Doppler Ultrasound, PTCA, Cardiac Enzyme Studies
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These slides describe cardiovascular procedures such as Doppler ultrasound, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, and cardiac enzyme studies
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Peripheral angiography is a radiological procedure used to examine arteries and veins after injecting contrast media. It involves puncturing an artery such as the femoral artery using the Seldinger technique and threading a catheter over a guidewire to inject contrast media and obtain images. The procedure is used to diagnose and treat various vascular conditions. Precise positioning, sterile equipment and contrast injection are needed to obtain diagnostic images of the peripheral vasculature.
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This document discusses myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI), a nuclear imaging technique used to detect coronary artery disease. It describes the indications for MPI, including detecting CAD, assessing stenosis, evaluating prognosis, and assessing medical therapy. Risk factors for CAD like smoking, obesity, and high cholesterol are outlined. The document details how CAD causes reduced blood flow and describes associated symptoms. Treatment options for CAD include drugs, angioplasty, stents, and bypass surgery. Imaging protocols and reconstruction techniques for MPI are also summarized.
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Coronary angiography
Raja Lahiri provides an overview of coronary angiography. Key points include:
- Coronary angiography is the current gold standard for visualizing the coronary arteries through X-ray imaging with contrast injection.
- The history of coronary angiography began in the 1920s-1940s with early experiments in cerebral and cardiac catheterization.
- Modern techniques involve accessing arteries typically through the femoral or radial arteries to insert a catheter for contrast injection into the coronary arteries under X-ray imaging.
- Multiple angiographic views are needed to visualize different segments of the left and right coronary arteries. Coronary angiography is used to evaluate coronary artery disease, graft patency, and left ventricular function.
Coronary angiography
Coronary angiography remains the gold standard for detecting coronary artery disease. The technique was first performed in 1958 by Dr. Mason Sones at the Cleveland Clinic. Coronary angiography allows visualization of the coronary arteries, branches, and anomalies to precisely locate lesions. It provides information needed for coronary interventions. The procedure involves accessing the femoral or radial artery and advancing a catheter into the heart to inject contrast dye and image the arteries. It can detect blockages but has limitations like vessel overlap that may obscure lesions. Complications are rare but can include artery damage, embolism, or arrhythmias.
Doppler echocardiography
Doppler echocardiography uses the Doppler effect to analyze the velocity and direction of blood flow. There are several Doppler modalities used in cardiac evaluation including continuous wave Doppler, pulsed wave Doppler, and color flow Doppler. Continuous wave Doppler measures very high velocities, pulsed wave Doppler samples local low velocities, and color flow Doppler visually displays velocities using color scales. The Nyquist limit defines the maximum detectable velocity and avoiding aliasing. Tissue Doppler also evaluates myocardial velocities. The Bernoulli equation relates velocity and pressure gradients which allows Doppler to estimate valve pressures.
Coronary angiogram
Coronary angiography is a procedure that uses dye and x-rays to see how blood flows through the coronary arteries of the heart. It is the gold standard for evaluating coronary artery disease and can identify the location and severity of any blockages. A coronary angiogram involves inserting a catheter into the heart and injecting dye so that blockages are highlighted on x-ray images. Potential complications are rare but can include heart attack, stroke, or kidney injury from the dye. The results of the angiogram are used to determine if further procedures like angioplasty or bypass surgery are needed.
Left ventricular angiogram (1)
Left ventricular angiography is used to assess global and regional left ventricular function and anatomy. It involves inserting a catheter into the left ventricle and injecting contrast dye to visualize the ventricle on x-ray imaging. The procedure provides key information on mitral valve function, ventricular shape and wall motion abnormalities, and congenital defects like VSD. LV volumes and ejection fraction are calculated from the images to quantify function. Regional wall motion is graded and correlated to coronary artery territories. Characteristic appearances are seen in conditions like cardiomyopathy, mitral regurgitation, and septal defects. Potential complications include arrhythmias and endocardial injury.
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Peripheral angiography
Peripheral angiography is a radiological procedure used to examine arteries and veins after injecting contrast media. It involves puncturing an artery such as the femoral artery using the Seldinger technique and threading a catheter over a guidewire to inject contrast media and obtain images. The procedure is used to diagnose and treat various vascular conditions. Precise positioning, sterile equipment and contrast injection are needed to obtain diagnostic images of the peripheral vasculature.
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This document discusses myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI), a nuclear imaging technique used to detect coronary artery disease. It describes the indications for MPI, including detecting CAD, assessing stenosis, evaluating prognosis, and assessing medical therapy. Risk factors for CAD like smoking, obesity, and high cholesterol are outlined. The document details how CAD causes reduced blood flow and describes associated symptoms. Treatment options for CAD include drugs, angioplasty, stents, and bypass surgery. Imaging protocols and reconstruction techniques for MPI are also summarized.
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This document provides information about cardiac catheters and guidewires used in cardiac catheterization procedures. It discusses the history of cardiac catheters, ideal characteristics, parts of a catheter, materials used in construction, types of catheters including pigtail catheters, and features of guidewires. Characteristics such as size, stiffness, memory, and friction coefficient are compared for different catheter materials. The document also includes images and descriptions of specific catheters and guidewire tips.
Coronary angiography
Raja Lahiri provides an overview of coronary angiography. Key points include:
- Coronary angiography is the current gold standard for visualizing the coronary arteries through X-ray imaging with contrast injection.
- The history of coronary angiography began in the 1920s-1940s with early experiments in cerebral and cardiac catheterization.
- Modern techniques involve accessing arteries typically through the femoral or radial arteries to insert a catheter for contrast injection into the coronary arteries under X-ray imaging.
- Multiple angiographic views are needed to visualize different segments of the left and right coronary arteries. Coronary angiography is used to evaluate coronary artery disease, graft patency, and left ventricular function.
Coronary angiography
Coronary angiography remains the gold standard for detecting coronary artery disease. The technique was first performed in 1958 by Dr. Mason Sones at the Cleveland Clinic. Coronary angiography allows visualization of the coronary arteries, branches, and anomalies to precisely locate lesions. It provides information needed for coronary interventions. The procedure involves accessing the femoral or radial artery and advancing a catheter into the heart to inject contrast dye and image the arteries. It can detect blockages but has limitations like vessel overlap that may obscure lesions. Complications are rare but can include artery damage, embolism, or arrhythmias.
Doppler echocardiography
Doppler echocardiography uses the Doppler effect to analyze the velocity and direction of blood flow. There are several Doppler modalities used in cardiac evaluation including continuous wave Doppler, pulsed wave Doppler, and color flow Doppler. Continuous wave Doppler measures very high velocities, pulsed wave Doppler samples local low velocities, and color flow Doppler visually displays velocities using color scales. The Nyquist limit defines the maximum detectable velocity and avoiding aliasing. Tissue Doppler also evaluates myocardial velocities. The Bernoulli equation relates velocity and pressure gradients which allows Doppler to estimate valve pressures.
Coronary angiogram
Coronary angiography is a procedure that uses dye and x-rays to see how blood flows through the coronary arteries of the heart. It is the gold standard for evaluating coronary artery disease and can identify the location and severity of any blockages. A coronary angiogram involves inserting a catheter into the heart and injecting dye so that blockages are highlighted on x-ray images. Potential complications are rare but can include heart attack, stroke, or kidney injury from the dye. The results of the angiogram are used to determine if further procedures like angioplasty or bypass surgery are needed.
Left ventricular angiogram (1)
Left ventricular angiography is used to assess global and regional left ventricular function and anatomy. It involves inserting a catheter into the left ventricle and injecting contrast dye to visualize the ventricle on x-ray imaging. The procedure provides key information on mitral valve function, ventricular shape and wall motion abnormalities, and congenital defects like VSD. LV volumes and ejection fraction are calculated from the images to quantify function. Regional wall motion is graded and correlated to coronary artery territories. Characteristic appearances are seen in conditions like cardiomyopathy, mitral regurgitation, and septal defects. Potential complications include arrhythmias and endocardial injury.
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- Potential complications are also outlined. Indications for renal angiography include renal artery stenosis, aneurysms, tumors and other conditions.
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This slide will provide illustrative information regarding coronary angioplasty . It also focus on practical area knowledge of cardiac catheterization which one should focus while caring patient with coronary angioplasty.
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Angioplasty Vs. Bypass
Angioplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are procedures used to treat coronary artery disease. Angioplasty involves inserting a catheter into the artery and using a balloon to widen the artery. Sometimes a stent is placed to keep the artery open. CABG involves taking a blood vessel and using it to bypass the blocked portion of the coronary artery. Both procedures aim to improve blood flow to the heart muscle but angioplasty has risks of closure or renarrowing while CABG has risks of death, restenosis, or graft failure. Nursing care involves pre-op preparation, monitoring the patient during the procedure, and post-op recovery support.
Percutaneous coronary intervention
Balloon angioplasty was first performed in 1977 and involved passing a guide wire and deflated balloon catheter across a stenosis, inflating the balloon to enlarge the vessel lumen, and removing the balloon. Major advances in technology led to an increase in PCI procedures surpassing CABG. Stents were a major advance as scaffolds that reduced complications like abrupt closure and restenosis compared to balloon angioplasty alone.
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Holter monitoring
A Holter monitor is a portable device worn for 24-48 hours that continuously records heart activity through electrodes placed on the skin. It is used to diagnose conditions like valvular heart disease, CAD, arrhythmias, and pacemaker malfunctions. Proper nursing management during the procedure includes documenting attachment/removal times, encouraging activity logging, and avoiding interference. Risks are generally low but may include skin irritation.
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Catheters used in Angiography & angioplasty
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• Understanding construction, design & performance
characteristics facilitate their appropriate selection
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makes the difference between a successful and failed
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This document provides information about renal angiography including:
- Renal angiography involves injecting contrast into the renal arteries to detect abnormalities in blood supply to the kidneys.
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- Potential complications are also outlined. Indications for renal angiography include renal artery stenosis, aneurysms, tumors and other conditions.
- Case examples are provided to illustrate different pathologies visualized on renal angiography such as fibromuscular dysplasia, angiomyolipomas and their treatment with angioplasty or embolization.
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This document provides an overview of echocardiography, including the basics of trans-thoracic echocardiography, normal doppler echocardiography, and evaluation of cardiac chambers and structures. It discusses the standard scanning planes used in echocardiography including parasternal, apical, subcostal, and suprasternal. It also covers doppler modalities for assessing blood flow through structures like the valves and vessels. The implications of echocardiography are evaluating cardiac size, function, valves, hemodynamics, and diseases.
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Holter monitoring involves using a portable electrocardiography device to record a patient's heart rhythm over a period of 24 to 72 hours. The device uses electrodes attached to the skin to track the heart's electrical activity. A Holter monitor can detect abnormal heart rhythms and help diagnose conditions like unexplained palpitations, syncope, or evaluate pacemaker function. The report provides summaries of heart rate, arrhythmias detected, heart rate variability, and 24-hour trends to help clinicians identify abnormal rhythms and understand their clinical significance. Holter monitoring can play a role in evaluating patients with known heart disease, suspected ischemia, cryptogenic stroke, and pacemaker function.
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The document discusses the history, anatomy, angiographic views, variations, and clinical relevance of coronary arteries. It provides a detailed overview of the typical anatomy and branches of the left main, left anterior descending, left circumflex, and right coronary arteries. It also describes common anatomical variations and anomalies seen in coronary arteries and their clinical implications. Angiographic classification methods for different coronary artery segments are presented.
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This document summarizes coronary stents, including their purpose, types, history, procedure for placement, and future advancements. Stents are small mesh devices that are placed in arteries to keep them open and improve blood flow after balloon angioplasty. There are bare metal stents and drug-eluting stents, which combat re-narrowing after placement. The first coronary stent was placed in 1986, and drug-eluting stents were introduced in 2001 to further reduce re-narrowing. Placement involves threading a catheter through an artery to the blockage and expanding a balloon and stent to open the artery. Future advancements include bioresorbable polymers that dissolve after artery healing is complete.
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Symptoms Signs Investigations in Cardiovascular Diseases
Symptoms Signs Investigations in Cardiovascular Diseases
Similar to Doppler Ultrasound, PTCA, Cardiac Enzyme Studies
Cardiac Procedures
Nuclear cardiac scans, echocardiography, and Doppler ultrasound are imaging tests used to examine the structure and function of the heart. Nuclear cardiac scans use radioactive tracers to show blood flow, with SPECT being more widely available and PET providing more detailed images. Echocardiography uses ultrasound to create images of the heart, with transthoracic echocardiography imaging from the chest and transesophageal providing more detailed internal views. Doppler ultrasound uses ultrasound to visualize blood flow through sound wave reflections, diagnosing conditions affecting blood vessels and heart valves.
3 types of procedures
The document discusses 3 medical procedures:
1. Cardiac CT uses x-rays to create 3D images of the heart and detect issues like narrowed arteries or calcium buildup. Contrast dye may be used.
2. Doppler ultrasound uses soundwaves to measure blood flow and detect blockages, injuries, or conditions like blood clots or aneurysms.
3. PTCA restores blood flow in blocked arteries by inserting a catheter and inflating a balloon to widen the artery, compressing fatty deposits. Risks include vessel damage, clots, and rupture.
Cardvascular Pp
Thrombolytic therapy uses drugs to break up dangerous blood clots and is used to treat ischemic strokes and clots in the lungs, legs, heart or other arteries. Complications are common and include bleeding and low blood pressure so the treatment requires close monitoring. Stress testing evaluates how the heart handles exercise to determine stability and appropriate exercise levels. The test involves monitoring the heart while walking on a treadmill at increasing speeds. Doppler ultrasound uses sound waves to evaluate blood flow through major arteries and veins, revealing clots. It involves passing an instrument over the skin above a vessel to detect changes in sound wave pitch from blood cell movement. Different Doppler types provide blood flow information or vessel images.
Echo tee and tte
Echocardiography uses ultrasound to produce images of the heart. Sound waves are sent through a transducer and reflected off structures in the heart. These echoes are converted into pictures that are displayed on a monitor. Different modalities include M-mode, 2D, Doppler, and 3D echocardiography. Views are obtained by positioning the transducer in various locations on the chest or esophagus to visualize cardiac structures from different angles. Echocardiography is used to evaluate cardiac structure and function as well as hemodynamics.
Biomedical Instrumentation
Measurement of blood pressure is one of the oldest physiological measurements. It originates from the heart and depends on three factors: cardiac output, artery diameter, and blood quantity. Normal values are below 120/80 mmHg. Indirect non-invasive methods like auscultation and oscillometry use an occlusive cuff on the brachial artery. Direct invasive methods involve catheter insertion but are needed for continuous accurate readings in dynamic situations. Both methods rely on measuring pressures as a cuff is inflated and deflated over the artery.
Cardiovascular system
Cardiac enzymes are blood tests that measure levels of proteins released when heart muscle is damaged, such as during a heart attack. Common enzymes tested include CK, LDH, and GOT. Their levels rise as the enzymes leak from injured heart cells into the bloodstream. Blood samples are usually drawn every 8-12 hours for 1-2 days to track the rise and fall. However, the tests may not be useful if the patient is on statins, uses alcohol heavily, exercises intensely, or had recent injury, surgery, CPR or kidney failure. A cardiac CT scan uses x-rays to create a 3D image of the heart and check for issues like calcium buildup, CHD or valve problems. It
Cardiovascular system
Cardiac enzymes are blood tests that measure levels of proteins released when heart muscle is damaged, such as during a heart attack. Common enzymes tested include CK, LDH, and GOT. Their levels rise as the enzymes leak from injured heart cells into the bloodstream. Cardiac enzyme tests are usually repeated over 1-2 days after a suspected heart attack to track the rise and fall of enzyme levels. A cardiac CT scan uses x-rays to create a 3D image of the heart and can detect calcium buildup, problems with heart function/valves, or issues with arteries. Doppler ultrasonography is a non-invasive test that uses sound wave echoes to create images and measure blood flow velocities, which can indicate conditions
Medical procedures
Echocardiography uses ultrasound to create images of the heart. It can show the size and shape of chambers and valves, detect abnormalities, and evaluate heart function. Doppler echocardiography uses sound wave speed and direction to detect issues like blood leakage through valves. A Holter monitor continuously records electrical heart activity over 24+ hours to detect arrhythmias, while Doppler ultrasound uses sound waves to measure blood flow speed and diagnose issues like clots or blocked arteries. Both are noninvasive and have no known risks.
Medical procedures
Echocardiography uses ultrasound to create images of the heart. It can show the size and shape of chambers and valves, detect abnormalities, and evaluate heart function. Doppler echocardiography uses sound wave speed and direction to measure blood flow through the heart and valves. A Holter monitor continuously records heart electrical activity over 24 hours to detect irregular heartbeats that may not appear during other tests. Both tests are noninvasive and provide information to diagnose cardiovascular conditions.
Cardiovascular Procedures
Cardiovascular procedures like cardiac echocardiography and extracorporeal circulation are used to diagnose and treat heart conditions. Cardiac echocardiography uses ultrasound to create detailed images of the heart, allowing observation of heart tissue, valves, blood flow, and other metrics. Extracorporeal circulation involves circulating blood outside the body during open-heart surgery using a heart-lung machine. Thrombolytic drugs like tPA are also used to dissolve dangerous blood clots and restore blood flow in emergencies like strokes and heart attacks.
Chapter 5 presentation
Cardiac CT scan and echocardiography are non-invasive tests used to examine the heart. Cardiac CT scan uses x-rays to produce detailed images of the heart and can detect problems like calcium buildup, heart valve issues, or blood clots. Echocardiography uses ultrasound to create moving images of the heart and is useful for assessing heart valve function and detecting issues like coronary artery disease. Both tests provide information about heart size, shape, and pumping ability without radiation exposure for echocardiography.
ECHO in Cardiac Failure
ECHO mechanics, views, steps of procedure, findings in different types of cardiac failure etc - Study material for Nursing and allied health fields
CARDIAC INDICES(1)-1.pptx
This document provides an overview of echocardiography, including its definition, history, uses, types, parameters, and measurements. Echocardiography involves using ultrasound to create real-time images of the heart. Key developments include the discovery of piezoelectricity in 1880 and the first clinical echocardiogram in the 1950s. Echocardiography can evaluate both cardiac structure and function, and provides important information on systolic and diastolic performance through measurements like ejection fraction, fractional shortening, and mitral inflow velocities. Standard views and protocols aim to comprehensively assess cardiac health.
cardiacoutput2-131218012010-phpapp02.pptx
The document discusses factors that regulate cardiac output, including preload, contractility, and afterload. It describes how the respiratory pump, cardiac pump, and muscle pump influence venous return and end-diastolic volume. The role of the sympathetic nervous system in increasing heart rate and contractility is explained. Methods for measuring cardiac output are outlined, including the Fick principle using oxygen consumption, indicator dilution techniques, thermodilution, and non-invasive methods like Doppler echocardiography and impedance cardiography. Disease states that increase or decrease cardiac output are briefly mentioned.
Cardiovascular System
The document summarizes several common diagnostic procedures used to evaluate the cardiovascular system:
1. Doppler ultrasound uses sound waves to evaluate blood flow and can detect blockages in arteries.
2. Echocardiography, also known as an echo, is an ultrasound of the heart that creates moving images to examine heart structures and blood flow through the heart.
3. A cardiac stress test examines how well the heart can meet increased demand during exercise by looking at changes in blood flow to the heart muscle.
Diagnostic Procedures for Cardiovascular system
Cardiac catheterization is a procedure that inserts a catheter into the heart to evaluate heart function and disease. It can diagnose conditions like coronary artery disease and determine if treatments like angioplasty are needed. The catheter is inserted into an artery and guided to the heart where contrast dye is injected to image the heart and arteries. An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the heart's electrical activity through electrodes on the skin to check for issues like heart attacks or abnormal rhythms. A computed tomography (CT) scan uses x-rays to create clear pictures of the heart and assess conditions like tumors without invasive procedures.
Transesophageal echocardiography by Dhaval patel
Transesophageal echocardiography, detection, techniq, ultrasound prperties,doppler shifts, Equipment Design and Operation , Contraindications , Patient preparation, Basic Transesophageal Examination , Transesophageal Echocardiography, Risks of TEE, TEE views, Assessment of Hemodynamics , Detection of Myocardial Ischemia,
Procedure types presentation ch 5
Defibrillation is a procedure that delivers an electrical shock to the heart to treat life-threatening irregular heart rhythms like ventricular fibrillation. It depolarizes the heart muscle to terminate the arrhythmia and allow the natural pacemaker to restore normal rhythm. Defibrillators can be external, implanted, or automated external devices for lay responders.
Aneurysmectomy is a surgical procedure to repair weak areas in the aorta called aneurysms, which are balloon-like bulges that can rupture with fatal bleeding. It removes the aneurysm and replaces the artery with a graft to prevent rupture. It is performed for abdominal or thoracic aneurysms over 2 inches or those causing symptoms. Doppler ultrasonography
Applications of Doppler Effect in Biomedical
The document discusses three main biomedical applications of the Doppler effect:
1) Echocardiography uses Doppler ultrasound to create images of the heart and assess blood flow, allowing diagnosis of heart conditions.
2) Doppler ultrasonography employs the Doppler effect to determine the velocity and direction of blood flow and structures, which is useful in cardiovascular and liver studies.
3) Doppler fetal monitors use the Doppler effect to provide an audible simulation and display of the fetal heartbeat during prenatal care.
Cardiac output 2
The document discusses factors that regulate cardiac output, including preload, contractility, and afterload. It describes how the respiratory pump, cardiac pump, muscle pump, and mean circulatory filling pressure affect cardiac output by changing preload. Sympathetic stimulation and hormones are discussed as factors increasing contractility. Methods for measuring cardiac output are also summarized, including the Fick principle, indicator dilution, thermodilution, Doppler echocardiography, and impedance cardiography. Cardiac output is increased in conditions like fever and anemia that cause increased metabolism, and decreased in states of weak contractions or poor pumping like congestive heart failure.
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