The document discusses the scouring process for cotton fabrics. Scouring removes natural and added impurities from cotton using alkaline solutions, surfactants, and sometimes solvents. Common scouring methods include caustic soda boiling, soda ash boiling, and continuous scouring using pad steam processes. The scouring process improves cotton's absorbency and prepares it for further treatments like dyeing and finishing.

1. SCOURING TREATMENT OF COTTON WITH ALKALINE SOLUTION PURPOSE REMOVE NATURAL IMPURITIES : FATS AND WAXES, PECTIC SUBSTANCES, PROTINES REMOVE ADDED IMPURITY : OIL STAINS SEED COAT FRAGMENTS IMPROVE WATER ABSORBENCY FOR UNIFORM DYING, PRINTING AND FINISHING .

2. SCOURING AGENTS CHOICE DEPENDS ON NATURE OF FIBRE AND NATURE OF IMPURITIES TO BE REMOVED ALKALIES NaOH, Na 2 CO3, Na 2 Sio3, Na 3 PO4 etc SURFACTANTS ANIONIC, NONIONIC, CATIONIC EMULSIONS SOLVENT, WATER, EMULSIFYING AGENTS SOLVENTS TRICHLORO OR PERCHLORO ETHYLENE

3. MECHANISM FATS AND WAXES SAFONIFICATION OF FATS AND WAXES BY ALKALI AND SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS. IN EXTREME CASES SOLVENTS USED PECTINS SOLUBLIZED AS - COONa

4. MECHANISM PROTEINS HYDROLYSIS INTO SIMPLE WATER SOLUBLE AMINO ACIDS MINERAL MATTER REMOVE DURING SOURING

5. CAUSTIC SODA BOIL LIME – SODA BOIL ( PRESENTLY NOT USED ) SODA ASH BOIL SODA ASH - CAUSTIC SODA BOIL CAUSTIC SODA BOIL IS MOST COMMON SCOURING OPERATION

6. CASTIC SODA BOIL BOILING WITH 3-6% NAOH, 6-8 HOURS , 130 OC, M : L RATIO 3 : 1 PROCESSES

7. PROCESSES SODA ASH BOIL USED FABRIC WOVEN WITH COLOURED YARNS (STRIPES, CHECKS ETC) FOR DESIGN EFFECTS SODA ASH - CASTIC SODA BOIL COMBINATION OF 1 PART SODA ASH AND 2 PART CAUSTIC SODA MINIMIZES FABRIC DEGRADATION

8. AFTER TREATMENTS HOT WATER WASH NEUTRALIZE WITH 2 – 3G/L HCL OR H 2 SO 4 WASH WITH COLD WATER TO NEUTRAL PH.

9. AUXILIARY CHEMICALS SURFACTANTS / DETERGENT ANIONIC OR NON IONIC PRODUCT ARE USED ASSIST IN THE EMULSIFICATION OF WAXES KEEP IMPURITIES IN THE SUSPENDED FORM EASY REMOVAL OF IMPURITIES DURING SUBSEQUENT WASHING

10. AUXILIARY CHEMICALS SEQUESTERING AGENTS ALSO KNOWN AS METAL CHELATING AGENTS BIND HEAVY METALS LIKE CU, FE, CA, MG PRESENT IN WATER MINIMIZES FABRIC DEGRADATION MOST COMMON AGENT IS EDTA ( ETHYLENE DIAMINE TETRA ACETIC ACID ) SELECT PRODUCT WHICH STABLE UNDER TREATMENT CONDITIONS

11. AUXILIARY CHEMICALS MILD REDUCING AGENT LIKE NAHSO 3 PRESVENT THE FORMATION OF OXYCELLULOSE DURING ALKALINE BOIL

12. AUXILIARY CHEMICALS MILD OXIDIZING AGENT USED IN CASE OF COLOURED THREAD EFFECT PROTECT THE BLEEDING OF DYE FROM FABRIC DUE TO REDUCING ACTION OF CHO GROUPS ( ALDEHYDIC) OF CELLULOSE PREVENT STAINING OF WHITE PROTINS MAINTAIN BRIGHTNESS OF SHADE

13. INDUSTRIAL PRACTICES SCOURING OF COTTON CAN BE CARRIED OUT IN ROPE OPEN WIDTH FORM PROCESSES BATCH WISE CONTINUOUS SEMI CONTINUOUS

14. INDUSTRIAL PRACTICES EQUIPMENT USED BATCH WISE OPERATION KIER ( ROPE FORM ) JIGGER (OPEN WIDTH ) WINCH (ROPE FORM, PARTICULARLY FOR KNITS ) JET DYING (ROPE FORM, PARTICULARLY FOR KNITS ) CONTINUOUS J – BOX ( ROPE FORM ) VARIOUS PAD STEAM PROCESSES (OPEN WIDTH )

15. INDUSTRIAL PRACTICES SEMI CONTINUOUS PAD ROLL (OPEN WIDTH ) AMONG THE ABOVE PROCESSES THE KIER BOILING OPERATION AND SCOURING IN J-BOX ARE MOST POPULAR. HOWEVER THE PRESENT TREND IS TO PROCESS THE FABRIC IN OPEN WIDTH FORM. THEREFORE THE PAD STEAM PROCESSES ARE GINNING IMPORTANCE .

16. INDUSTRIAL PRACTICES KIER BOILING FABRIC STATIONARY-LIQUOR MOVING CIRCULATION OF HOT ALKALINE LIQUOR THROUGH A BATCH OF FABRIC PILED IN IRON VESSEL KNOWN AS KIER DESIZED CLOTH IS IMPREGNATED WITH ALKALINE SOLUTION AND SQUEEZED BEFORE PILING INTO KIER THIS HELPS FOR UNIFORM TREATMENT OF FABRIC WITH ALKALI

17. INDUSTRIAL PRACTICES KIER VERTICAL IRON VESSEL CEMENTED FROM INSIDE TO PREVENT CORROSION AND IRON CONTAMINATION CAPACITY 500 KG. TO 5 TONS 2 TON MOST COMMON PROVIDED WITH FALLS BOTTUM LID AT TOP TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE GAUGE LIQUOR SPRAYER AT TOP CONCERNED TO MULTITUBULOR HEATER TRROUGH LIGUOR CIRCULATION PUMP

18. INDUSTRIAL PRACTICES FABRIC PILING MANUAL NOT COMMON MECHANICAL MOST COMMON UNIFORM PILING SCOURING LIQUOR CAN BE FED ALONG WITH FOR FABRIC SATURATION

19. INDUSTRIAL PRACTICES OPERATION AFTER CLOTH PILING, KEEP HEAVY WEIGHTS ON TOP LAYERS TO PREVENT FABRIC LAYERS TO PREVENT FABRIC LAYER DISPLACEMENT DUE TO LIQUOR CIRCULATION INTRODUCE SCOURING LIQUOR FROM BOTTOM TO SWEEP OFF AIR FROM KIER CLOSE THE LID , BUT KEEP THE VALVE OPEN HEAT THE LIQUOR AND CIRCULATE TROUGH THE FABRIC LOAD THIS WOULD ENSURE COMPLETE REMOVAL OF AIR

20. INDUSTRIAL PRACTICES OPERATION CLOSE THE VALVE TO BUILD UP THE PRESSURE CIRCULATE THE HEATED LIQUOR UNDER PRESSURE ( 30 LB/IN 2 , 130 O C) FOR 4-8 HOURS SLOWLY RELEASE THE PRESSURE INITIALLY DRAIN FROM TOP PIPE TO REMOVE SCUM FORMED DURING BOILING OPERATION THEN DRAIN FROM BOTTOM WASHING AND NEUTRALIZATION CAN BE CARRIED OUT IN KIER OR SEPARATELY

21. SCOURING IN J-BOX TYPES OF J - BOX DU PONT : FABRIC PRE – HEATING BECCO : NO FABRIC PRE – HEATING

22. INDUSTRIAL PRACTICES SCOURING IN J-BOX PROCESSING IN ROPE FORM STORAGE AND HEATING OF ALKALI SATURATED FABRIC IN A STAINLESS STILL VESSEL OF SHAPE LETTER J TOTALLY INSULATED IN RETAIN FABRIC TEMPERATURE DURING STORAGE DEPENDING ON SPEED, THE STORAGE TIME CAN BE ADJUSTED AFTER INITIAL FILLING MAINTAIN CONSTANT STORAGE TIME BY KEEPING SAME IN-LET AND OUT-LET SPEED

23. INDUSTRIAL PRACTICES SCOURING IN J-BOX OPERATION SATURATION OF FABRIC WITH 40 G/L NAOH, 10 G/L NA 2 CO 3 , 10 G/LNA 2 SIO 3 AND 5 G/L WETTING AGENT SQUEEZING THE EXCESS LIQUOR BY PADDING PRE HEATING THE FABRIC TO 100 O C PILING INTO J-BOX HEATING OF PILED FABRIC BY STEAM INJUNCTION TO MAINTAIN FABRIC TEMPERATURE 100 O C STORAGE TIME 1.5 TO 2 HOURS TAKING OUT THE FABRIC HOT AND COLD WATER WASHING IN ROPE WASHER

24. CONTINUOUS SCORING