent
treatment systems.
29.
The control of the discharge limits at the scouring mills is
carried out by using data From the ENco Wool & Hair
Pesticide database (to define the initial amount of residues
on the incoming wool) in combination with the above-
9. mentioned water-grease partition factors for the different
pesticides. For more detailed information see also Sections
2.1.1.9 and 32.1 ("Ectoparasiticides").
Potential for pollution of land
Two main "wastes", grease and sludge, are produced as a
consequence of scouring activities (and related effluent
treatment). Depending on its oxidation extent, it may be
possible to recover from 20 to 40 % of the grease initially
present on the raw wool. This is to be regarded as a by-
product rather than a waste, since it can be sold to lanolin
refiners for the production of high-value products in the
cosmetic industry. However, high levels of pesticides
residues in the grease can also be a problem for the lanolin
refiners, especially for the production of lanolin-based
pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. since more expensive and
sophisticated techniques have to be used to reduce the
pesticides to acceptable levels. Acid-cracked grease has no
market value and has to be landfilled. The sludge produced
as a result of physico-chemical treatment of waste water
also contains grease, dirt and the portion of pesticides which
are strongly associated with either grease or dirt.
Concentrates and sludges from evaporation or membrane
filtration may also contain suint. which is mainly potassium
chloride and potassium salts of fatty acids. Suint is a by-
product which can be used in agriculture.
Sludge and concentrate disposal may follow several routes:
• incineration (with heat recovery)
Pyrolysis/gasifi cation
• brick manufacturing
• composting or co-composting with other organic material
• landfill.
The first three sludge disposal routes destroy the organic
material in the sludge, including grease and pesticides. The
ash from incineration may contain potassium salts, derived
from suint, and heavy metals characteristic of the soil on
10. which the sheep producing the wool have grazed. The ash is
normally disposed of to landfill.
The characteristics of the char from pyrolysis/gasification are
unknown and this char is also typically disposed of to
landfill. The use of wool scour sludges in brick manufacture
results in no residues for immediate disposal.
These three sludge disposal methods probably have the
least potential to pollute land.
Wool scour sludges cannot be composted alone, but require
the addition of carbon-rich organic material. Green waste
from agriculture or horticulture has been used.
Composting is not yet regarded as a fully developed, fail-
safe technique and only partly degrades the pesticides
present in the sludge. However, since the pesticides present
in the sludge are there because of their lipophilicity or their
strong propensity to absorb onto solids, they are likely to be
immobile in soil. and spreading of compost derived from
wool scour sludges on agricultural land is unlikely to pose an
environmental risk of any significance. Landfill is the
simplest and often cheapest method of disposal of sludges.
In the longer term. however, landfill is not believed to be
either economically or environmentally sustainable. The fate
of wool scour sludges in landfill is not known, but there is a
small potential for the cctoparasiticides present to arise in
leachate. Anaerobic degradation of the organic material in
the sludge will give rise to methane emissions [187,
INTERLAINE, 1999]. l'exiiles Industry 29
30
Potential for pollution of air
Air pollution is not a main issue for wool scouring processes.
Nevertheless two issues can be mentioned. Hot acid
cracking, which involves heating the scour effluent with
sulphuric acid, when used near residential areas, has been
the subject of odour complaints. Incineration is used in
conjunction with evaporation of the effluent because the
11. surplus heat from the incinerator can be used in the
evaporation process. Incineration of wool scour sludges has
potential for air pollution. Since sludges contain relatively
high levels of chloride (from suint) as well as organically
bound chlorine from ectoparasiticides etc., there is potential
for the production of polychlorodibenzodioxins and furans,
when they are incinerated (catalytic and high temperature
incinerators are now available to prevent these emissions).
The sludges also contain relatively high levels of sulphur
and nitrogen and (the combustion process therefore
produces SOx and N0x. Dust and odours should also be
taken into account.
2.3.1.3 Cleaning and washing with solvent
2.3.1.4 Environmental issues associated with wool
scouring (with organic solvent)
The Wooltech system described above, uses
trichloroethylene as solvent. Trichlorethylene is a non-
biodegradable and persistent substance (trichloroethylene is
on the EPER list). Unaccounted losses of this solvent arising
from spills, residues on the fibre, etc., if not adequately
treated to destroy the solvent, may lead to diffuse emissions
resulting in serious problems of soil and groundwater
pollution. As far as water and energy consumptions are
concerned, the Wooltech system shows lower consumption
levels compared to a typical scouring process using water. A
more accurate balance of the inputs and outputs in this
process is reported in Section 3.2.2.
33.
Figure Take from original text
2.6.2 Wool preparation before colouring
Carbinsing
Scouring, Drycleaning
Fulling
Bleaching
12. 2.6.2.2 Environmental issues
Wool pretreatment gives rise mainly to water emissions,
although there are also specific operations (e.g. carbonising
with the "Carbosol" system and dry cleaning) where
halogenated organic solvents solvents can produce not only
emissions to air, but also contamination of soil and
groundwater if their handling and storage is not done using
the necessary precautions. Preventive and end-of- pipe
measures include closed-loop equipment and in-loop
destruction of the pollutants by means of advanced
oxidation processes (e.g. Fenton reaction). See Sections
4.4.4. 4.9.3 and 4.10.7 for more detailed information. The
process also involves the generation of exhausted active
carbon from the solvent recovery system. This solid waste
has to be handled separately from other waste material and
disposed of as hazardous waste or sent to specialised
companies for regeneration. Due to the predominantly batch
nature of wool pretreatment operations for all types of
make- ups, (the resulting emissions will be discontinuous
and with concentration levels largely influenced by the liquor
ratios used. An exception is represented by carpet yarn
which can be scoured/ bleached and mothproofed on tape or
"package to package" scouring machines (see Section 2.
14.5. 1 .2) giving rise to continuous flows.
53
The pollutants that can be found in the waste water,
originate in part from the impurities that are already present
on the fibre when it enters the process sequence and in part
from the chemicals and auxiliaries used in the process.
Pollution originating from impurities present on the
raw material
Residues of pesticides used to prevent the sheep becoming
infested with external parasites can still be found on scoured
wool in amounts, which depend on the efficiency of the
13. scouring process. These are mainly organophosphates (OPs)
and synthetic pyrethroid (SPs) insecticides and insect growth
regulators (IGRs), but detectable residues of organochlorine
pesticides (OCs) can be observed. They partition between
the fibre and the water according to their stronger or weaker
lipophylic character and, as a consequence, traces of these
compounds are released in the waste water. More
information about ectoparasiticides can be found in Sections
2.1.1.9 and 2.3.1.2. The partition factors of the different
classes of pesticides are discussed in more detail for the
carpet sector in Sections 3.4.1.1 and 3.4.1.2. Note that
because of their steam volatility some pesticides (OPs) end
up in the air emissions from open machines. This must be
taken into account in input/output balances. Spinning
lubricants (see 8.2.3), knitting oils (see 8.2,5) and other
preparation agents also represent an important issue in wool
pretreatment. These substances are removed during the
scouring process, contributing to the COD load and aquatic
toxicity in the final effluent.
The main concerns are about:
• poorly refined mineral oils (content of aromatic
hydrocarbons)
• APEO (non-biodegradable and giving rise to toxic
metabolites)
• silicones (non-biodegradable and difficult to remove
without scouring assistants)
• biocides (toxic to aquatic life).
The dry spinning route in the carpet sector, described in
Section 2.14.5.1. represents one exception because in this
case spinning lubricants do not reach the water effluent.
Pollution originating from chemicals and auxiliaries
used in the process
Considerable amounts of surfactants are used in
pretreatment as detergents, wetting agents, etc.
Surfactants with good biodegradability with acceptable
performance are now available (see Section 4.3.3).
Nevertheless, the use of alkylphenol ethoxylates is still
14. common in some companies due to their low cost.
Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs) and in particular
nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs) are under pressure due to
the reported negative effects of their metabolites on the
reproduction system of aquatic species.
The environmental issues arising from surfactants in
common use are discussed in Section 8.1.
Other pollutants of concern that may be found in water
effluent from pretreatment activities are:
• reducing agents from bleaching treatments and chemical
setting of carpet wool yarn (sodium metabisulphite): they
contribute to oxygen demand in the waste water
• poorly bio-eliminable complexing agents (e.g. EDTA, DTPA,
phosphonates) from hydrogen peroxide stabilisers, etc.
• AOX from sodium hypochlorite bleaching
• insect-resist agents in wool carpet yarn production. More
details regarding environmental issues associated with the
above-mentioned substances are given elsewhere in this
document, in particular in Section 2.6.1.2 and Section 8.5.