The efficient disposal of effluent from meat plants and meat-processing works is important because of the possible pollution of water – courses. Hence an effluent treatment plant (ETP) is necessary in all modern abattoirs/meat plants. The objective of effluent treatment is to produce a product that can be safely discharged into a waterway or sewer in compliance with the recommended limits for discharge.
According to the livestock census 2014, India has the world’s largest livestock population country, which is 56% of buffaloes, 13% of cattle, 13% of goat and 5% of sheep of world population respectively.
According to FAOSTAT production data, India ranks top position among countries in the world in terms of number of cattle, buffaloes and goat.
According to the livestock census 2014, India has the world’s largest livestock population country, which is 56% of buffaloes, 13% of cattle, 13% of goat and 5% of sheep of world population respectively.
According to FAOSTAT production data, India ranks top position among countries in the world in terms of number of cattle, buffaloes and goat.
The layout design of a slaughterhouse is a critical aspect that must prioritize efficiency, safety, and animal welfare. The facility should be divided into distinct zones, each with a designated purpose. The receiving area is the entry point for animals, where they are inspected for health and readiness for slaughter. It should be designed to minimize stress on the animals and ensure smooth movement. Next, the stunning and slaughtering area should be well-organized and equipped with humane methods to minimize suffering. Proper drainage and waste management systems must be in place to maintain hygiene and reduce contamination risks. Finally, the processing and packaging area should be designed to streamline the transformation of carcasses into meat products, following strict sanitary and quality standards. Regular audits and compliance checks are essential to ensure the layout design supports the well-being of both animals and workers while meeting industry regulations.
Furthermore, the slaughterhouse design must prioritize the health and safety of workers and the surrounding community. Adequate ventilation and personal protective equipment are crucial to safeguard employees from potential health hazards. Moreover, the layout should include separate areas for equipment maintenance and cleaning to prevent cross-contamination and ensure sanitation. Regular training programs on proper handling and safety protocols should be provided to all staff members. Additionally, locating the slaughterhouse away from residential areas and implementing noise reduction measures will help minimize disruptions to nearby communities. By adhering to these considerations, the layout design of a slaughterhouse can create a well-organized, efficient, and humane facility that upholds the highest standards of safety, animal welfare, and environmental consciousness.
Farm hygiene and biosecurity practices are implemented at both breeder and broiler farms to reduce the risk of disease agents moving on to farms from outside sources (eg wild bird populations or from other farms), the movement of disease agents between sheds on the same farm, carry over of disease agents from one batch to the next in the shed environment, and carry over of disease agents from breeding flocks to their progeny via the egg. Farmers take a range of precautions to prevent entry of diseases onto broiler farms.
The layout design of a slaughterhouse is a critical aspect that must prioritize efficiency, safety, and animal welfare. The facility should be divided into distinct zones, each with a designated purpose. The receiving area is the entry point for animals, where they are inspected for health and readiness for slaughter. It should be designed to minimize stress on the animals and ensure smooth movement. Next, the stunning and slaughtering area should be well-organized and equipped with humane methods to minimize suffering. Proper drainage and waste management systems must be in place to maintain hygiene and reduce contamination risks. Finally, the processing and packaging area should be designed to streamline the transformation of carcasses into meat products, following strict sanitary and quality standards. Regular audits and compliance checks are essential to ensure the layout design supports the well-being of both animals and workers while meeting industry regulations.
Furthermore, the slaughterhouse design must prioritize the health and safety of workers and the surrounding community. Adequate ventilation and personal protective equipment are crucial to safeguard employees from potential health hazards. Moreover, the layout should include separate areas for equipment maintenance and cleaning to prevent cross-contamination and ensure sanitation. Regular training programs on proper handling and safety protocols should be provided to all staff members. Additionally, locating the slaughterhouse away from residential areas and implementing noise reduction measures will help minimize disruptions to nearby communities. By adhering to these considerations, the layout design of a slaughterhouse can create a well-organized, efficient, and humane facility that upholds the highest standards of safety, animal welfare, and environmental consciousness.
Farm hygiene and biosecurity practices are implemented at both breeder and broiler farms to reduce the risk of disease agents moving on to farms from outside sources (eg wild bird populations or from other farms), the movement of disease agents between sheds on the same farm, carry over of disease agents from one batch to the next in the shed environment, and carry over of disease agents from breeding flocks to their progeny via the egg. Farmers take a range of precautions to prevent entry of diseases onto broiler farms.
Propane precooling mixed component refrigerant process (C3/MR) represents 80% of the commercial used processes. The process has proven to be efficient, flexible, reliable, and cost competitive (M. J. Roberts, 2004).
For these reasons the a C3MR process, using synthetic natural gas (SNG) from the methanisation process, was selected to be simulated. Simulation of the process has been conducted using Aspen Hysys® version V.8. process simulation software. The PR equation of state is used for thermodynamic properties calculations both for the natural gas and the refrigerants.
STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION IN A DENTAL CLINIC pptVineetha K
One of the basic things you need to know before starting a dental clinic. This presentation covers the basics of sterilization and disinfection in a dental setting.
BioARC -TREATMENT STRATEGY:
The process adapted is purely biological with aerobic attached growth method, combined OBJECTIVE
• The ultimate goal of the proposed sewage treatment plant is achieve the standards stipulated by Pollution Control Board.
• Ensure cost effectiveness, easy to operate and reduce the O & M Cost.
with Anaerobic + Anoxic + Aerobic and AOP (Advanced Oxidation Process).
The design of a sewage treatment system offer by eliminating the BOD, COD & health risk hazardous organic matters from the waste water and make suitable for the PCB Norms.
The system design as well as consider reuse optional for the green belt development and gardening, toilet flushing & fire fighting , etc.
Effluent Treatment Plant
What is ETP
Need fo ETP
Design of ETP
Design of ETP
Sludge treatment process
Flowchart of ETP
Case study of ETP
ETP plant operation
Textile plant ETP
Equalization
Sedimentation
Settlers
Sludge treatment process
Flowchart of ETP
Case study of ETP
ETP plant operation
Textile plant ETP
Equalization
Sedimentation
Settlers
PH adjustment
Industrial waste water purification procedurepasindulaksara1
The effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) is a method that is used to treat the emanation coming out from many areas of the plant. It includes biological, physical, and chemical processes. It aims to releasing safe water into the environment to prevent it from getting cop0ntaminated. These plants are have been very useful in the process of providing clean water to the environment and have conserved water in a number of ways.
Applications of nanotechnology in food packaging and food safetyDr. IRSHAD A
Over the past few decades the evolution of a number of science disciplines and technologies have revolutionized food and processing sector. Most notable among these are biotechnology, information technology etc… and recently nanotechnology which is now constantly growing in the field of food production, processing, packaging, preservation, and development of functional foods. Food packaging is considered as one of the earliest commercial application of nanotechnology in food sector. Around more than 400 Nanopackaging products are available for commercial use. In 2008, nanotechnology demanded over $15 billion in worldwide research and development money (public and private) and employed over 400,000 researchers across the globe (Roco, M. C. et al. 2010). Nanotechnologies are projected to impact at least $3 trillion across the global economy by 2020, and nanotechnology industries worldwide may require at least 6 million workers to support them by the end of the decade (Roco, M. C. et al. 2010). Scientists and industry stakeholders have already identified potential uses of nanotechnology in virtually every segment of the food industry from agriculture (e.g., pesticide, fertilizer or vaccine delivery; animal and plant pathogen detection; and targeted genetic engineering) to food processing (e.g., encapsulation of flavor or odor enhancers; food textural or quality improvement; new gelation or viscosifying agents) to food packaging (e.g., pathogen, gas or abuse sensors; anticounterfeiting devices, UV-protection, and stronger, more impermeable polymer films) to nutrient supplements (e.g., nutraceuticals with higher stability and bioavailability). Undeniably, the most active area of food nanoscience research and development is packaging: the global nano-enabled food and beverage packaging market was 4.13 billion US dollars in 2008 and has been projected to grow to 7.3 billion by 2014, representing an annual growth rate of 11.65% (www.innoresearch.net).This is likely connected to the fact that the public has been shown in some studies to be more willing to embrace nanotechnology in ‘out of food’ applications than those where nanoparticles are directly added to foods.
Applications of Nanotechnology in Food Packaging and Food Safety (Barrier ma...Dr. IRSHAD A
Over the past few decades the evolution of a number of science disciplines and technologies have revolutionized food and processing sector. Most notable among these are biotechnology, information technology etc… and recently nanotechnology which is now constantly growing in the field of food production, processing, packaging, preservation, and development of functional foods. Food packaging is considered as one of the earliest commercial application of nanotechnology in food sector. Around more than 400 Nanopackaging products are available for commercial use. In 2008, nanotechnology demanded over $15 billion in worldwide research and development money (public and private) and employed over 400,000 researchers across the globe (Roco, M. C. et al. 2010). Nanotechnologies are projected to impact at least $3 trillion across the global economy by 2020, and nanotechnology industries worldwide may require at least 6 million workers to support them by the end of the decade (Roco, M. C. et al. 2010). Scientists and industry stakeholders have already identified potential uses of nanotechnology in virtually every segment of the food industry from agriculture (e.g., pesticide, fertilizer or vaccine delivery; animal and plant pathogen detection; and targeted genetic engineering) to food processing (e.g., encapsulation of flavor or odor enhancers; food textural or quality improvement; new gelation or viscosifying agents) to food packaging (e.g., pathogen, gas or abuse sensors; anticounterfeiting devices, UV-protection, and stronger, more impermeable polymer films) to nutrient supplements (e.g., nutraceuticals with higher stability and bioavailability). Undeniably, the most active area of food nanoscience research and development is packaging: the global nano-enabled food and beverage packaging market was 4.13 billion US dollars in 2008 and has been projected to grow to 7.3 billion by 2014, representing an annual growth rate of 11.65% (www.innoresearch.net).This is likely connected to the fact that the public has been shown in some studies to be more willing to embrace nanotechnology in ‘out of food’ applications than those where nanoparticles are directly added to foods.
Novel approaches in seafood preservation techniques_Dr. Irshad A., LPT Divisi...Dr. IRSHAD A
Fish are highly susceptible to spoilage, which is caused mainly by microbial growth and metabolism that produce amines, sulphides, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and organic acids. Spoiled products have unpleasant and unacceptable off-flavours, making fish that is not well protected unsuitable for human consumption. Improving the safety and quality of seafood is important for both the consumers and the seafood industry. Ancient preservation techniques are not much effective in the large scale production of sea foods, its product processing and storage. Also these techniques have certain limitations such as loss of texture, favour, colour etc. So advance methods like irradiation, ultrasound, high intensity light etc are used for preservation, processing of fish and seafood product. Even though these are costly methods, they are cost effective in mass production and marketing.
irshad2k6@gmail.com
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. Veterinary Public Health
Indian Veterinary Research Institute
Izatnagar, Bareilly
WELCOMEWELCOME
ByBy
Irshad. AIrshad. A
MVSc ScholarMVSc Scholar
Livestock Product TechnologyLivestock Product Technology
Email:- irshad2k6@gmail.comEmail:- irshad2k6@gmail.com
Meat Hygiene
2.
3. ..
EFFLUENTEFFLUENT
Effluent is an out flowing of water or gas from a
natural body of water, or from a human-made
structure.
The meat industry uses large quantities of water.
Water used in abattoir for cleaning purpose
Efficient disposal of effluent is important because of
the possible pollution of water
4. Effluents in meat processing plants originateEffluents in meat processing plants originate
fromfrom
5. EFFLUENT=EFFLUENT=Potent pollutant source
Content high amount of organic matter
Solid (up to 10%) and semisolid form organic
matter (blood, stomach content, manure etc.)
Should not release directly to environment without
treatment
6. Effluents can be divided into four categories:
o
Non-toxic and not directly pollutant but liable to disturb
the physical nature of the receiving water.
o
Non-toxic and pollutant due to organic matter content of
high oxygen demand.
o
Toxic - containing highly poisonous materials.
o
Toxic and pollutant due to organic matter of high
oxygen demand and toxic in addition.
7. OBJECTIVE OF TREATMENT
Eliminate threat of diseases
Convert the effluent into a readily reusable resource
Conservation of water and nutrient
Produces a product that can be safely discharged into
water or swear.
8. CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFLUENT
Content readily biodegradable organic matter (measured in
term of BOD)
Content grease, fat and oil, tend to coat system
Organic matter reduces oxygen transfer
Nitrogen present in 3 form, 1. Organic N2,
2. Ammonia salt,
3.Dissolved ammonia gas
Both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria
Comparatively high temperature
Turbid
Off color
Dissolved gas (methane, So2)
9. POLLUTION PARAMETERS
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) - measure of the
readily biodegradable material in an effluent.
It is amount of oxygen consumed by the aerobic
organisms at a temperature of 20o
C for a period of 5
days.
It is generally used to determine the concentration of
pollutant remaining after treatment and prior to
discharge.
10. POLLUTION PARAMETERS
Chemical oxygen demand (COD)- is a measure of
the oxygen required for the oxidation of all organic
matter in a known volume of effluent.
The COD is often used as a cheaper and more
accurate.
Used for determining the oxygen requirements of an
effluent before treatment.
11. POLLUTION PARAMETERS
Chloride (Cl) -a measure of salinity.
Dry matter (DM) or total solids (TS) is the final
weight of a known amount of effluent that has been
dried to a constant weight at 105°C over 24 h.
It is measured in g/litre or mg/litre
Grease, fat and oil (FOG):-
oimmiscibility substances with a lower specific
gravity, which cause them to float.
oAffect further treatment systems
oMeasured by extraction with hexane or Freon.
12. POLLUTION PARAMETERS
pH
- measure of the acidity or alkalinity
Nitrogen (N)/Total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN):
Measure of total nitrogen
nitrates which are found in aerobically treated
effluents.
Ammonia is toxic to aquatic life; the maximum
discharge to sewers is 40 mg / litre.
High nitrate in natural waters encourage algae and
other plant growth.
The maximum level in potable water is 0.5 mg / litre.
14. Source BOD mg/litre
Poultry meat plant 1000-1200
Pig meat plant 1500-2000
Cattle/sheep meat plant 1400-3200
Fish processing 1000-3000
Dairy (washings) 600-1300
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
Normal Domestic sewage 250-300
15. TREATMENT STEPSTREATMENT STEPS
Primary treatment (physical removal of solid)
Secondary treatment (biological treatment)
Final treatment(disinfection)
Release of water into water bodyRelease of water into water body
16. Primary treatment
Removal of solids, passing through screen, filters,
floatation/sedimentation, grit chamber etc.
Results: Reduction of BOD up to 200-250 mg/lit.Reduction of BOD up to 200-250 mg/lit.
18. Woven wire screens: suitable for gut content, yard
and truck washings.
Wedge wire: relatively strong and abuse resistant.
It reduces the chances of screens becoming blocked
with fats and other tissues.
19. 2. Air floatation Dissolved Air Floatation
(DAF)
- physical separation by micro-bubbles of solids, fat,
grease.
20. Suspended solids in the
wastewater are removed by
floatation assisted by
microbubbles
bubbles are produced by
dissolving air in the
wastewater.
Coagulants (ferric chloride,
alum, soda ash, lime &
polymer) may be added to
increase the efficiency of
removal.
21. ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES
works faster and produces a drier sludge.
Low capital cost
Less ground area requirements
Less operator time
Flexibility of operations in respect of
recovery of oil and proteins.
62-90% of oil and grease removal
&
30-80% of BOD reduction.
22. 3. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT
Use of cationic (Fe3+
and Al3+
salts) and anionic coagulants (Na
hexametaphosphate, lignosulfonate and Na alginate) with pH
adjustment precipitate and agglomerate protein & other
organic materials into larger particles (flocs) that can be
recovered by a physical process such as DAF or settling.
Fe3+
and Al3+
salts also precipitate
out much of the phosphorus from
waste water
Anionic coagulants are used to
remove hemoglobin, which can make
up a large proportion of the soluble
organic load in wastewater from meat
processing
23. Secondary treatmentSecondary treatment
One biological treatment system under controlled
condition
Culture of microbes is mixed
Microbes utilizes available organic matter &
synthesis new cell
More than 90% organic matter removed
Secondary treatment can be done aerobically or
anaerobically followed by disinfection using
chlorides or by other methods and digestion of
solids.
24. Anaerobic Treatment
Carried out in absence of air- in a closed system
Effective in high BOD level
In 1st
stage VFA formed, methanogenic bacteria use
it and produce CO2 and methane (pH-7.0-7.2).
With a BOD higher than 2000 mg/litre it becomes
advantageous.
TWO--STAGE FERMENTATION PROCESS
26. Advantages:
Achieve removal rates of 70% to 90% for COD and BOD5.
Low operating cost due to low sludge production and low
energy requirements
Net producer of energy if the biomass is recovered as fuel.
Disadvantages:
Does not remove nitrogen or phosphorus.
Reduces organic form of nitrogen and sulfur to ammonia and
H2S, which can be toxic to aquatic lives. H2S can also cause an
odor nuisance and corrosion of equipment.
Maintaining the pH at around 7.0-7.2 is very important.
27. AEROBIC TREATMENT
In presence of air bacteria utilizes organic mater for their own
cell synthesis.
Organic carbon converted into CO2, nitrogen or nitrate ions.
Before anaerobically treated wastewater is discharged to
waterways, it is treated aerobically
◦ to remove most residual BOD and suspended solids, &
◦ to oxidize NH3 and H2S to less harmful nitrate and sulphate.
Treatments:-
◦ Activated sludge process
◦ Trickling filters
◦ Lagoons.
◦ Evaporation & Irrigation
28. Waste stream
Primary treatment
Aeration tank
(mixing and aeration by aerators
& / or pressurized air diffusers)
Mixed liquid is allowed to settle
in the clarifier
Clear supernatant
Chlorinated & discharged to the
receiving water
Content 2 tanks,
Aeration tank
Final settling tank
29. Tickling filter
3-10m deep bed of porous media. (bed of stone,
slag)
wastewater is applied to the surface of the bed and
trickles downwards through the media, to which
microorganisms are attached.
90% reduction of BOD & removal of suspended
solids
30. Lagoons
Scientifically constructed pond (3-5ft deep)
Sunlight, bacteria, algae & oxygen interact
Warm, clean, sunny weather is favorable
Aerobic type (takes 2-6 days), consists of series of ponds,
reduces 90% BOD
Anaerobic type (6-10 days), in cold weather it is used. 70-
80% reduction of BOD.
31. Heterotrophic bacteria remove organic matter by
biological oxidation and by incorporation into cell
biomass, which is subsequently removed as sludge.
32. EVAPORATION & IRRIGATION
In favorable climate waste can be disposed off by evaporation
Large shallow evaporation pond
Lined bottom (prevent seepage)
33. Production of useful end products such as methane and digested sludge.
Low nutrient requirement in case of treatment of nutritionally
unbalanced wastes.
No energy required for aeration.
Allows rapid dewatering of sludge which can subsequently be handled
easily.
High loading rates can be achieved as compared to aerobic treatment.
34. Combination of anaerobic-aerobic method
Most suitable for meat industries.
Anaerobic-aerobic lagoon system for packinghouse
wastes provided an overall BOD removal of 99%,
suspended solids removal of 98% and grease removal
of 98% (loehr, 1974).
Combined system of anaerobic lagoons followed by
trickling filters for meat packing wastes remove
BOD, COD and grease 74, 73 and 69% respectively
(becker & white, 1971).
36. For direct discharge to surface water, the effluent
should have:
pH : 6-9
BOD5 (mg/l) : 50
COD (mg/l) : 250
Total suspended solids (mg/ml) : 50
Oil & Grease (mg/ml) : 10
Nitrogen (total) : 10
Total phosphorus : 5
Temperature should not be more than few degrees.
Should be colorless/clear
37. Recommended (minimum) effluent standardsRecommended (minimum) effluent standards
Type BOD(mg/ltr)
Faecal coliform
Per 100 ml
Alga (per ml)
Effluent to be
discharged in to
surface water
Less than 25 Less than 5000 Less than 100,000
Used for
restricted for
irrigation
- do -
Used for
unrestricted
irrigation
- Less than 100 -
38. Novel methods of treatment ofNovel methods of treatment of
slaughterhouse wastewaterslaughterhouse wastewater
1.Electrocoagulation:
Easy operation
Shortened reactive
retention period
Amount of precipitate
or sludge which sediments
rapidly.
39. 2. Membrane separation
Ultrafiltration: separation of fats, oils or greases
Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration: water purification,
desalination and disinfection.
Microfiltration: recovery/removal or to concentrate
particulate materials from liquids or slurries.
40.
41. ReferenceReference
Gracey, Collins and Huey. 1999. Meat Hygiene. 10th Edition. W. B.
Saunders Company.
Hui, Nip, Rogers and Young. 2001 Meat Science and Applications. Marcel
Dekker Inc.
Ranken. 2000. Handbook of Meat Products Technology. Blackwell
www.fao.org
Masse, D.I., and Masse, L. 2000. Treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater
in anaerobic sequencing batch reactors. Agriculture and Agri-Food
Canada, P.O. Box 90, Route 108 East, Lennoxville, QC, Canada J1M
1Z3. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada contribution No. 659
Sindhu, R., and Meera, V. Treatment Of Slaughterhouse Effluent Using
Upflow Anaerobic Packed Bed Reactor. 2012 International Congress
on Informatics, Environment, Energy and Applications-IEEA 2012
IPCSIT vol.38, Singapore.