The basic objective of pretreatment processing is removal of added or natural impurities present in textile fibres to improve the absorbency.
BY:ROHIT SINGH
This document provides an overview of textile finishing processes. It defines textile finishing as treatments applied to fibers, yarns, or fabrics to impart desired functional properties. These finishes are broadly classified into mechanical, chemical, and enzyme finishes. The document then describes various mechanical processes like calendaring and chemical processes like flame retardant treatments. It also discusses enzyme finishing and some specific thread finishing techniques.
This document provides information on chemicals used in various textile wet processing stages. It discusses chemicals used in pre-treatment processes like desizing, scouring, bleaching and mercerization. Specific chemicals are listed along with their functions in each process. The document also covers latest specialty chemicals used in pre-treatment like cracking agents, bleach processors and surfactants. Finally, it briefly introduces dyes and dyeing process.
Natural fibers contain coloring compounds that make them appear off-white. The objective of bleaching is to remove these color bodies and produce a white fabric using oxidizing bleaching agents while minimizing fiber damage. Hydrogen peroxide is the most widely used bleaching agent for cotton and blends. It works through its decomposition product, perhydroxyl ion, which breaks the double bonds in color compounds at an optimal pH of 10-11. Proper regulation of perhydroxyl ions through stabilizers prevents rapid decomposition of the bleach and fiber degradation. Temperature, time, concentration, and liquor ratio must be optimized to achieve effective bleaching with minimal impact on strength properties.
This document contains information about Shuvo Brahma, a lecturer at BUTEX. It includes his contact details, education background of BSc and ongoing MSc from BUTEX, and previous job experience at Epyllion Knitex Ltd and as a lecturer at NITER.
It also includes the syllabus for the course WPE 243 Wet Processing-1 which covers topics like water and its importance in textile processing, detergents and auxiliaries, and pretreatment.
Finally, it discusses water treatment processes in the textile industry, including different water sources, hardness types, units of hardness measurement, effects of hardness on textile processing, and problems associated with hard water like scale formation in
Desizing removes starch sizing agents from warp yarns that were applied before weaving to improve the weaving process. The main objectives of desizing are to remove this non-water-soluble starch so the fabric can undergo further wet processing like dyeing. Common desizing methods include rot steeping, which uses microbes to hydrolyze starch over 24 hours; acidic desizing, which uses dilute acid to hydrolyze starch in 8-12 hours; and enzymatic desizing, the most widely used modern method harnessing enzymes. Oxidative desizing can work on a variety of unknown sizes but may damage fibers if not carefully applied. The type of size, fabric construction, and desizing method
Dyeing is the application of dyes or pigments on textile materials such as fibers, yarns, and fabrics with the goal of achieving color with desired color fastness. Dyeing is normally done in a special solution containing dyes and particular chemical material. … In dyeing, it is applied to the entire textile.
Acrylic fiber is produced from polyacrylonitrile and is difficult to dye due to its lack of affinity for dyes. To aid dyeing, acrylic fibers contain 15% of a co-monomer like acrylic acid that makes the fiber negatively charged. Cationic or basic dyes have good affinity for acrylic fibers due to electrostatic interactions between the positive dye ions and negative fiber charges. Dyeing with cationic dyes involves first dissolving the dye in a bath containing acetic acid and other compounds like sodium acetate and Glauber's salt. The fiber is then treated in this dye bath at increasing temperatures over an hour to evenly disperse the dye into the fiber.
Softening finishes are important textile treatments that make fabrics feel softer. Chemical softeners allow fabrics to have a soft, smooth hand. The main types of softeners are cationic, anionic, non-ionic, and amphoteric softeners. Cationic softeners provide excellent softening but can cause yellowing, while anionic softeners have lower softening ability but better compatibility. Silicone softeners provide unique softness and properties like durability and heat stability, but can be expensive. Softener selection depends on the desired properties like fastness, compatibility with other chemicals, and effect on processes like seam slippage or drying.
This document provides an overview of textile finishing processes. It defines textile finishing as treatments applied to fibers, yarns, or fabrics to impart desired functional properties. These finishes are broadly classified into mechanical, chemical, and enzyme finishes. The document then describes various mechanical processes like calendaring and chemical processes like flame retardant treatments. It also discusses enzyme finishing and some specific thread finishing techniques.
This document provides information on chemicals used in various textile wet processing stages. It discusses chemicals used in pre-treatment processes like desizing, scouring, bleaching and mercerization. Specific chemicals are listed along with their functions in each process. The document also covers latest specialty chemicals used in pre-treatment like cracking agents, bleach processors and surfactants. Finally, it briefly introduces dyes and dyeing process.
Natural fibers contain coloring compounds that make them appear off-white. The objective of bleaching is to remove these color bodies and produce a white fabric using oxidizing bleaching agents while minimizing fiber damage. Hydrogen peroxide is the most widely used bleaching agent for cotton and blends. It works through its decomposition product, perhydroxyl ion, which breaks the double bonds in color compounds at an optimal pH of 10-11. Proper regulation of perhydroxyl ions through stabilizers prevents rapid decomposition of the bleach and fiber degradation. Temperature, time, concentration, and liquor ratio must be optimized to achieve effective bleaching with minimal impact on strength properties.
This document contains information about Shuvo Brahma, a lecturer at BUTEX. It includes his contact details, education background of BSc and ongoing MSc from BUTEX, and previous job experience at Epyllion Knitex Ltd and as a lecturer at NITER.
It also includes the syllabus for the course WPE 243 Wet Processing-1 which covers topics like water and its importance in textile processing, detergents and auxiliaries, and pretreatment.
Finally, it discusses water treatment processes in the textile industry, including different water sources, hardness types, units of hardness measurement, effects of hardness on textile processing, and problems associated with hard water like scale formation in
Desizing removes starch sizing agents from warp yarns that were applied before weaving to improve the weaving process. The main objectives of desizing are to remove this non-water-soluble starch so the fabric can undergo further wet processing like dyeing. Common desizing methods include rot steeping, which uses microbes to hydrolyze starch over 24 hours; acidic desizing, which uses dilute acid to hydrolyze starch in 8-12 hours; and enzymatic desizing, the most widely used modern method harnessing enzymes. Oxidative desizing can work on a variety of unknown sizes but may damage fibers if not carefully applied. The type of size, fabric construction, and desizing method
Dyeing is the application of dyes or pigments on textile materials such as fibers, yarns, and fabrics with the goal of achieving color with desired color fastness. Dyeing is normally done in a special solution containing dyes and particular chemical material. … In dyeing, it is applied to the entire textile.
Acrylic fiber is produced from polyacrylonitrile and is difficult to dye due to its lack of affinity for dyes. To aid dyeing, acrylic fibers contain 15% of a co-monomer like acrylic acid that makes the fiber negatively charged. Cationic or basic dyes have good affinity for acrylic fibers due to electrostatic interactions between the positive dye ions and negative fiber charges. Dyeing with cationic dyes involves first dissolving the dye in a bath containing acetic acid and other compounds like sodium acetate and Glauber's salt. The fiber is then treated in this dye bath at increasing temperatures over an hour to evenly disperse the dye into the fiber.
Softening finishes are important textile treatments that make fabrics feel softer. Chemical softeners allow fabrics to have a soft, smooth hand. The main types of softeners are cationic, anionic, non-ionic, and amphoteric softeners. Cationic softeners provide excellent softening but can cause yellowing, while anionic softeners have lower softening ability but better compatibility. Silicone softeners provide unique softness and properties like durability and heat stability, but can be expensive. Softener selection depends on the desired properties like fastness, compatibility with other chemicals, and effect on processes like seam slippage or drying.
Singeing is a process that burns off small fibers and fuzz from fabric surfaces to make them smoother. It helps prevent pilling, improves dyeing and appearance, and increases luster. There are three main types of singeing machines: plate, roller, and gas machines. Gas machines are most common and use burners to singe fabric as it passes through. Proper singeing requires controlling flame intensity, fabric speed, distance to flames, and other parameters to completely remove fibers without damaging the fabric. Issues like uneven singeing can result from moisture, flame or machine inconsistencies.
This document discusses chemical finishing of textiles. It begins with an introduction that defines chemical finishing as using chemicals to impart desired end-use properties by changing the chemical composition or surface characteristics of fibers. There are two main methods of application: exhaust and pad-dry-cure. Pad-dry-cure, the most widely used method, involves padding fabric with a chemical solution, squeezing excess liquid, drying, and curing for fixation. Factors like fiber properties, machine settings, and solution viscosity affect the amount of solution absorbed in wet pickup. The document also covers various pad application techniques and drying methods used in chemical finishing.
The document discusses the preparatory processes involved for wool before manufacturing. It describes the composition of raw wool which mainly consists of keratin protein along with impurities like dirt, suint, fat, and burrs. It then explains processes like carbonization and scouring used to remove these impurities. Carbonization uses sulfuric acid to remove burrs while scouring is done through emulsion, solvent, or freezing methods to remove dirt and fat without degrading the wool. Bleaching methods for wool include reductive bleaching using sodium hydrosulphite or oxidative bleaching using hydrogen peroxide.
The document summarizes different types of specialty yarns including Bobtex, chenille, slub, siro, and core spun yarns. It provides details on the production processes, properties, and end uses of each yarn type. The Bobtex process produces an integrated composite yarn using a core of filaments or multifilaments covered with staple fibers and a polymer layer. Chenille yarn has a fuzzy surface due to short cut pile yarns wrapped around a core. Slub yarn is produced with intentional thicker and thinner sections. Siro spinning combines spinning and twisting in one step to make a two-fold yarn. Core spinning covers a core yarn, typically filament,
Fabric Compacting Process and Compacting MachinesRakin Rasheed
A small presentation on Compacting Process which is the most important mechanical finishing process for knitted fabric to control GSM, width, shrinkage etc according to the buyer requirement.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on bio-scouring processes. It introduces bio-scouring as an enzymatic pre-treatment process that uses pectinase enzymes to selectively remove pectin and waxes from cotton fibers. The presentation outlines the mechanisms of bio-scouring, compares it to traditional alkaline scouring, and discusses the advantages of bio-scouring such as reduced energy and water usage. While bio-scouring is more environmentally friendly than alkaline scouring, it also has some disadvantages like inability to remove all waxes and sensitivity to temperature and pH changes.
The document discusses the process of singeing in textile manufacturing. It covers the objectives of singeing fabrics, suitable materials, common singeing methods like plate, roller and gas singeing. It describes the components and functioning of gas singeing machines. The document also mentions newer techniques like bio-singeing using enzymes and considerations for different fiber types during singeing. Precautions to be taken for effective singeing without damage to fabrics are highlighted.
THIS COVERS HONEY COMB, BRIGHTON HONEY COMB, HUCK A BACK, DISTORTED THREAD EFFECT AND OTHER WEAVES.. IT IS VERY MUCH USEFUL TO TEXTILE DIPLOMA AND DEGREE STUDENTS
The document discusses various methods for dyeing polyester fibers, including:
1) Batch dyeing without carriers involves dyeing at a boil without additives to help penetration.
2) Carrier dyeing uses compounds to swell the fibers and allow deeper dye penetration.
3) High temperature, high pressure (HTHP) dyeing penetrates dye rapidly at over 120°C without carriers.
4) Continuous thermosol dyeing involves padding, drying, and fixing dye within fibers at 190-220°C.
Polyester is a polymer made from a condensation reaction between small molecules to form ester groups. It is commonly made from a dibasic acid and a dihydric alcohol. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers are widely produced today and modified forms also exist. PET polyester fabric can be finished through various sequences including scouring, heat-setting, and dyeing. Heat-setting is important to stabilize the fabric against shrinkage during further processing and use. Dyeing is typically done with disperse dyes at high temperature for an even application.
This presentation discusses antimicrobial finishes for textiles. Microbes like bacteria and fungi can grow on fabrics and cause odor, staining, and quality deterioration. Antimicrobial treatment prevents microbial growth. Methods include using antimicrobial fibers or post-treating fabrics. Common agents are quaternary ammonium compounds which are applied during pretreatment or finishing. Testing verifies the effectiveness of treatments against microbes using agar diffusion, challenge, and other standard tests. Antimicrobial textiles are important for hygiene in applications like socks, sportswear, and linens.
MX dyes are a family of "cold" reactive dyes first developed by Imperial Chemical Industries of Britain. They are very popular for dyeing cellulose fibers like cotton. MX dyes are less commonly used by industrial dyers due to their high reactivity making them harder to control and their relatively high cost. Care should be taken when using MX dyes due to the potential to cause respiratory allergies from inhaling dye dust.
The document discusses anti-static finishes that are applied to synthetic fabrics during processing to prevent the buildup of static charge. Synthetic fabrics are not good conductors and develop static charges during spinning, weaving, and finishing. This can cause fabrics to become entangled or attract dirt. Anti-static finishes reduce the surface charge and increase conduction, using chemicals like silicone emulsions, polyethylene emulsions, and polyammonium quaternary salts. The finish can be durable or non-durable. Higher moisture regain in fibers also helps dissipate static. Common application methods are exhaustion and pad-dry-cure.
This document discusses beetling and stiffening processes for linen and other fabrics. Beetling involves hammering linen with wooden blocks to flatten yarns and produce a smooth sheen. Stiffening involves applying polymeric coatings like starches, gums, or synthetic resins to fabrics to make them rigid. Natural agents for stiffening include starches, gums, and dextrins, while synthetic options are methyl cellulose, polyvinyl acetate, acrylates, and polystyrene. The document explains the methods and advantages of various stiffening techniques.
This document discusses bio-scouring, an enzymatic process for removing non-cellulosic impurities like pectin and waxes from cotton fibers. It involves the use of enzymes like pectinase, lipases and proteases. The mechanism has two stages - pectin removal allows wax to be extracted or emulsified, and further pectin dissolution enables wax emulsification. Key parameters include pH, temperature, wetting and emulsifying agents. Compared to alkaline scouring, bio-scouring is more environmentally friendly as it uses less energy, water, chemicals and time, and produces less effluent. While it cannot remove all waxes and is sensitive to process conditions, bio
Mercerization is a process that treats cotton fabrics with a cold sodium hydroxide solution. This treatment causes the cotton fibers to swell and gives the fabric an increased luster and strength. John Mercer discovered the process in 1844, though it did not become popular until H.A. Lowe improved it in 1890 by preventing shrinkage during treatment. The modern process involves bathing cotton thread in sodium hydroxide then neutralizing it with an acid. This increases the thread's luster, strength, dye affinity, and mildew resistance. Mercerization results in fiber swelling and morphology changes that allow for more dye absorption and a brighter colored fabric with better color retention after washing.
The document discusses various auxiliaries and chemicals used in dyeing and finishing processes in the textile industry. It defines textile auxiliaries as chemicals that help processing operations like dyeing and printing by speeding them up or making them more efficient. It provides examples of common auxiliaries like sequestering agents, wetting agents, levelling agents, and discusses their functions. It also discusses chemicals used in specific processes like bleaching, mercerizing, soaping and printing.
This document provides information about stock dyeing, which involves dyeing staple fibers before spinning. It discusses the old and new methods of stock dyeing, including removing packed fiber from bales and dyeing entire bales. The document also describes the machinery used, including conical pan machines, pear shape machines, and radial flow machines. It notes the advantages of stock dyeing include an even color throughout the fabric and resistance to rubbing, but it is the most expensive dyeing method.
Scouring is a process that removes natural and added impurities from textiles to make them more absorbent and suitable for dyeing and finishing. It works by saponification, emulsification, and solubilization using alkalis, surfactants, and sometimes solvents. The document provides details on scouring of different natural and synthetic fibers like cotton, silk, wool, polyester/cotton blends. It also lists typical recipes and procedures for scouring cotton and polyester/cotton blend goods.
The document discusses the carbonization process used to remove vegetable matter from wool. It describes the traditional processing stages which include scouring, acid treatment, drying, baking to carbonize the vegetable matter, crushing the matter, and removing it. It also discusses the advantages of ensuring clean fibers while maintaining length and increasing yield, as well as the disadvantage of fiber breakage. Newer carbonization technologies aim to control the process more precisely.
This document discusses pretreatments for various textile polymers. It explains that natural textile fibers like cotton, silk and wool require pretreatment to remove impurities before further processing. For cotton, scouring using alkali removes natural oils and bleaching with hypochlorite removes color pigments. Silk degumming uses soap and sodium carbonate to remove the sericin protein. Wool degreasing removes fatty oils either through mild alkaline scouring or solvent extraction. Pretreatments help fibers be more receptive to downstream processing and produce higher quality end products.
The basic objective of pretreatment processing is removal of added or natural impurities present in textile fibres to improve the absorbency.
BY: ROHIT SINGH
Singeing is a process that burns off small fibers and fuzz from fabric surfaces to make them smoother. It helps prevent pilling, improves dyeing and appearance, and increases luster. There are three main types of singeing machines: plate, roller, and gas machines. Gas machines are most common and use burners to singe fabric as it passes through. Proper singeing requires controlling flame intensity, fabric speed, distance to flames, and other parameters to completely remove fibers without damaging the fabric. Issues like uneven singeing can result from moisture, flame or machine inconsistencies.
This document discusses chemical finishing of textiles. It begins with an introduction that defines chemical finishing as using chemicals to impart desired end-use properties by changing the chemical composition or surface characteristics of fibers. There are two main methods of application: exhaust and pad-dry-cure. Pad-dry-cure, the most widely used method, involves padding fabric with a chemical solution, squeezing excess liquid, drying, and curing for fixation. Factors like fiber properties, machine settings, and solution viscosity affect the amount of solution absorbed in wet pickup. The document also covers various pad application techniques and drying methods used in chemical finishing.
The document discusses the preparatory processes involved for wool before manufacturing. It describes the composition of raw wool which mainly consists of keratin protein along with impurities like dirt, suint, fat, and burrs. It then explains processes like carbonization and scouring used to remove these impurities. Carbonization uses sulfuric acid to remove burrs while scouring is done through emulsion, solvent, or freezing methods to remove dirt and fat without degrading the wool. Bleaching methods for wool include reductive bleaching using sodium hydrosulphite or oxidative bleaching using hydrogen peroxide.
The document summarizes different types of specialty yarns including Bobtex, chenille, slub, siro, and core spun yarns. It provides details on the production processes, properties, and end uses of each yarn type. The Bobtex process produces an integrated composite yarn using a core of filaments or multifilaments covered with staple fibers and a polymer layer. Chenille yarn has a fuzzy surface due to short cut pile yarns wrapped around a core. Slub yarn is produced with intentional thicker and thinner sections. Siro spinning combines spinning and twisting in one step to make a two-fold yarn. Core spinning covers a core yarn, typically filament,
Fabric Compacting Process and Compacting MachinesRakin Rasheed
A small presentation on Compacting Process which is the most important mechanical finishing process for knitted fabric to control GSM, width, shrinkage etc according to the buyer requirement.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on bio-scouring processes. It introduces bio-scouring as an enzymatic pre-treatment process that uses pectinase enzymes to selectively remove pectin and waxes from cotton fibers. The presentation outlines the mechanisms of bio-scouring, compares it to traditional alkaline scouring, and discusses the advantages of bio-scouring such as reduced energy and water usage. While bio-scouring is more environmentally friendly than alkaline scouring, it also has some disadvantages like inability to remove all waxes and sensitivity to temperature and pH changes.
The document discusses the process of singeing in textile manufacturing. It covers the objectives of singeing fabrics, suitable materials, common singeing methods like plate, roller and gas singeing. It describes the components and functioning of gas singeing machines. The document also mentions newer techniques like bio-singeing using enzymes and considerations for different fiber types during singeing. Precautions to be taken for effective singeing without damage to fabrics are highlighted.
THIS COVERS HONEY COMB, BRIGHTON HONEY COMB, HUCK A BACK, DISTORTED THREAD EFFECT AND OTHER WEAVES.. IT IS VERY MUCH USEFUL TO TEXTILE DIPLOMA AND DEGREE STUDENTS
The document discusses various methods for dyeing polyester fibers, including:
1) Batch dyeing without carriers involves dyeing at a boil without additives to help penetration.
2) Carrier dyeing uses compounds to swell the fibers and allow deeper dye penetration.
3) High temperature, high pressure (HTHP) dyeing penetrates dye rapidly at over 120°C without carriers.
4) Continuous thermosol dyeing involves padding, drying, and fixing dye within fibers at 190-220°C.
Polyester is a polymer made from a condensation reaction between small molecules to form ester groups. It is commonly made from a dibasic acid and a dihydric alcohol. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers are widely produced today and modified forms also exist. PET polyester fabric can be finished through various sequences including scouring, heat-setting, and dyeing. Heat-setting is important to stabilize the fabric against shrinkage during further processing and use. Dyeing is typically done with disperse dyes at high temperature for an even application.
This presentation discusses antimicrobial finishes for textiles. Microbes like bacteria and fungi can grow on fabrics and cause odor, staining, and quality deterioration. Antimicrobial treatment prevents microbial growth. Methods include using antimicrobial fibers or post-treating fabrics. Common agents are quaternary ammonium compounds which are applied during pretreatment or finishing. Testing verifies the effectiveness of treatments against microbes using agar diffusion, challenge, and other standard tests. Antimicrobial textiles are important for hygiene in applications like socks, sportswear, and linens.
MX dyes are a family of "cold" reactive dyes first developed by Imperial Chemical Industries of Britain. They are very popular for dyeing cellulose fibers like cotton. MX dyes are less commonly used by industrial dyers due to their high reactivity making them harder to control and their relatively high cost. Care should be taken when using MX dyes due to the potential to cause respiratory allergies from inhaling dye dust.
The document discusses anti-static finishes that are applied to synthetic fabrics during processing to prevent the buildup of static charge. Synthetic fabrics are not good conductors and develop static charges during spinning, weaving, and finishing. This can cause fabrics to become entangled or attract dirt. Anti-static finishes reduce the surface charge and increase conduction, using chemicals like silicone emulsions, polyethylene emulsions, and polyammonium quaternary salts. The finish can be durable or non-durable. Higher moisture regain in fibers also helps dissipate static. Common application methods are exhaustion and pad-dry-cure.
This document discusses beetling and stiffening processes for linen and other fabrics. Beetling involves hammering linen with wooden blocks to flatten yarns and produce a smooth sheen. Stiffening involves applying polymeric coatings like starches, gums, or synthetic resins to fabrics to make them rigid. Natural agents for stiffening include starches, gums, and dextrins, while synthetic options are methyl cellulose, polyvinyl acetate, acrylates, and polystyrene. The document explains the methods and advantages of various stiffening techniques.
This document discusses bio-scouring, an enzymatic process for removing non-cellulosic impurities like pectin and waxes from cotton fibers. It involves the use of enzymes like pectinase, lipases and proteases. The mechanism has two stages - pectin removal allows wax to be extracted or emulsified, and further pectin dissolution enables wax emulsification. Key parameters include pH, temperature, wetting and emulsifying agents. Compared to alkaline scouring, bio-scouring is more environmentally friendly as it uses less energy, water, chemicals and time, and produces less effluent. While it cannot remove all waxes and is sensitive to process conditions, bio
Mercerization is a process that treats cotton fabrics with a cold sodium hydroxide solution. This treatment causes the cotton fibers to swell and gives the fabric an increased luster and strength. John Mercer discovered the process in 1844, though it did not become popular until H.A. Lowe improved it in 1890 by preventing shrinkage during treatment. The modern process involves bathing cotton thread in sodium hydroxide then neutralizing it with an acid. This increases the thread's luster, strength, dye affinity, and mildew resistance. Mercerization results in fiber swelling and morphology changes that allow for more dye absorption and a brighter colored fabric with better color retention after washing.
The document discusses various auxiliaries and chemicals used in dyeing and finishing processes in the textile industry. It defines textile auxiliaries as chemicals that help processing operations like dyeing and printing by speeding them up or making them more efficient. It provides examples of common auxiliaries like sequestering agents, wetting agents, levelling agents, and discusses their functions. It also discusses chemicals used in specific processes like bleaching, mercerizing, soaping and printing.
This document provides information about stock dyeing, which involves dyeing staple fibers before spinning. It discusses the old and new methods of stock dyeing, including removing packed fiber from bales and dyeing entire bales. The document also describes the machinery used, including conical pan machines, pear shape machines, and radial flow machines. It notes the advantages of stock dyeing include an even color throughout the fabric and resistance to rubbing, but it is the most expensive dyeing method.
Scouring is a process that removes natural and added impurities from textiles to make them more absorbent and suitable for dyeing and finishing. It works by saponification, emulsification, and solubilization using alkalis, surfactants, and sometimes solvents. The document provides details on scouring of different natural and synthetic fibers like cotton, silk, wool, polyester/cotton blends. It also lists typical recipes and procedures for scouring cotton and polyester/cotton blend goods.
The document discusses the carbonization process used to remove vegetable matter from wool. It describes the traditional processing stages which include scouring, acid treatment, drying, baking to carbonize the vegetable matter, crushing the matter, and removing it. It also discusses the advantages of ensuring clean fibers while maintaining length and increasing yield, as well as the disadvantage of fiber breakage. Newer carbonization technologies aim to control the process more precisely.
This document discusses pretreatments for various textile polymers. It explains that natural textile fibers like cotton, silk and wool require pretreatment to remove impurities before further processing. For cotton, scouring using alkali removes natural oils and bleaching with hypochlorite removes color pigments. Silk degumming uses soap and sodium carbonate to remove the sericin protein. Wool degreasing removes fatty oils either through mild alkaline scouring or solvent extraction. Pretreatments help fibers be more receptive to downstream processing and produce higher quality end products.
The basic objective of pretreatment processing is removal of added or natural impurities present in textile fibres to improve the absorbency.
BY: ROHIT SINGH
This document discusses the application of microbial enzymes in various industries. It covers their use in the textile industry for processes like desizing, scouring, bleaching, biopolishing, and denim finishing. It also discusses the application of microbial enzymes in the leather industry for processes like soaking, liming, dehairing, bating, and degreasing. Finally, it discusses the use of microbial enzymes like sialidases and mucinases in diagnostic purposes for detecting diseases like bacterial vaginosis.
Man made fiber formation and regenerated fibersBademaw Abate
This document provides an overview of man-made fiber formation and regenerated fibers. It discusses the basic principles of fiber manufacturing, including converting the fiber-forming substance into a fluid and extruding it through spinnerets. Melt spinning and solution spinning methods are described. Regenerated fibers like viscose rayon and cellulose acetate are examined, outlining their production processes and key properties. Viscose rayon is made through wet spinning cellulose into a viscose solution, while acetate is produced via dry spinning after acetylating cellulose. Their uses include clothing, home goods, and industrial applications.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on sericin and its applications in textiles. Sericin is one of two main proteins that make up silk, and each year around 50,000 tons of unused sericin is discarded worldwide during the silk degumming process. Sericin has properties like moisture absorption, UV protection, and antibacterial activity that make it useful for various textile applications. The presentation discusses how sericin can be extracted and its properties, and then outlines applications for sericin in fabric treatment, medical textiles like wound dressings, diapers, and filter media where it can improve moisture handling and reduce bacteria.
This document discusses the production of linen yarn from flax fiber. It begins by providing background on flax, including its botanical name and classification. It then describes the key steps in manufacturing linen yarn from flax, including harvesting flax plants, extracting the fibers through retting processes, dressing the fibers by breaking, scutching, and hackling, and cottonizing the fibers for spinning into yarn. The document also discusses the chemical composition of flax fiber and different methods for cottonizing flax fibers, including chemical, enzymatic, ultrasound, and steam explosion processes.
This document discusses the production of linen yarn from flax fiber. It begins by providing background on flax, including its botanical name and classification. It then describes the key steps in manufacturing linen yarn from flax, including harvesting flax plants, extracting the fibers through retting processes, dressing the fibers by breaking, scutching, and hackling, and cottonizing the fibers for spinning into yarn. The document also discusses the chemical composition of flax fiber and different methods for cottonizing flax fibers, including chemical, enzymatic, ultrasound, and steam explosion processes.
All steps of preparation of fabric for dyeing.Amit kumar
The document describes various wet processing steps for textiles, including:
- Pretreatment processes like singeing, shearing, and cropping to remove surface fibers and impurities.
- Preparation steps like greige inspection and stitching before wet processing.
- Desizing to remove starch coatings from warp yarns.
- Scouring to remove natural and added impurities using alkalis.
- Bleaching to whiten fibers using oxidizing agents.
The summary highlights the key goal of pretreatment, preparation steps, and common wet processing steps like desizing, scouring, and bleaching that are used to clean and treat textiles.
This document provides an introduction to basic textile definitions and preparation processes. It defines different types of fibers, yarns and fabrics. The key textile preparation processes described include singeing, desizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerizing and adding optical brightening agents. The goals of preparation are to remove impurities from fibers and ensure even dyeing and finishing. Proper preparation is important for quality textiles.
This document discusses sustainability in the textiles industry. It begins by defining sustainability and its three pillars of economy, society and environment. It then discusses the textiles industry, describing the various processes involved and its large economic and employment impact. However, it also notes that textiles are the 2nd most polluting industry, using vast resources and chemicals. The document then explores various ways for the industry to move towards more sustainability, such as using organic, recycled and alternative materials. It also discusses eco-friendly dyeing, finishing and packaging processes. It concludes by looking at sustainable supply chain management and reducing the environmental impact of textile transportation.
The document describes various wet processing steps involved in textile manufacturing, including preparation, pretreatment, and finishing processes. Some key points:
- Preparation steps include grey inspection, stitching, shearing, cropping, and singeing to smooth fabric surfaces and remove loose fibers.
- Pretreatment aims to remove natural and added impurities through desizing, scouring, bleaching, and optional mercerization. This makes fabrics more absorbent and receptive to dyes.
- Common pretreatment methods include desizing to remove starches added during weaving, scouring using alkalis to remove natural waxes and oils, and bleaching to further whiten fabrics using oxidizing agents like
Synthetic fibers are man-made polymers created by linking small chemical units called monomers into long chains called polymers. Common synthetic fibers include nylon, polyester, acrylic, acetate, spandex, aramid, and olefin. They are produced through processes like melt spinning, wet spinning, and dry spinning. Synthetic fibers have properties like high chemical resistance, strength, and availability but are flammable and do not absorb moisture well. They are widely used to make clothing, home textiles, and industrial materials due to their low cost and unique properties compared to natural fibers.
A natural or manmade substance that is substantially longer than it is wide is known as fibre (from the Latin word fibra. Fibres are frequently utilised to create other materials. Fibres are frequently used in the strongest engineering materials, such as carbon fibre and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene.
ANALYSE THE DIMENSIONAL PROPERTIES OF THE SILK WITH SOYBEAN PROTIEN FIBRE FABRICIRJET Journal
The document analyzes the dimensional properties of fabrics made from silk and soybean protein fibers. Researchers created 100% silk fabrics, 100% soybean protein fiber fabrics, and 50:50 blended fabrics. They measured properties like fabric count, weight, thickness, wrinkle recovery, water regain, and air permeability. The 100% silk fabrics had a higher weight and thickness than the 100% soybean protein fiber fabrics. Blending the two fibers reduced the weight compared to 100% silk fabrics. Fabric count, or thread density, increased as the percentage of silk in the blend increased. The study found differences in properties between pure and blended fabrics and aimed to understand how blending the fibers impacts fabric characteristics.
The document discusses bleaching, which is a chemical treatment used to remove natural color from fabrics. It describes the mechanisms and objectives of bleaching as well as factors that influence bleaching processes and agents. Common bleaching agents are discussed in detail, including sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and their applications and advantages. Various bleaching methods like batch, semi-continuous, and continuous processes are also outlined.
Pakistan's leather industry is a major export earner but generates significant environmental pollution, especially wastewater. Tanneries produce highly polluted wastewater far exceeding standards. Wastewater is the most pressing challenge due to the large volumes and high levels of contaminants like settleable matter. Solid waste and air emissions are also issues but less severe. A variety of in-plant process changes and end-of-pipe wastewater treatments can help tanneries reduce pollution, with activated sludge treatment recommended as the most effective option. Immediate action is needed on in-plant improvements and wastewater treatment to bring pollution levels down to standards and ensure sustainability of the important industry.
synthetic fibre and mineral fibre in pharmacognosyNandhini Sekar
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1. 1
Textile Polymers andTextile Polymers and
Requirement ofRequirement of
Pretreatment on ThemPretreatment on Them
Prepared byPrepared by
ROHIT SINGHROHIT SINGH
nitragzb20152019@gmail.comnitragzb20152019@gmail.com
+91 9450316927+91 9450316927
NITRA TECHNICAL CAMPUSNITRA TECHNICAL CAMPUS
GHAZIABADGHAZIABAD
2. TEXTILESTEXTILES
All the Textiles are PolymersAll the Textiles are Polymers Poly (many);Poly (many);
Mer (single unit)Mer (single unit)
Example: Ethylene n(CHExample: Ethylene n(CH22=CH=CH22) [Monomer] is formed) [Monomer] is formed
to Polyethylene –(CHto Polyethylene –(CH22-CH-CH22))nn--
Functionality of polymer should be normally twoFunctionality of polymer should be normally two
[unsaturation or functional groups such as[unsaturation or functional groups such as
-OH, -COOH, etc]-OH, -COOH, etc]
The arrangement of polymers is normally linear orThe arrangement of polymers is normally linear or
branched not cross-linkedbranched not cross-linked
Textiles requirements are met by the polymers throughTextiles requirements are met by the polymers through
molecular chain length and molecular weight.molecular chain length and molecular weight.
3. Classification of TextilesClassification of Textiles
Textiles are basically classified through natural andTextiles are basically classified through natural and
synthetic meanssynthetic means
Sometimes it would be classified as organic or inorganicSometimes it would be classified as organic or inorganic
(silica, germanium, etc)(silica, germanium, etc)
Natural fibres are by plant, animal and also by insectNatural fibres are by plant, animal and also by insect
originorigin
Synthetic fibres are from chemicals [monomers toSynthetic fibres are from chemicals [monomers to
polymers through the process polymerization]polymers through the process polymerization]
Regenerated and/or modified fibres are from bothRegenerated and/or modified fibres are from both
natural and synthetic meansnatural and synthetic means
4. Important Textile FibresImportant Textile Fibres
Natural textiles are classified as Cellulosic and NonNatural textiles are classified as Cellulosic and Non
cellulosicscellulosics
Cotton, linen, jute, sisal, banana fibres are importantCotton, linen, jute, sisal, banana fibres are important
natural cellulosic textile fibresnatural cellulosic textile fibres
Silk, wool, and some special hairs are some of theSilk, wool, and some special hairs are some of the
important non cellulosic (protein) fibres.important non cellulosic (protein) fibres.
Polyester, Acrylic, Nylon, Lycra, Polypropylene, etc arePolyester, Acrylic, Nylon, Lycra, Polypropylene, etc are
some of the important synthetic fibres.some of the important synthetic fibres.
Lyocell / Viscose, cuprammonium rayon, and celluloseLyocell / Viscose, cuprammonium rayon, and cellulose
acetate are some of the regenerated and/or modifiedacetate are some of the regenerated and/or modified
textile fibres.textile fibres.
5. Requirement for PretreatmentRequirement for Pretreatment
All the natural textile fibres have impurities inAll the natural textile fibres have impurities in
different extent due to various reasonsdifferent extent due to various reasons
Pretreatment(s) remove the impurities, bothPretreatment(s) remove the impurities, both
natural and added, from the textile polymersnatural and added, from the textile polymers
Pretreatment(s) facilitate the textiles to carry outPretreatment(s) facilitate the textiles to carry out
the main processing in a efficient waythe main processing in a efficient way
Pretreatment(s) mostly decide the quality of thePretreatment(s) mostly decide the quality of the
end use productsend use products
6. Scouring on Cotton fibresScouring on Cotton fibres
Scouring is an alkali treatment on cotton fibre usingScouring is an alkali treatment on cotton fibre using
sodium hydroxide and/or sodium carbonatesodium hydroxide and/or sodium carbonate
During scouring, the alkali reacts with the naturalDuring scouring, the alkali reacts with the natural
impurities (oil/fat – insoluble) and converts them intoimpurities (oil/fat – insoluble) and converts them into
soluble soapsoluble soap
For scouring, sodium hydroxide is used in theFor scouring, sodium hydroxide is used in the
concentration of 3%(owm), 3 hours, at boilconcentration of 3%(owm), 3 hours, at boil
Scouring removes the hydrophobicity and revealsScouring removes the hydrophobicity and reveals
hydrophilicity and promotes absorbencyhydrophilicity and promotes absorbency
7. Bleaching of Cotton FibreBleaching of Cotton Fibre
Bleaching is another important pretreatmentBleaching is another important pretreatment
next to scouring, performed on cotton fibresnext to scouring, performed on cotton fibres
Bleaching removes the unwanted naturalBleaching removes the unwanted natural
colouring pigments.colouring pigments.
Bleaching could be performed by two types ofBleaching could be performed by two types of
techniques; reductive and oxidativetechniques; reductive and oxidative
Reductive technique is not followed nowadaysReductive technique is not followed nowadays
due to its inefficient performance on cottondue to its inefficient performance on cotton
8. Oxidative Bleaching on CottonOxidative Bleaching on Cotton
Normally oxidative bleaching action is performed in theNormally oxidative bleaching action is performed in the
industries on cotton fibre substratesindustries on cotton fibre substrates
Though number of bleaching agents are available in theThough number of bleaching agents are available in the
chemical market, few bleaching agents are being usedchemical market, few bleaching agents are being used
extensivelyextensively
Calcium hypochlorite, Sodium hypochlorite andCalcium hypochlorite, Sodium hypochlorite and
Hydrogen peroxide are the most frequent usedHydrogen peroxide are the most frequent used
bleaching agents in the conventional cotton processingbleaching agents in the conventional cotton processing
unitsunits
9. Pretreatment on SilkPretreatment on Silk
Silk is a natural fine filament materialSilk is a natural fine filament material
Original silk filament contains two proteinOriginal silk filament contains two protein
substrates; one is fibrous protein called Fibroin,substrates; one is fibrous protein called Fibroin,
another one is gummy protein called Sericinanother one is gummy protein called Sericin
Fibroin is responsible for the fibre polymerFibroin is responsible for the fibre polymer
composed of sixteen amino acids.composed of sixteen amino acids.
Sericin is a gum considered impurity and to beSericin is a gum considered impurity and to be
removed from the material based on theremoved from the material based on the
considerations.considerations.
10. ……continuedcontinued
Silk pretreatment requires mainly the removalSilk pretreatment requires mainly the removal
of gummy substance (sericin) which ifof gummy substance (sericin) which if
performed fully makes the silk pure of fibreperformed fully makes the silk pure of fibre
protein and pure whiteprotein and pure white
The removal of sericin from silk filament isThe removal of sericin from silk filament is
called degumming which is performed bycalled degumming which is performed by
applying 2%owm soap, 1%owm sodiumapplying 2%owm soap, 1%owm sodium
carbonate at 95carbonate at 95oo
C for 2 hoursC for 2 hours
11. ……continuedcontinued
If required only hydrogen peroxide bleaching isIf required only hydrogen peroxide bleaching is
performed on degummed silk, since alkaline pHperformed on degummed silk, since alkaline pH
damages protein textiles, but hydrogendamages protein textiles, but hydrogen
peroxide’s pH could be altered by situationsperoxide’s pH could be altered by situations
Degumming is performed in different ways; ¼Degumming is performed in different ways; ¼thth
removal, ½ removal, ¾th removal and fullremoval, ½ removal, ¾th removal and full
(100%) removal, depending on the market /(100%) removal, depending on the market /
commercial / end use product’s considerationscommercial / end use product’s considerations
12. Pretreatment on WoolPretreatment on Wool
Wool is another protein polymer (Keratin) composedWool is another protein polymer (Keratin) composed
of 20 different amino acids with some similarities andof 20 different amino acids with some similarities and
differences with silkdifferences with silk
Unlike cotton and silk, wool contains differedUnlike cotton and silk, wool contains differed
impurities on the basis of species, country, place, etc ofimpurities on the basis of species, country, place, etc of
the animalthe animal
Fats (grease) and vegetable matters are the majorFats (grease) and vegetable matters are the major
impurities in wool to be consideredimpurities in wool to be considered
The removal of wool fats (grease) is called as degreasingThe removal of wool fats (grease) is called as degreasing
The removal of vegetable matters is performedThe removal of vegetable matters is performed
generally by carbonizationgenerally by carbonization
13. ……continuedcontinued
Nowadays degreasing is mostly done by 2 ways; one isNowadays degreasing is mostly done by 2 ways; one is
by controlled mild alkaline scouring method and theby controlled mild alkaline scouring method and the
other is by solvent extraction methodother is by solvent extraction method
In the commercial point of view alkaline method isIn the commercial point of view alkaline method is
cheap and preferred, whereas quality point of viewcheap and preferred, whereas quality point of view
solvent extraction method (solvents are costly) issolvent extraction method (solvents are costly) is
preferred. Alkalies are highly sensitive on wool andpreferred. Alkalies are highly sensitive on wool and
possibility of damage is also high, but by solventpossibility of damage is also high, but by solvent
extraction method the damage on wool is nil.extraction method the damage on wool is nil.
14. ……continuedcontinued
Carbonization is applied on original wool fibresCarbonization is applied on original wool fibres
to remove the vegetable matters by treating withto remove the vegetable matters by treating with
dilute sulphuric acid followed by drying. By thisdilute sulphuric acid followed by drying. By this
the vegetable matters are converted to carbonthe vegetable matters are converted to carbon
contents and charred to ash which is washedcontents and charred to ash which is washed
away. This process is called carbonization.away. This process is called carbonization.
Degreasing and carbonization removes almostDegreasing and carbonization removes almost
all the natural impurities present in the woolall the natural impurities present in the wool
fibre substratesfibre substrates
15. …….continued.continued
Other possible pretreatments on wool fibreOther possible pretreatments on wool fibre
substrates are Non-felting, Decatizing, Potting ,substrates are Non-felting, Decatizing, Potting ,
etcetc
Non felting is the process carried out on woolNon felting is the process carried out on wool
fibres to give partial scale removal so thatfibres to give partial scale removal so that
chemicals entry in the wool polymer is easychemicals entry in the wool polymer is easy
Decatizing and potting are similar treatments inDecatizing and potting are similar treatments in
acidic medium to improve the characters ofacidic medium to improve the characters of
wool for some special applicationswool for some special applications