- Little Albert was exposed to a white rat and displayed no fear initially (neutral stimulus). When a loud sound was paired with touching the rat (conditioned stimulus), he cried and later feared other white furry items (conditioned response). - Classical conditioning can be used to treat fears by slowly exposing subjects to feared stimuli paired with rewarding experiences like food (counterconditioning/exposure therapy). - Natural selection results in the survival of species that are best adapted to their environment through heritable traits. It is a gradual process where favorable variations are selected over generations, not a choice by the organisms.