3 types of procedures
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The document discusses 3 medical procedures: 1. Cardiac CT uses x-rays to create 3D images of the heart and detect issues like narrowed arteries or calcium buildup. Contrast dye may be used. 2. Doppler ultrasound uses soundwaves to measure blood flow and detect blockages, injuries, or conditions like blood clots or aneurysms. 3. PTCA restores blood flow in blocked arteries by inserting a catheter and inflating a balloon to widen the artery, compressing fatty deposits. Risks include vessel damage, clots, and rupture.
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Diagnostic Procedures
CT scans use x-rays and computers to produce detailed images of internal organs, bones, soft tissues, and blood vessels. Echocardiography uses sound waves to create images of the heart and assess chamber and valve function. Thrombolytic therapy treats dangerous clots by injecting clot-dissolving medications directly into blood vessels or using catheters to mechanically break up clots. Doppler ultrasound evaluates blood flow through the heart chambers and valves and can detect clots, fluid buildup, and aorta problems.
Angiography
A coronary angiogram is an x-ray imaging procedure used to evaluate coronary artery disease. It involves inserting a catheter into an artery and using contrast dye and fluoroscopy to visualize the arteries. It can identify blockages and determine the appropriate treatment such as medications, angioplasty, stenting, or bypass surgery. The procedure takes 20-30 minutes and is usually not very uncomfortable with local anesthesia and sedation. Risks include bleeding, infection, contrast reactions, and damage to arteries.
Cardiovascular procedures
Exercise stress testing involves walking on a treadmill or biking while monitoring the heart to determine how it responds to exertion. It is used to evaluate heart health, check for abnormal heart rhythms, determine the need for further testing, and help develop a safe exercise program. Cardiac catheterization threads a thin tube into the heart to perform diagnostic tests and treatments. It is used to check blood flow and pressure in the heart chambers and arteries to diagnose conditions like coronary artery disease. Angiography uses an injected dye to make arteries visible on x-rays, allowing detection of blood vessel problems and evaluation of blood flow.
Thoracic aortic aneurysm
A thoracic aortic aneurysm is a widening of the aortic artery wall in the thoracic region that is at least 50% greater than normal. They can be fusiform, pseudoaneurysm, or saccular in shape. Symptoms vary depending on the location in the ascending, arch, or descending regions but may include chest pain, coughing, difficulty breathing, or heart failure. Risk factors include atherosclerosis, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and genetic connective tissue disorders. Thoracic aortic aneurysms are diagnosed using imaging tests like CT scans, MRI, or ultrasound and can be treated through open surgery, endovascular stent graft procedures, or medications to control blood pressure and
Angiography {arteriography}
This document provides a summary of angiography and arterial anatomy. It introduces Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud and gives a quick overview of the circulatory system including the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins. It then describes the arteries of the head and neck, brain, abdomen, and angiographic techniques including contrast agents, injection methods, equipment, and projections used. The purpose, patient preparation, and indications for arterial imaging are outlined. Diagrams demonstrate selective catheterization of various arteries like the celiac, mesenteric, renal, and iliac arteries.
Cardiovascular system
Cardiac CT is a painless test that uses x-rays to take detailed pictures of the heart. During the scan, an x-ray machine circles the body and takes images of the heart that are combined into a 3D model. Contrast dye may be injected to highlight blood vessels. While radiation is involved, the amount is small but carries a slight cancer risk, especially for younger patients. Cardiac CT is commonly used to detect calcium buildup, heart problems, aorta issues, blood clots, and other cardiac conditions.
radiology.CVS 2 .(dr.abeer)
1. The document discusses what cardiovascular conditions can be seen on chest x-rays, including enlargement of the heart, changes to chamber size, valve calcification, and changes to pulmonary vessel size.
2. Enlargement of the heart can indicate dilatation of one or more chambers or pericardial effusion. Volume overload from conditions like mitral regurgitation can cause ventricular enlargement visible on x-ray.
3. Calcification of the valves, particularly the mitral and aortic valves, can be seen on x-ray and indicates rheumatic heart disease or congenital aortic stenosis.
072 ct angiography
This document discusses the promises and limitations of fast CT angiography for coronary artery imaging. It summarizes that CT techniques have improved over time, with multislice spiral CT now able to acquire images with high spatial resolution and good contrast in less than 500 ms. However, temporal resolution remains a challenge, especially at higher heart rates. CT coronary angiography has high negative predictive value for ruling out significant stenoses when image quality is sufficient, but it cannot replace cardiac catheterization and has limitations for patients with arrhythmias or unevaluable arteries. The detection of coronary plaque is also discussed as a potential role for CT, but accuracy and reproducibility require further study.
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Diagnostic Procedures
CT scans use x-rays and computers to produce detailed images of internal organs, bones, soft tissues, and blood vessels. Echocardiography uses sound waves to create images of the heart and assess chamber and valve function. Thrombolytic therapy treats dangerous clots by injecting clot-dissolving medications directly into blood vessels or using catheters to mechanically break up clots. Doppler ultrasound evaluates blood flow through the heart chambers and valves and can detect clots, fluid buildup, and aorta problems.
Angiography
A coronary angiogram is an x-ray imaging procedure used to evaluate coronary artery disease. It involves inserting a catheter into an artery and using contrast dye and fluoroscopy to visualize the arteries. It can identify blockages and determine the appropriate treatment such as medications, angioplasty, stenting, or bypass surgery. The procedure takes 20-30 minutes and is usually not very uncomfortable with local anesthesia and sedation. Risks include bleeding, infection, contrast reactions, and damage to arteries.
Cardiovascular procedures
Exercise stress testing involves walking on a treadmill or biking while monitoring the heart to determine how it responds to exertion. It is used to evaluate heart health, check for abnormal heart rhythms, determine the need for further testing, and help develop a safe exercise program. Cardiac catheterization threads a thin tube into the heart to perform diagnostic tests and treatments. It is used to check blood flow and pressure in the heart chambers and arteries to diagnose conditions like coronary artery disease. Angiography uses an injected dye to make arteries visible on x-rays, allowing detection of blood vessel problems and evaluation of blood flow.
Thoracic aortic aneurysm
A thoracic aortic aneurysm is a widening of the aortic artery wall in the thoracic region that is at least 50% greater than normal. They can be fusiform, pseudoaneurysm, or saccular in shape. Symptoms vary depending on the location in the ascending, arch, or descending regions but may include chest pain, coughing, difficulty breathing, or heart failure. Risk factors include atherosclerosis, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and genetic connective tissue disorders. Thoracic aortic aneurysms are diagnosed using imaging tests like CT scans, MRI, or ultrasound and can be treated through open surgery, endovascular stent graft procedures, or medications to control blood pressure and
Angiography {arteriography}
This document provides a summary of angiography and arterial anatomy. It introduces Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud and gives a quick overview of the circulatory system including the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins. It then describes the arteries of the head and neck, brain, abdomen, and angiographic techniques including contrast agents, injection methods, equipment, and projections used. The purpose, patient preparation, and indications for arterial imaging are outlined. Diagrams demonstrate selective catheterization of various arteries like the celiac, mesenteric, renal, and iliac arteries.
Cardiovascular system
Cardiac CT is a painless test that uses x-rays to take detailed pictures of the heart. During the scan, an x-ray machine circles the body and takes images of the heart that are combined into a 3D model. Contrast dye may be injected to highlight blood vessels. While radiation is involved, the amount is small but carries a slight cancer risk, especially for younger patients. Cardiac CT is commonly used to detect calcium buildup, heart problems, aorta issues, blood clots, and other cardiac conditions.
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1. The document discusses what cardiovascular conditions can be seen on chest x-rays, including enlargement of the heart, changes to chamber size, valve calcification, and changes to pulmonary vessel size.
2. Enlargement of the heart can indicate dilatation of one or more chambers or pericardial effusion. Volume overload from conditions like mitral regurgitation can cause ventricular enlargement visible on x-ray.
3. Calcification of the valves, particularly the mitral and aortic valves, can be seen on x-ray and indicates rheumatic heart disease or congenital aortic stenosis.
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This document discusses the promises and limitations of fast CT angiography for coronary artery imaging. It summarizes that CT techniques have improved over time, with multislice spiral CT now able to acquire images with high spatial resolution and good contrast in less than 500 ms. However, temporal resolution remains a challenge, especially at higher heart rates. CT coronary angiography has high negative predictive value for ruling out significant stenoses when image quality is sufficient, but it cannot replace cardiac catheterization and has limitations for patients with arrhythmias or unevaluable arteries. The detection of coronary plaque is also discussed as a potential role for CT, but accuracy and reproducibility require further study.
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This document outlines the protocol for performing CT angiography (CTA) from the cerebral arteries to the lower limbs. It discusses indications for CTA including aneurysms, stenosis, dissections, and more. The preparation, positioning, and scanning protocols are provided for CTA of the head to lower limbs as well as the subclavian arteries. Pediatric protocols are also summarized. The document concludes with examples of CTA findings and references.
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A CT angiography scan of the neck uses contrast dye and radiation to produce clear images of the blood vessels in the neck, particularly the carotid arteries. It is usually ordered by doctors to examine headaches, neck pain, vertigo, syncope, aneurysms, stenosis, transient ischemic attack symptoms, or abnormalities found on carotid ultrasound or MRA. Results are available within 3-5 business days through an online patient portal, and preparation may involve following guidelines from the ordering doctor or radiology center, such as fasting.
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An angiogram is an imaging test that uses x-rays and dye to map the blood vessels. A catheter is inserted into an artery and threaded to the targeted blood vessels where dye is injected to make blockages visible on x-rays. Angiograms are performed to detect blockages in arteries of the heart, brain, legs, and other organs to help diagnose and plan treatment for conditions like heart disease. While it provides detailed images of blood vessels, risks include bleeding or reaction to the dye where the catheter is inserted.
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This document contains a list of radiological findings associated with various cardiac conditions. It describes signs seen on x-rays that indicate enlargement of the left or right atria and ventricles due to conditions such as mitral stenosis, left ventricular failure, atrial myxoma, and ventricular septal defects. Specific metrics are provided for measurements that support diagnoses of problems like dilated cardiomyopathy, pulmonary hypertension, and cor pulmonale.
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This document discusses the neurovasculature of the heart. It describes the coronary arteries including the right and left coronary arteries, their typical branches and variations. It discusses coronary artery disease including causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatments such as coronary angiography. It also summarizes the conduction system of the heart including the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes, the pathways of electrical conduction and the basics of an electrocardiogram. Additionally, it outlines the venous drainage of the heart and lymphatic drainage. Artificial pacing of the heart with pacemakers is also briefly described.
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3) It lists appropriate surgical incisions like median sternotomy or various thoracotomies to access different injured thoracic great vessels if immediate treatment is required.
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A heart attack occurs when one or more coronary arteries become blocked, reducing blood flow to the heart muscle. This can damage or kill heart muscle depending on how much is affected. Electrocardiograms and cardiac catheterization can be used to diagnose the location and extent of blockages. Angioplasty and stenting are common minimally invasive treatments that use balloons and mesh tubes to reopen blocked arteries, while bypass surgery is an alternative for blockages not cleared by angioplasty. Lifestyle factors like smoking, inactivity, diet and genetics contribute to the risk of heart disease.
USG of Aorta and Coeliac axis
The abdominal aorta continues from the descending thoracic aorta and supplies blood to the abdominal organs and lower limbs. It lies slightly left of the spine and divides into the common iliac arteries. Abdominal aortic aneurysms are focal dilations that are 1.5 times larger than normal diameter and can be saccular or fusiform in shape. Ultrasound is used to diagnose and measure aneurysms longitudinally, transversely, and with color Doppler to identify flow patterns. Measurements of greater than 5.5 cm indicate risk of rupture.
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Coronary CT angiography allows for noninvasive imaging of the heart and coronary arteries. It can be used to evaluate patients with chest pain, assess coronary arteries after revascularization, and detect congenital coronary anomalies. The scan involves a non-contrast scan for calcium scoring followed by a contrast-enhanced scan. Proper patient preparation including beta-blockers and nitroglycerin is important. Images are analyzed using techniques like multiplanar reformation, maximum intensity projection, volume rendering and curved reformation to evaluate coronary artery anatomy and detect any stenosis.
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1362573078 dr. rajdeep agrawal
1) Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is common in patients with diabetes and a leading cause of lower limb amputation.
2) Endovascular therapy is now the preferred initial approach for revascularization in diabetic foot patients with PAD, as it is less invasive and risky compared to surgery.
3) Techniques like balloon angioplasty and stenting have high success rates for revascularization and allow salvaging over 90% of threatened limbs, even in high-risk patients, when combined with good diabetic control, wound debridement, and antibiotics.
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The document discusses cardiomyopathies, which are diseases of the heart muscle that affect its structure and function. It describes three main types - dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive cardiomyopathy. For each type, it covers causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment options, and nursing care considerations.
CT Angiography presentation
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CTA Neck (Carotid)
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An angiogram is an imaging test that uses x-rays and dye to map the blood vessels. A catheter is inserted into an artery and threaded to the targeted blood vessels where dye is injected to make blockages visible on x-rays. Angiograms are performed to detect blockages in arteries of the heart, brain, legs, and other organs to help diagnose and plan treatment for conditions like heart disease. While it provides detailed images of blood vessels, risks include bleeding or reaction to the dye where the catheter is inserted.
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Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) is a procedure to open blocked or narrowed coronary arteries caused by coronary artery disease. During a PTCA procedure, a catheter with a small balloon is inserted into the coronary artery and inflated to compress fatty tissue and enlarge the opening in the artery. Fluoroscopy is used to guide placement of the catheter and monitor contrast dye flow. In some cases, a stent is placed in the newly opened artery to help keep it open. Risks of PTCA include bleeding, blood clots, infection, abnormal heart rhythms, heart attack, and chest pain.
Cardiac chamber enlargement
This document contains a list of radiological findings associated with various cardiac conditions. It describes signs seen on x-rays that indicate enlargement of the left or right atria and ventricles due to conditions such as mitral stenosis, left ventricular failure, atrial myxoma, and ventricular septal defects. Specific metrics are provided for measurements that support diagnoses of problems like dilated cardiomyopathy, pulmonary hypertension, and cor pulmonale.
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This document discusses the neurovasculature of the heart. It describes the coronary arteries including the right and left coronary arteries, their typical branches and variations. It discusses coronary artery disease including causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatments such as coronary angiography. It also summarizes the conduction system of the heart including the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes, the pathways of electrical conduction and the basics of an electrocardiogram. Additionally, it outlines the venous drainage of the heart and lymphatic drainage. Artificial pacing of the heart with pacemakers is also briefly described.
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2. Key imaging modalities like CT, MRI, ultrasound are described for detecting and characterizing aortic aneurysms as well as complications like rupture, dissection and fistula formation.
3. Signs of impending rupture on CT like the high attenuating crescent sign and draped aorta sign are also summarized. Treatment involves open surgical repair or endovascular stent graft placement depending on the location and size of the aneurysm.
Presentation 5 The Heart
The cardiovascular system maintains blood distribution throughout the body. It consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart is located in the mediastinum behind the sternum and is about the size of a fist. Stress tests evaluate cardiac fitness and chest pains by monitoring the heart's electrical activity and changes in blood pressure and pulse during increasing exercise. Risks include irregular rhythms, chest pain, and heart attack. Cardiac catheterization inserts a thin tube into the heart chambers to collect samples and measure pressures, detecting abnormalities. Risks are bleeding, infection, damage, and allergic reactions. Serum lipoprotein tests blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels to prevent cognitive issues, with minimal risks.
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1) This document provides guidance on evaluating and treating injuries to the thoracic great vessels through a decision algorithm and lists of findings on imaging and appropriate surgical incisions.
2) The algorithm outlines evaluating patients for thoracic great vessel injuries based on physical exam and chest x-ray or CT scan findings, and determining whether diagnostic imaging or immediate treatment is needed.
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USG of Aorta and Coeliac axis
The abdominal aorta continues from the descending thoracic aorta and supplies blood to the abdominal organs and lower limbs. It lies slightly left of the spine and divides into the common iliac arteries. Abdominal aortic aneurysms are focal dilations that are 1.5 times larger than normal diameter and can be saccular or fusiform in shape. Ultrasound is used to diagnose and measure aneurysms longitudinally, transversely, and with color Doppler to identify flow patterns. Measurements of greater than 5.5 cm indicate risk of rupture.
Basics of CCTA
Coronary CT angiography allows for noninvasive imaging of the heart and coronary arteries. It can be used to evaluate patients with chest pain, assess coronary arteries after revascularization, and detect congenital coronary anomalies. The scan involves a non-contrast scan for calcium scoring followed by a contrast-enhanced scan. Proper patient preparation including beta-blockers and nitroglycerin is important. Images are analyzed using techniques like multiplanar reformation, maximum intensity projection, volume rendering and curved reformation to evaluate coronary artery anatomy and detect any stenosis.
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Cardiac CT scan and echocardiography are non-invasive tests used to examine the heart. Cardiac CT scan uses x-rays to produce detailed images of the heart and can detect problems like calcium buildup, heart valve issues, or blood clots. Echocardiography uses ultrasound to create moving images of the heart and is useful for assessing heart valve function and detecting issues like coronary artery disease. Both tests provide information about heart size, shape, and pumping ability without radiation exposure for echocardiography.
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Cardiac CT uses X-rays and computer technology to image the heart and coronary arteries. It can detect calcium buildup in arteries, assess coronary arteries via angiography, and evaluate heart function. The test involves injecting contrast dye and potentially heart rate control drugs. Images are taken rapidly during breath-holds to freeze heart motion. Cardiac CT can diagnose heart disease by identifying plaque and blockages without the risks of angiography.
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Peripheral vascular disease refers to narrowing of blood vessels outside the heart and brain, often affecting legs. It has many causes including atherosclerosis, aneurysms, arterial injuries or clots. Diagnosis involves tests like ankle-brachial indexes, duplex ultrasound, CT or MR angiography. Treatment depends on symptoms and location but may include risk factor modification, medications, angioplasty, stenting or surgery.
06 circulatory disorders
A heart attack occurs when one of the coronary arteries becomes blocked, reducing blood flow to the heart muscle. This can damage or kill heart muscle depending on how much is affected. An electrocardiogram can show if heart damage has occurred. A cardiac catheterization procedure uses a thin tube inserted into an artery to pinpoint blockages, and an angioplasty can open blockages by inflating a small balloon. A stent may be placed to prevent reblockage. Alternatively, bypass surgery uses a vein graft to route blood around blockages. Major risk factors for heart disease include smoking, inactivity, diet, cholesterol, blood pressure, weight, diabetes, and genetics.
Coronary Artery Disease
Coronary artery disease (CAD) occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrowed due to plaque buildup within the arteries over many years. This reduces blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle. CAD is diagnosed using tests like electrocardiograms, stress tests, echocardiograms, and heart scans. Treatment options include medications to improve blood flow, angioplasty to widen narrowed arteries using a balloon catheter, stents to prop open the arteries, or atherectomy using a tiny drill to remove plaque. Lifestyle changes like a healthy diet, exercise, weight control, and managing conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure can help prevent and manage CAD.
Coronary Artery Disease
Coronary artery disease (CAD) occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrowed due to plaque buildup within the arteries over many years. This reduces blood flow and oxygen delivery to the heart muscle. CAD has certain unmodifiable risk factors like age, gender and family history, but also modifiable ones like high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity and smoking. Diagnostic tests like electrocardiograms, stress tests, echocardiograms and heart scans can detect CAD. Cardiac catheterization involves threading a catheter into the heart to take pictures of the coronary arteries and measure pressure. Angioplasty and stenting can then be used to open blocked arteries and improve blood
Atheroscleros
Atherosclerosis is a condition where plaque builds up inside arteries due to a buildup of fatty materials such as cholesterol. Over time, plaque hardens and narrows the arteries, reducing blood flow. The buildup is caused by inflammation and an abnormal accumulation of substances inside the artery wall. Atherosclerosis most often affects arteries of the heart but can impact any artery. It is usually asymptomatic until an artery is severely blocked, which can lead to a heart attack or stroke. Diagnosis involves tests like angiograms, stress tests, and ultrasounds. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes and medications to control risk factors and reduce plaque buildup.
Atherosclerosis.pptx
Atherosclerosis is a disease where plaque builds up inside arteries. Over time, plaque narrows the arteries and limits blood flow. Initially, there are no symptoms but severe atherosclerosis can lead to heart attack, stroke or other problems depending on which arteries are affected. Risk factors include smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure. Treatment involves lifestyle changes to control risk factors as well as medications and procedures like angioplasty or bypass surgery to open blocked arteries.
ASD UNIT-1.pptx
An atrial septal defect (ASD) is a hole in the septum separating the left and right atria. The most common type is ostium secundum ASD. Causes are unclear but may include genetic factors or infections during pregnancy. Symptoms often do not appear until adulthood and may include shortness of breath, fatigue, or heart palpitations. Diagnosis is made through echocardiogram, MRI, or CT scan. Small ASDs may be treated with medications but larger defects often require catheter-based or open-heart surgical repair to close the hole in the septum. Complications can include heart failure, arrhythmias, or pulmonary hypertension if left untreated.
Blood vessels
The document describes the structure and function of blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries. It discusses the layers of the vessel walls (tunica intima, media, and adventitia), and how features like elastic fibers, smooth muscle cells, and valves aid in blood flow and pressure regulation. Key differences are that arteries have thick muscular walls to handle high pressure blood from the heart and maintain flow, while veins have thin walls and valves to prevent backflow of low pressure blood back to the heart. Capillaries are only one cell thick to enable maximum exchange of materials between blood and tissues. The document also covers atherosclerosis and its obstruction of blood flow.
Coronary artery disease
Coronary artery disease results from the development of atherosclerosis, where plaque builds up in the coronary arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart. Risk factors include elevated cholesterol, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and family history. Diagnosis involves tests like electrocardiograms, stress tests, and imaging of the arteries. Treatment options include lifestyle changes, medications, angioplasty and stenting, atherectomy, and coronary artery bypass grafting. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for complications, educating on risk factor management, and supporting recovery.
Anuuerysm
1. An aneurysm is a balloon-like bulge in an artery caused by weakening of the arterial wall. The two main types are abdominal aortic aneurysms and thoracic aortic aneurysms.
2. Symptoms depend on the location but can include pain, shortness of breath, nausea, and loss of consciousness in the case of a rupture. Diagnosis involves imaging tests like ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI.
3. Treatment involves controlling risk factors, medication to lower blood pressure, and possibly open or endovascular surgery to repair the aneurysm depending on its size and location. Rupture risks include hemorrhage, stroke, and death.
Carotid
Carotid ultrasound is used to detect plaque buildup in the carotid arteries, which can harden or rupture over time and increase the risk of stroke. Plaque can narrow the arteries and reduce blood flow to the brain. Ruptured plaque can also form blood clots, which may block or partially block the carotid artery and cause a stroke if pieces of plaque or clots break off and travel to the brain. Carotid ultrasound is recommended for those who have had a stroke or mini-stroke, have an abnormal carotid bruit sound, blood clots in the carotid arteries, or a dissection in the carotid artery wall. Ultrasound images show normal versus abnormal carotid arteries, including plaque buildup, ulcerations
Screening methods for anti angina
Screening methods for anti-anginal agents include in vivo and in vitro models. In vivo models involve inducing ventricular failure in animals through repeated injections of plastic microspheres into the left ventricular artery. In vitro models screen agents using isolated tissues like heart muscle to assess effects on coronary blood flow, oxygen consumption, and mechanical activity. Common classifications of anti-anginal agents are nitrates, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, potassium channel openers, and others like dipyridamole and trimetazidine.
Screening methods for anti angina
Screening methods for anti-anginal agents include in vivo and in vitro models. In vivo models involve inducing ventricular failure in animals through repeated injections of plastic microspheres into the left ventricular artery. In vitro models screen agents using isolated tissues from animal hearts. Classification of anti-anginal agents includes nitrates, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, potassium channel openers, and others. Common screening methods and classifications are described in pharmacology textbooks and online sources.
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Ahmed Al-Azzawi)
The document discusses various artery emergencies including acute arterial occlusion, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and peripheral vascular injuries. Acute arterial occlusion occurs when blood flow to the leg is suddenly blocked, requiring immediate medical care to restore flow and prevent tissue death and gangrene. Symptoms include severe leg pain and skin changes. Abdominal aortic aneurysms are localized dilations of the abdominal aorta, often below renal arteries, and may cause abdominal or back pain. Peripheral vascular injuries from trauma can damage arteries and require rapid treatment to prevent limb loss.
Myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked, damaging heart muscle tissue. The blockage is usually due to a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries. Risk factors include age, gender, family history, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, diet, stress, and high cholesterol. Symptoms include chest pain and discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves ECG, cardiac enzyme tests, and coronary angiography. Treatment includes medications to open arteries, prevent clotting, and reduce blood pressure and cholesterol, as well as procedures like angioplasty, stenting and coronary artery bypass grafting to restore blood flow.
Diagnostic Procedures for Cardiovascular system
Cardiac catheterization is a procedure that inserts a catheter into the heart to evaluate heart function and disease. It can diagnose conditions like coronary artery disease and determine if treatments like angioplasty are needed. The catheter is inserted into an artery and guided to the heart where contrast dye is injected to image the heart and arteries. An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the heart's electrical activity through electrodes on the skin to check for issues like heart attacks or abnormal rhythms. A computed tomography (CT) scan uses x-rays to create clear pictures of the heart and assess conditions like tumors without invasive procedures.
Similar to 3 types of procedures (20)
3 types of procedures
- 1. 3 types of procedures used in the medical field Maria Sosa
- 2. Cardiac CT cardiac scan Cardiac CT (cardiac computed tomography) is a test intended to look for problems in the heart. This painless x-ray machine uses a circular object that moves around the body emitting radiation to create a three-dimensional picture of the entire heart. Sometimes a contrast dye (iodine based dye) is needed to highlight certain part of the hear, for example in the case of coronary heart disease (CHD). The x-ray picture can show whether the coronary arteries are narrowed or blocked. Overexposure of radiation can cause cancer but this is prevented by following the rules and using the appropriate equipment prior to using the x-ray machine.
- 4. Doppler ultrasound The Doppler ultrasound is a test that uses high frequency sound waves (ultrasound) to measures how blood flows through the blood vessel. Most common sites of seeing the blood moment are the arms, neck, and legs. This test helps to show blockage or narrowing of vessels. it also detects injuries to arteries and it can also monitor certain treatments to your veins and arteries.
- 6. PTAC Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is a procedure that restores normal blood flow to any blocked or narrow artery. This procedure is mainly done in people that have coronary artery disease (CAD). This disease causes a fatty tissue to compact around the walls of the coronary arteries. Making it extremely impossible for the passage of oxygen-rich blood to supply the heart muscle. The way that this procedure works is by inserting a catheter into the narrow or blocked artery. Once the catheter is in place the small balloon on the tip of the catheter that gets inflated. The inflation of the balloon widens the artery and compresses the fatty tissue to the sides.