Presentation of wool fibre
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This document summarizes information about wool, including that it is a protein fiber obtained from sheep and contains natural impurities like dirt, suint, fat, and burrs. It also lists added impurities like dust and grease that get onto wool. The document outlines the preparatory processes wool goes through, including scouring to remove impurities using sodium carbonate or soap, and carbonizing using sulfuric acid to remove any remaining vegetable matter. It provides details on the conditions used for scouring and defines carbonizing.
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Carbonisation
The document summarizes the carbonization process used to remove vegetable matter from wool. The process involves scouring the raw wool with detergent, immersing it in an acid bath, drying and baking it to carbonize the vegetable matter, crushing and removing the carbonized matter, neutralizing the wool, and bleaching it. Carbonization ensures impurities are fully cleaned from the fibers without changing their length and increases wool production quality compared to mechanical removal methods. However, it also causes fiber breakage rendering long wools only suitable for woolen systems.
Preparatory processes for wool
The document discusses the preparatory processes involved for wool before manufacturing. It describes the composition of raw wool which mainly consists of keratin protein along with impurities like dirt, suint, fat, and burrs. It then explains processes like carbonization and scouring used to remove these impurities. Carbonization uses sulfuric acid to remove burrs while scouring is done through emulsion, solvent, or freezing methods to remove dirt and fat without degrading the wool. Bleaching methods for wool include reductive bleaching using sodium hydrosulphite or oxidative bleaching using hydrogen peroxide.
Preparatory for synthetic fifbres
This document discusses the process of scouring synthetic fibers and fiber blends. Scouring is used to remove dirt, spin finishes, sizing agents and other impurities added during fiber production and processing. For polyester and nylon fabrics, scouring can be done with soda ash and detergent in water at 70-80 degrees C. Scouring of acrylic must be done under mild alkaline conditions to avoid yellowing. When scouring blends of cotton and polyester, milder alkaline conditions are used to avoid hydrolysis of the polyester fibers. Common scouring conditions for cotton/polyester blends include caustic soda, soda ash and detergent in water at 70-100 degrees
1. wool scouring environment issues
Wool scouring produces an effluent high in organic material like grease, dirt, and residues from veterinary medicines used on sheep. This effluent requires extensive treatment before discharge to remove oxygen-depleting substances and potentially toxic pesticides. Two main wastes - grease and sludge - are also produced. Grease can be recovered and sold, but sludge contains pesticides and must be disposed of carefully, typically through incineration, to avoid polluting land or water. Air pollution is minimal except from hot acid cracking of grease. Strict control of effluent and waste is needed to protect the environment from wool processing.
2 Pre treatments of textile material.ppt
The basic objective of pretreatment processing is removal of added or natural impurities present in textile fibres to improve the absorbency.
BY:ROHIT SINGH
Silk pretreatments
Silk is produced from the excretion of silk worms. Silk worms produce a liquid protein called fibroin that solidifies upon contact with air to form fine filaments. These filaments are wrapped in a cocoon as the silk worm spins during excretion. One cocoon can contain 300 meters of silk filament. To produce silk yarn, thousands of cocoons are required. The silk filament within the cocoon is surrounded by another protein called sericin, which acts as a protective coating. To make the silk lustrous and soft for clothing, the sericin must be removed through a process called degumming without damaging the fibroin filaments. Degumming traditionally uses a mild soap at high
Enviromental Friendly Leather Manufacturer
In this presentation you will find that ECCO Shoes supported by their passion in Leather. ECCO has their own tanneries, which now also selling leather to other brands. Not only shoes and footwear but also gloves and leathergoods and sports.
Presentation on Leather Industry
Pakistan's leather industry is a major export earner but generates significant environmental pollution, especially wastewater. Tanneries produce highly polluted wastewater far exceeding standards. Wastewater is the most pressing challenge due to the large volumes and high levels of contaminants like settleable matter. Solid waste and air emissions are also issues but less severe. A variety of in-plant process changes and end-of-pipe wastewater treatments can help tanneries reduce pollution, with activated sludge treatment recommended as the most effective option. Immediate action is needed on in-plant improvements and wastewater treatment to bring pollution levels down to standards and ensure sustainability of the important industry.
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Carbonisation
The document summarizes the carbonization process used to remove vegetable matter from wool. The process involves scouring the raw wool with detergent, immersing it in an acid bath, drying and baking it to carbonize the vegetable matter, crushing and removing the carbonized matter, neutralizing the wool, and bleaching it. Carbonization ensures impurities are fully cleaned from the fibers without changing their length and increases wool production quality compared to mechanical removal methods. However, it also causes fiber breakage rendering long wools only suitable for woolen systems.
Preparatory processes for wool
The document discusses the preparatory processes involved for wool before manufacturing. It describes the composition of raw wool which mainly consists of keratin protein along with impurities like dirt, suint, fat, and burrs. It then explains processes like carbonization and scouring used to remove these impurities. Carbonization uses sulfuric acid to remove burrs while scouring is done through emulsion, solvent, or freezing methods to remove dirt and fat without degrading the wool. Bleaching methods for wool include reductive bleaching using sodium hydrosulphite or oxidative bleaching using hydrogen peroxide.
Preparatory for synthetic fifbres
This document discusses the process of scouring synthetic fibers and fiber blends. Scouring is used to remove dirt, spin finishes, sizing agents and other impurities added during fiber production and processing. For polyester and nylon fabrics, scouring can be done with soda ash and detergent in water at 70-80 degrees C. Scouring of acrylic must be done under mild alkaline conditions to avoid yellowing. When scouring blends of cotton and polyester, milder alkaline conditions are used to avoid hydrolysis of the polyester fibers. Common scouring conditions for cotton/polyester blends include caustic soda, soda ash and detergent in water at 70-100 degrees
1. wool scouring environment issues
Wool scouring produces an effluent high in organic material like grease, dirt, and residues from veterinary medicines used on sheep. This effluent requires extensive treatment before discharge to remove oxygen-depleting substances and potentially toxic pesticides. Two main wastes - grease and sludge - are also produced. Grease can be recovered and sold, but sludge contains pesticides and must be disposed of carefully, typically through incineration, to avoid polluting land or water. Air pollution is minimal except from hot acid cracking of grease. Strict control of effluent and waste is needed to protect the environment from wool processing.
2 Pre treatments of textile material.ppt
The basic objective of pretreatment processing is removal of added or natural impurities present in textile fibres to improve the absorbency.
BY:ROHIT SINGH
Silk pretreatments
Silk is produced from the excretion of silk worms. Silk worms produce a liquid protein called fibroin that solidifies upon contact with air to form fine filaments. These filaments are wrapped in a cocoon as the silk worm spins during excretion. One cocoon can contain 300 meters of silk filament. To produce silk yarn, thousands of cocoons are required. The silk filament within the cocoon is surrounded by another protein called sericin, which acts as a protective coating. To make the silk lustrous and soft for clothing, the sericin must be removed through a process called degumming without damaging the fibroin filaments. Degumming traditionally uses a mild soap at high
Enviromental Friendly Leather Manufacturer
In this presentation you will find that ECCO Shoes supported by their passion in Leather. ECCO has their own tanneries, which now also selling leather to other brands. Not only shoes and footwear but also gloves and leathergoods and sports.
Presentation on Leather Industry
Pakistan's leather industry is a major export earner but generates significant environmental pollution, especially wastewater. Tanneries produce highly polluted wastewater far exceeding standards. Wastewater is the most pressing challenge due to the large volumes and high levels of contaminants like settleable matter. Solid waste and air emissions are also issues but less severe. A variety of in-plant process changes and end-of-pipe wastewater treatments can help tanneries reduce pollution, with activated sludge treatment recommended as the most effective option. Immediate action is needed on in-plant improvements and wastewater treatment to bring pollution levels down to standards and ensure sustainability of the important industry.
Mangal pandey
This document provides an overview of wool wax and its evaluation. It discusses that wool wax is a byproduct obtained during the scouring of raw wool in the woollen industry. Wool wax, also known as lanolin, has various important properties and uses. It can be recovered from wastewater through a process of centrifuging the superficial waters from washing tanks to obtain a cream phase containing wool wax. The wax then undergoes purification and extraction to produce high value lanolin products for industries like pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, textiles and more. In conclusion, recovering and utilizing wool wax helps reduce pollution and provides economic benefits to the woollen industry.
Comperitive study of scouring
The document discusses scouring, which is a process used to purify cotton and cotton-blended textiles by removing impurities like oils, waxes, and dirt. It describes two main types of scouring: alkaline scouring, which uses high concentrations of sodium hydroxide at high temperatures; and bio/enzymatic scouring, which uses enzymes like pectinase and lipase at lower temperatures. Alkaline scouring is faster and removes more impurities but is harsher on fibers, more costly, and produces more wastewater. Bio scouring is gentler on fibers, more environmentally friendly, and reduces costs over the full production process though it has
Silk scouring
This presentation provides information about silk fiber. It defines silk as a natural protein fiber composed mainly of fibroin that is produced by silkworm larvae to form cocoons. It describes the constituents of silk fiber, including fibroin, sericin, minerals, and trace amounts of other substances. It also compares the amino acid components of sericin and fibroin. Furthermore, it explains the process of silk scouring to remove sericin and other impurities from the fiber so it can be spun into yarn. Traditional soap and newer detergent-based methods are outlined.
Scouring
Scouring is a process that removes natural and added impurities from textiles through the use of chemicals like alkalis and surfactants. It saponifies fats and waxes, breaks down proteins and pectins, and increases the textile's absorptive capacity. The type of scouring agent used depends on the fiber and extent of impurities. Scouring emulsifies and saponifies impurities to solubilize and suspend them for removal, improving dyeability and finish performance.
Kasur tanneries waste management agency (ktwma)
This file contains a brief introduction about the Kasur Treatment plant this plant is meant for the treatment of waste water coming from the tanneries.
please comment on the report if you visit...:)
Scouring and bio scouring
The document discusses enzymatic or bio-scouring of textiles as an alternative to conventional alkaline scouring. Bio-scouring uses enzymes to selectively remove non-cellulosic structures like pectin and waxes from cotton fibers. It is more environmentally friendly as it reduces water, energy and chemical usage compared to alkaline scouring. While bio-scouring has limitations in removing some impurities like waxes completely, it offers advantages such as retaining cotton fiber structure and being a milder process overall. The document provides details on the bio-scouring process, parameters, advantages and limitations compared to alkaline scouring.
Environment issues in scouring of wool
The document discusses various environmental issues related to wool scouring. It notes that raw wool contains residues from pesticides used on sheep that can pollute waterways if discharged in effluent. It also discusses how different pesticides associate with grease or dirt and are removed to varying degrees during scouring. Land pollution may occur from disposal of grease and sludge by-products. Air pollution can potentially arise from incineration of waste or use of organic solvents during scouring. Overall, proper treatment of effluent and disposal of by-products is necessary to minimize environmental impacts.
1 chemical processing.ppt
The basic objective of pretreatment processing is removal of added or natural impurities present in textile fibres to improve the absorbency.
BY: ROHIT SINGH
Scouring
Scouring is the process of removing natural and added impurities from textiles using alkali solutions. It makes fabrics hydrophilic and absorbent. There are two main methods - batch/discontinuous scouring using kier boilers, and continuous scouring using J-boxes. Key steps involve saponification of oils and emulsification of waxes. Souring neutralizes residual alkali on scoured fabrics using acids.
Lecture 1 tt 241 introduction
The document discusses various preparatory processes that cotton fabric undergoes before dyeing or other chemical processing. It describes how cotton contains natural impurities like fats, waxes, pectins, proteins and colouring matter that need to be removed. The preparatory processes involve mechanical operations like brushing to remove loose threads, shearing to cut attached threads, and singeing to burn protruding fibers. This is followed by inspection of grey fabric for defects and stamping with a lot number for identification during processing.
Lecture 2 preparatory processes
The document discusses various preparatory processes for cotton textiles including desizing, scouring, and bleaching. Desizing involves removing added starches used in sizing through processes like hydrolysis or oxidation. Scouring uses alkaline solutions to remove natural impurities like fats, waxes, pectins and proteins from cotton. Bleaching removes color pigments through oxidation, with common bleaching agents being sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and peracetic acid. These preparatory processes are important to remove impurities, improve dyeability and finishability of cotton textiles.
textile bleaching
This document discusses various aspects of bleaching and optical brightening agents:
1. It describes bleaching as a process that removes natural color and introduces a complementary color for a more uniform light reflection.
2. Fluorescent brightening agents are described as compounds that decompose natural colors while introducing a complementary color similar to bleaching agents.
3. The application and uses of fluorescent brightening agents are discussed for different fiber types like proteins, polyamides, polyesters, and polyacrylonitriles. Exhaustion and padding methods are covered.
Tanning
The document summarizes the key steps in the hides and skins tanning process:
1. Beamhouse work includes soaking, liming, unhairing, fleshing, and deliming to prepare the hides.
2. Soaking rehydrates the hides and removes impurities. Liming uses chemicals to separate the hair and epidermis from the collagen.
3. Fleshing removes remaining flesh and fat. Deliming removes residual lime in preparation for tanning.
Scouring
The document discusses the scouring process, which involves removing natural and added impurities from textile fibers. There are three main methods for removing impurities: saponification, emulsification, and solubilization. Saponification converts impurities like oils and fats into water-soluble soaps. Emulsification forms suspensions of non-saponifiable impurities. Solubilization dissolves substances like pectin and proteins into soluble salts. The scouring process aims to remove all impurities and leave the fibers highly absorbent without damage. Common scouring agents include alkaline solutions, surfactants, and sometimes organic solvents.
Lecture 2 composition of cotton, desizing
The document discusses the composition and constituents of cotton fibers, including natural impurities, fats and waxes, pectins, proteins, colouring matter, and mineral matter. It also describes the purpose and principles of preparatory processes used in the textile industry such as desizing. Desizing is the process of removing size, primarily starch, applied during weaving to prevent warp breakage. Common desizing methods include hydrolysis using acids or enzymes to break down starch into soluble fragments.
Biscouring process
This presentation discusses the bio-scouring process. Bio-scouring uses enzymes like pectinase, lipase and protease to selectively remove non-cellulosic impurities like pectin and waxes from cotton fibers. The mechanism involves pectinase hydrolyzing pectin to render waxes extractable. Key process parameters include pH, temperature, wetting agents and emulsifiers. An example recipe uses pectinase, a sequestering agent and wetting agent in water at 60°C for 30 minutes. Bio-scouring offers advantages like lower energy use and costs compared to conventional scouring while removing impurities and improving the cotton surface for dyeing. However,
Wet blue production of cow hides
This document describes the process of producing wet blue leather from raw hides. The key steps involve:
1. Soaking the raw hides to rehydrate them.
2. Liming using calcium oxide to remove hair and swell the collagen fibers.
3. Deliming to reduce pH and remove lime.
4. Pickling using acids and salts to preserve the hides and reduce pH.
5. Chrome tanning using chromium sulfate to stabilize the collagen fibers.
The document provides details on chemicals, parameters, and quality controls for each step. Proper execution of this wet blue production process is important for producing durable leather.
Desizing
This document discusses various methods for desizing fabric after weaving to remove starch paste. It describes the objectives of desizing as removing starch paste to increase fabric absorbency, affinity for dry chemicals, and suitability for downstream processes. The key desizing methods discussed are rot steeping, acidic desizing using hydrochloric or sulfuric acid, alkaline desizing using caustic soda, enzymatic desizing using amylase enzymes, and oxidative desizing using chlorine or bromine. Each method is explained in terms of its process, advantages, and disadvantages. Enzymatic desizing is noted as requiring less time and avoiding fibre damage compared to other methods. Proper control of temperature, pH, and time is important for
Reloaded bio
Enzymatic or bio-scouring is an eco-friendly alternative to conventional alkaline scouring that uses enzymes instead of harsh chemicals to remove non-cellulosic impurities from cotton fibers. It uses a blend of pectinase, protease, and lipase enzymes at mild temperatures and pH levels. Bio-scouring generates 50% less effluent with lower BOD, COD, and TDS compared to alkaline scouring. Though it provides benefits like reduced energy and water usage, milder conditions, and cost savings, bio-scouring may not achieve the same degree of whiteness as alkaline scouring. Overall, bio-scouring is a more sustainable pre-
Project Work nahid
The document describes a study comparing a traditional scouring process to a bio-scouring process for textiles. It finds that bio-scouring using the enzyme Scourzyme L is more environmentally friendly and reduces costs compared to traditional caustic scouring. Specifically, bio-scouring reduces water, energy and chemical usage, lowers BOD, COD and TDS in wastewater, and avoids the health and safety risks of harsh chemicals. However, it provides slightly less whiteness for light and white fabrics compared to traditional scouring. Overall, bio-scouring is shown to be a more sustainable and cost-effective alternative.
Wool ppt
Woolworths is a major Australian retail company founded in 1924. It is the largest retailer in Australia and New Zealand by market capitalization and sales. Woolworths operates supermarkets, liquor stores, hotels, and discount department stores under various brand names. It has expanded from its origins in Australia and New Zealand to also operate in Hong Kong and India. Woolworths aims to offer low prices through efficient procurement and supply chain management. It faces challenges in balancing efficiencies across its diverse business units while allowing independence, and competing against other large international retailers.
Wool.
Wool comes from sheep and is produced annually in fleeces weighing 2-30 pounds per sheep. There are several types of wool depending on the breed of sheep, including long wool, medium wool, and fine wool. Wool has many beneficial properties including durability, absorbency, comfort, and flame resistance. The processing of wool involves shearing, cleaning, sorting, washing, picking, carding, roving, spinning, winding, and finishing. Wool is used to make clothes, carpets, and insulating products due its properties. Some alternatives to wool include cotton flannel and polyester fleece.
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Mangal pandey
This document provides an overview of wool wax and its evaluation. It discusses that wool wax is a byproduct obtained during the scouring of raw wool in the woollen industry. Wool wax, also known as lanolin, has various important properties and uses. It can be recovered from wastewater through a process of centrifuging the superficial waters from washing tanks to obtain a cream phase containing wool wax. The wax then undergoes purification and extraction to produce high value lanolin products for industries like pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, textiles and more. In conclusion, recovering and utilizing wool wax helps reduce pollution and provides economic benefits to the woollen industry.
Comperitive study of scouring
The document discusses scouring, which is a process used to purify cotton and cotton-blended textiles by removing impurities like oils, waxes, and dirt. It describes two main types of scouring: alkaline scouring, which uses high concentrations of sodium hydroxide at high temperatures; and bio/enzymatic scouring, which uses enzymes like pectinase and lipase at lower temperatures. Alkaline scouring is faster and removes more impurities but is harsher on fibers, more costly, and produces more wastewater. Bio scouring is gentler on fibers, more environmentally friendly, and reduces costs over the full production process though it has
Silk scouring
This presentation provides information about silk fiber. It defines silk as a natural protein fiber composed mainly of fibroin that is produced by silkworm larvae to form cocoons. It describes the constituents of silk fiber, including fibroin, sericin, minerals, and trace amounts of other substances. It also compares the amino acid components of sericin and fibroin. Furthermore, it explains the process of silk scouring to remove sericin and other impurities from the fiber so it can be spun into yarn. Traditional soap and newer detergent-based methods are outlined.
Scouring
Scouring is a process that removes natural and added impurities from textiles through the use of chemicals like alkalis and surfactants. It saponifies fats and waxes, breaks down proteins and pectins, and increases the textile's absorptive capacity. The type of scouring agent used depends on the fiber and extent of impurities. Scouring emulsifies and saponifies impurities to solubilize and suspend them for removal, improving dyeability and finish performance.
Kasur tanneries waste management agency (ktwma)
This file contains a brief introduction about the Kasur Treatment plant this plant is meant for the treatment of waste water coming from the tanneries.
please comment on the report if you visit...:)
Scouring and bio scouring
The document discusses enzymatic or bio-scouring of textiles as an alternative to conventional alkaline scouring. Bio-scouring uses enzymes to selectively remove non-cellulosic structures like pectin and waxes from cotton fibers. It is more environmentally friendly as it reduces water, energy and chemical usage compared to alkaline scouring. While bio-scouring has limitations in removing some impurities like waxes completely, it offers advantages such as retaining cotton fiber structure and being a milder process overall. The document provides details on the bio-scouring process, parameters, advantages and limitations compared to alkaline scouring.
Environment issues in scouring of wool
The document discusses various environmental issues related to wool scouring. It notes that raw wool contains residues from pesticides used on sheep that can pollute waterways if discharged in effluent. It also discusses how different pesticides associate with grease or dirt and are removed to varying degrees during scouring. Land pollution may occur from disposal of grease and sludge by-products. Air pollution can potentially arise from incineration of waste or use of organic solvents during scouring. Overall, proper treatment of effluent and disposal of by-products is necessary to minimize environmental impacts.
1 chemical processing.ppt
The basic objective of pretreatment processing is removal of added or natural impurities present in textile fibres to improve the absorbency.
BY: ROHIT SINGH
Scouring
Scouring is the process of removing natural and added impurities from textiles using alkali solutions. It makes fabrics hydrophilic and absorbent. There are two main methods - batch/discontinuous scouring using kier boilers, and continuous scouring using J-boxes. Key steps involve saponification of oils and emulsification of waxes. Souring neutralizes residual alkali on scoured fabrics using acids.
Lecture 1 tt 241 introduction
The document discusses various preparatory processes that cotton fabric undergoes before dyeing or other chemical processing. It describes how cotton contains natural impurities like fats, waxes, pectins, proteins and colouring matter that need to be removed. The preparatory processes involve mechanical operations like brushing to remove loose threads, shearing to cut attached threads, and singeing to burn protruding fibers. This is followed by inspection of grey fabric for defects and stamping with a lot number for identification during processing.
Lecture 2 preparatory processes
The document discusses various preparatory processes for cotton textiles including desizing, scouring, and bleaching. Desizing involves removing added starches used in sizing through processes like hydrolysis or oxidation. Scouring uses alkaline solutions to remove natural impurities like fats, waxes, pectins and proteins from cotton. Bleaching removes color pigments through oxidation, with common bleaching agents being sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and peracetic acid. These preparatory processes are important to remove impurities, improve dyeability and finishability of cotton textiles.
textile bleaching
This document discusses various aspects of bleaching and optical brightening agents:
1. It describes bleaching as a process that removes natural color and introduces a complementary color for a more uniform light reflection.
2. Fluorescent brightening agents are described as compounds that decompose natural colors while introducing a complementary color similar to bleaching agents.
3. The application and uses of fluorescent brightening agents are discussed for different fiber types like proteins, polyamides, polyesters, and polyacrylonitriles. Exhaustion and padding methods are covered.
Tanning
The document summarizes the key steps in the hides and skins tanning process:
1. Beamhouse work includes soaking, liming, unhairing, fleshing, and deliming to prepare the hides.
2. Soaking rehydrates the hides and removes impurities. Liming uses chemicals to separate the hair and epidermis from the collagen.
3. Fleshing removes remaining flesh and fat. Deliming removes residual lime in preparation for tanning.
Scouring
The document discusses the scouring process, which involves removing natural and added impurities from textile fibers. There are three main methods for removing impurities: saponification, emulsification, and solubilization. Saponification converts impurities like oils and fats into water-soluble soaps. Emulsification forms suspensions of non-saponifiable impurities. Solubilization dissolves substances like pectin and proteins into soluble salts. The scouring process aims to remove all impurities and leave the fibers highly absorbent without damage. Common scouring agents include alkaline solutions, surfactants, and sometimes organic solvents.
Lecture 2 composition of cotton, desizing
The document discusses the composition and constituents of cotton fibers, including natural impurities, fats and waxes, pectins, proteins, colouring matter, and mineral matter. It also describes the purpose and principles of preparatory processes used in the textile industry such as desizing. Desizing is the process of removing size, primarily starch, applied during weaving to prevent warp breakage. Common desizing methods include hydrolysis using acids or enzymes to break down starch into soluble fragments.
Biscouring process
This presentation discusses the bio-scouring process. Bio-scouring uses enzymes like pectinase, lipase and protease to selectively remove non-cellulosic impurities like pectin and waxes from cotton fibers. The mechanism involves pectinase hydrolyzing pectin to render waxes extractable. Key process parameters include pH, temperature, wetting agents and emulsifiers. An example recipe uses pectinase, a sequestering agent and wetting agent in water at 60°C for 30 minutes. Bio-scouring offers advantages like lower energy use and costs compared to conventional scouring while removing impurities and improving the cotton surface for dyeing. However,
Wet blue production of cow hides
This document describes the process of producing wet blue leather from raw hides. The key steps involve:
1. Soaking the raw hides to rehydrate them.
2. Liming using calcium oxide to remove hair and swell the collagen fibers.
3. Deliming to reduce pH and remove lime.
4. Pickling using acids and salts to preserve the hides and reduce pH.
5. Chrome tanning using chromium sulfate to stabilize the collagen fibers.
The document provides details on chemicals, parameters, and quality controls for each step. Proper execution of this wet blue production process is important for producing durable leather.
Desizing
This document discusses various methods for desizing fabric after weaving to remove starch paste. It describes the objectives of desizing as removing starch paste to increase fabric absorbency, affinity for dry chemicals, and suitability for downstream processes. The key desizing methods discussed are rot steeping, acidic desizing using hydrochloric or sulfuric acid, alkaline desizing using caustic soda, enzymatic desizing using amylase enzymes, and oxidative desizing using chlorine or bromine. Each method is explained in terms of its process, advantages, and disadvantages. Enzymatic desizing is noted as requiring less time and avoiding fibre damage compared to other methods. Proper control of temperature, pH, and time is important for
Reloaded bio
Enzymatic or bio-scouring is an eco-friendly alternative to conventional alkaline scouring that uses enzymes instead of harsh chemicals to remove non-cellulosic impurities from cotton fibers. It uses a blend of pectinase, protease, and lipase enzymes at mild temperatures and pH levels. Bio-scouring generates 50% less effluent with lower BOD, COD, and TDS compared to alkaline scouring. Though it provides benefits like reduced energy and water usage, milder conditions, and cost savings, bio-scouring may not achieve the same degree of whiteness as alkaline scouring. Overall, bio-scouring is a more sustainable pre-
Project Work nahid
The document describes a study comparing a traditional scouring process to a bio-scouring process for textiles. It finds that bio-scouring using the enzyme Scourzyme L is more environmentally friendly and reduces costs compared to traditional caustic scouring. Specifically, bio-scouring reduces water, energy and chemical usage, lowers BOD, COD and TDS in wastewater, and avoids the health and safety risks of harsh chemicals. However, it provides slightly less whiteness for light and white fabrics compared to traditional scouring. Overall, bio-scouring is shown to be a more sustainable and cost-effective alternative.
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Wool ppt
Woolworths is a major Australian retail company founded in 1924. It is the largest retailer in Australia and New Zealand by market capitalization and sales. Woolworths operates supermarkets, liquor stores, hotels, and discount department stores under various brand names. It has expanded from its origins in Australia and New Zealand to also operate in Hong Kong and India. Woolworths aims to offer low prices through efficient procurement and supply chain management. It faces challenges in balancing efficiencies across its diverse business units while allowing independence, and competing against other large international retailers.
Wool.
Wool comes from sheep and is produced annually in fleeces weighing 2-30 pounds per sheep. There are several types of wool depending on the breed of sheep, including long wool, medium wool, and fine wool. Wool has many beneficial properties including durability, absorbency, comfort, and flame resistance. The processing of wool involves shearing, cleaning, sorting, washing, picking, carding, roving, spinning, winding, and finishing. Wool is used to make clothes, carpets, and insulating products due its properties. Some alternatives to wool include cotton flannel and polyester fleece.
Wool fiber
Wool is a natural fiber derived from sheep. The fineness and properties of wool depend on the breed of sheep. Major wool varieties come from Merino, Lincoln, Leicester, Sussex, and Cheviot sheep breeds. Wool fibers are complex keratin proteins made up of amino acids. About 40% of the protein chains form an alpha-helix structure. Sheep are sheared annually to remove their woolly fleece. Wool is compressed into standardized bales for transport and sale after sorting and grading.
Natural Animal FIber - Wool
Wool is obtained from sheep and composed primarily of the protein keratin. It undergoes processing like grading, scouring, and either woolen or worsted methods depending on the final product. Key properties of wool include its ability to insulate by trapping air, absorb up to 20% of its weight in moisture without feeling damp, and repel water due to its crimped structure. Wool fabrics are particularly suitable for winter wear due to these insulating properties.
Wool Fibre
Wool is a natural protein fiber collected from sheep. The finest wool comes from young sheep and is called fleece or clip wool, while wool taken from slaughtered sheep is called pulled wool. Wool is composed mainly of keratin (33%), dust (26%), and suit (28%). Wool fiber has a symmetric structure and is easily dyed with reactive dyes. It has specific properties including a specific gravity of 1.31, moisture regain of 13-16%, and tensile strength of 1.35 g/d when dry. In addition to clothing, wool is used for various applications such as blankets, carpeting, felt, and insulation.
Wool Fibre
This document summarizes the growth, molecular structure, physical and chemical properties of wool fiber. It discusses that wool fiber grows from follicles in sheep skin and is composed of the protein keratin. The fiber has a complex structure made up of amino acids linked together. Physically, wool has characteristics like elasticity, absorbency, durability and ability to retain warmth. Chemically, wool is affected by acids, alkalis, bleaches and sunlight, which can degrade the peptide bonds in its structure over time. The document provides details on the multi-stage development of wool follicles and fiber growth.
wool from fibre to fabric
Wool comes from the fleece of sheep and other animals like goats and camels. There are different types of wool like mohair, cashmere, and alpaca. Sheep are reared by shepherds who graze them and feed them grains and fodder. The wool is sheared or shorn off the sheep and then processed by scouring, sorting, combing, dyeing, spinning into yarn, and other steps. Wool is used to make various textiles because it is strong, fire resistant, and can absorb moisture well.
Physical & Chemical Properties of Wool Fiber
This presentation discusses the physical and chemical properties of wool fiber. Wool is a natural fiber composed of the protein keratin that is sourced from sheep, goats, rabbits, and alpacas. Wool fibers have wavy, crimpy structures with scales that make the fiber feltable and susceptible to heat. Physically, wool fibers are weaker than other natural fibers but have elasticity up to 25-30% and resilience, allowing garments to retain their shape. Chemically, wool is resistant to acids but sensitive to alkalis and can be dyed with basic, direct or acid dyes. The properties of wool fibers can vary depending on the breed of sheep.
wool fiber
introduction,classification,processing,quality,types,properties, advantages and applications of wool.
wool , wool v/s hair, grading of wool by Dr Sunil Kumar B
This document provides information about wool, including its definition, sources, history, production, and properties. Some key points:
- Wool is a textile fiber obtained from sheep and other animals like goats, muskoxen, rabbits, and camels.
- Wool production and trade has occurred for thousands of years and was an important economic activity beginning in the 13th century.
- Indian wool is known for its coarseness and the presence of medulla. Various grading systems exist based on fiber diameter.
- Shearing, sorting, and processing wool requires accurate measurement and assessment of fiber quality properties.
- Wool has desirable physical and mechanical properties like moisture absorption, elasticity, and heat retention due to
Protein Fiber (Wool)
Detail study on Protein Fiber. It will increase your basic knowledge on wool fiber & help you learn more. Thank you for hangout with this.
Animal fibers
This document provides information about natural fibers of animal origin and mineral fibers, including wool, silk, and asbestos. It discusses the animals and production processes that produce these fibers. For wool, it describes sheep shearing and the various physical and chemical properties of wool fibers. It also outlines uses of wool. For silk, it discusses the silkworm production process and unique beta-pleated sheet structure of silk fibroin. It then summarizes the physical and chemical properties of silk fibers and their uses. Finally, it characterizes asbestos as the only naturally occurring mineral fiber and describes its properties, processing, and applications.
Silk, cotton and wool
This document discusses three natural polymers: silk, cotton, and wool. Silk is a protein produced by silkworms and spiders that is spun into fibers with remarkable strength. Cotton consists of nearly pure cellulose and grows as a soft fiber around cotton plant seeds; it is widely used to make breathable textiles. Wool is the fiber from animal fur, mainly sheep, and contains the protein keratin. It has crimped fibers that retain heat and bulk. All three natural polymers are processed and have various properties making them useful textile materials.
Animal fibre
Animal Fibre lesson prescribed by APSCERT & TGSCERT for Class VII Science. PPT prepared by M Padma Lalitha Sharada of GHS Malakpet.
WOOL
The document discusses wool fiber, including its source from sheep and other animals. Wool fibers have several distinguishing qualities - they are crimped, elastic, and grow in clusters. Chemically, wool is composed mainly of proteins like keratin. It has physical properties such as absorbency, resilience, and ability to retain dye. Australia is the largest producer of wool globally, providing around 25% of the world's supply. The document provides detailed information on the physical and chemical structure of wool fibers.
Flax fiber, manufacturing, physical and chemical properties..
This document provides information on the morphology, structure, and production process of flax fibers. It describes flax fibers as natural, cellulose fibers that are 10-100cm in length. The fibers have a thickness of 40-80μm depending on the number of cells in the cross-section. Production involves collecting flax plants, retting them to separate fibers from stems, breaking and scutching to further separate fibers, and hackling/combing and spinning fibers into yarn. The yarn is then bleached before dyeing and woven into linen textiles.
silk fiber
Silk is a natural protein fiber produced by certain insects to build cocoons. The most common type is cultivated silk from the Bombyx mori silkworm. China is the largest producer of silk. The life cycle of the silkworm involves hatching of eggs, feeding on mulberry leaves, spinning a cocoon, and emerging as a moth. The silk fiber is obtained from the cocoon through reeling, throwing, and degumming processes to remove the sticky sericin coating. Silk has properties such as strength, elasticity, moisture absorption, and resistance to sunlight and microbes. It is used to make luxury fabrics and textiles.
Fabric & fibres
This document provides information about textile fibers and fabrics. It begins by defining what a textile is. It then classifies textile fibers into two main categories: natural fibers and man-made fibers. Several examples are provided for each type of fiber. The document also discusses the processes involved in transforming fibers into yarns and then into various types of fabrics, including weaving techniques like plain weave, satin weave, twill weave and more. Fabric treatments and care are also briefly mentioned.
Sericulture
- A Chinese empress discovered silk when a silkworm cocoon fell into her tea, unraveling a silk strand
- She realized the strand came from a silkworm larva inside the cocoon and taught others about silk production
- Sericulture is the process of raising silkworms for silk, with Bombyx mori being the most common species
- Silkworms eat mulberry leaves and spin cocoons, from which the silk filaments are extracted to make thread
Cotton ppt
Cotton is a soft fiber that grows in seed pods around the cotton plant. It is native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Evidence shows cotton was used as early as 7,000 BC in the Old World. It was widely cultivated during the Indus Valley civilization between 2000-1000 BC. Cotton grows best in long, warm seasons with adequate rainfall or irrigation. The leading cotton producers today are China, India, the United States, Pakistan, and Brazil. Cotton is processed and spun into yarn, then woven into fabrics. It is used to make many textile products like denim, corduroy, bedsheets, and t-shirts.
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wool , wool v/s hair, grading of wool by Dr Sunil Kumar B
wool , wool v/s hair, grading of wool by Dr Sunil Kumar B
Flax fiber, manufacturing, physical and chemical properties..
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Recently uploaded
Call For Paper -3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advan...
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3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024)
July 13 ~ 14, 2024, Virtual Conference
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一比一原版(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
Slides for the 4th Presentation on LLM Fine-Tuning with QLoRA Presented by Anant, featuring DataStax Astra
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptx
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdf
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
原版制作(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微bwp0011】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Computational Engineering IITH Presentation
This Presentation will give you a brief idea about what Computational Engineering at IIT Hyderabad has to offer.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
一比一原版(CalArts毕业证)加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证如何办理
CalArts毕业证学历书【微信95270640】CalArts毕业证’圣力嘉学院毕业证《Q微信95270640》办理CalArts毕业证√文凭学历制作{CalArts文凭}购买学历学位证书本科硕士,CalArts毕业证学历学位证【实体公司】办毕业证、成绩单、学历认证、学位证、文凭认证、办留信网认证、（网上可查，实体公司，专业可靠）
(诚招代理)办理国外高校毕业证成绩单文凭学位证,真实使馆公证（留学回国人员证明）真实留信网认证国外学历学位认证雅思代考国外学校代申请名校保录开请假条改GPA改成绩ID卡
1.高仿业务:【本科硕士】毕业证,成绩单（GPA修改）,学历认证（教育部认证）,大学Offer,,ID,留信认证,使馆认证,雅思,语言证书等高仿类证书；
2.认证服务: 学历认证（教育部认证）,大使馆认证（回国人员证明）,留信认证（可查有编号证书）,大学保录取,雅思保分成绩单。
3.技术服务：钢印水印烫金激光防伪凹凸版设计印刷激凸温感光标底纹镭射速度快。
办理加利福尼亚艺术学院加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证文凭证书流程：
1客户提供办理信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）
-办理真实使馆公证（即留学回国人员证明）
-办理各国各大学文凭（世界名校一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度）
-全套服务：毕业证成绩单真实使馆公证真实教育部认证。让您回国发展信心十足！
（详情请加一下 文凭顾问+微信:95270640）欢迎咨询！子小伍玩小伍比山娃小一岁虎头虎脑的很霸气父亲让山娃跟小伍去夏令营听课山娃很高兴夏令营就设在附近一所小学山娃发现那所小学比自己的学校更大更美操场上还铺有塑胶跑道呢里面很多小朋友一班一班的快快乐乐原来城里娃都藏这儿来了怪不得平时见不到他们山娃恍然大悟起来吹拉弹唱琴棋书画山娃都不懂却什么都想学山娃怨自己太笨什么都不会斟酌再三山娃终于选定了学美术当听说每月要交元时父亲犹豫了山娃也说爸算了吧咱学校一学期才转
SCALING OF MOS CIRCUITS m .pptx
this ppt explains about scaling parameters of the mosfet it is basically vlsi subject
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Call For Paper -3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advan...
Call For Paper -3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advan...
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
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Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptx
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Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdf
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdf
4. Mosca vol I -Fisica-Tipler-5ta-Edicion-Vol-1.pdf
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1FIDIC-CONSTRUCTION-CONTRACT-2ND-ED-2017-RED-BOOK.pdf
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Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
Presentation of wool fibre
- 1. Dr.M. S. Parmar & Dr. Nidhi Sisodia Submitted by : SachinGangwar TextileChemistry 1380260017
- 2. Wool Wool is the textile fiber obtained from sheep NATURAL Wool is a protein fibre formed in the skin of sheep
- 5. Natural Impurity Dirt 26% Suint 28 %(Dried perspiration) Fat 12% Burrs 2-10% (Dried vegetable matter) Mineral matter 1% Colouring matter 0.5-1% Wool Wax
- 7. Flow Chart Wool Fibre Scouring Bleaching Carbonizi ng Dyeing
- 9. Scouring It is process of removal natural & added impurities with the help of sodium carbonate or soap. ph 8-10 Temp 55-60 deg C Time 30-45 min Wash with water
- 10. Carbonizing Carbonizing is a chemical treatment of wool with strong acid Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4) designed to remove any remaining vegetable impurity.
- 11. THANK YOU