The document discusses the history and development of immunization and vaccines. It covers milestones such as variolation in ancient times, Jenner's discovery of the smallpox vaccine in 1780, and the development of vaccines for diseases like diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and polio between the 1920s-1960s. It also describes different types of immunity, vaccines, and potential adverse effects of vaccination.

1. Immunization Abdul Ghaffar Microbiology and Immunology

2. Milestones in immunization 1500BC Turks introduce variolation 3000BC Evidence of sniffing powdered small pox crust in Egypt 2000BC Sniffing of small pox crust in China 1700AD Introduction of variolation in England and later in the US

3. The wife of the British Ambassador in Turkey, in March 1717 wrote, following the variolation of her son, to a friend in England: “The small pox, so fatal, so general amongst us, is entirely harmless here by the invention of ingrafting….I am patriot enough to bring this invention into fashion in England. Introduction of variolation

4. Milestones in immunization 1780AD Edward Jenner discovers small pox vaccine

5. Edward Jenner Discovery of small pox vaccine

6. Edward Jenner Among patients awaiting small pox vaccination

7. Modern era of the vaccine 1920s Diphtheria and Tetanus 1934 Pertussis 1955 Salk polio 1885 Rabies vaccine (Pasteur)

8. Modern era of the vaccine 1960s Mumps measles and rubella virus Sabin polio 1990s Hepatitis and varicella 1985 Haemophilus

9. Pre- & post-vaccine incidence of common preventable diseases

10. Different modes of acquiring immunity Immunity Natural resistance Artificial Natural Passive Artificial Natural Active Acquired

11. Passive Immunity Colostral transfer of IgA Placental transfer of IgG Antibodies or immunoglobulins Immune cells Natural Artificial

12. Passive Immunization disease indication antibody source human, horse diphtheria, tetanus prophylaxis, therapy vericella zoster human immunodeficiencies gas gangrene, botulism, snake bite, scorpion sting horse post-exposure rabies, human post-exposure hypogamma-globulinemia human prophylaxis

13. Advantages and Disadvantages of Passive Immunization serum sickness immediate protection no long term protection graft vs. host disease ( cell graft only ) risk of hepatitis and Aids Advantages Disadvantages

14. Active Immunization exposure to sub-clinical infections Attenuated organisms killed organisms sub-cellular fragments toxins others Natural Artificial

15. Live Attenuated Vaccines tuberculosis not used in this country polio* not used in std. schedule measles, mumps & rubella yellow fever Military and travelers Varicella zoster children with no history of chicken pox hepatitis A not required in SC

16. Killed Whole-Organism Vaccines polio influenza elderly and at risk typhoid, cholera, plague epidemics and travelers rabies post exposure pertussis replaced by the acellular vaccine Q fever population at risk

17. Microbial Fragment Vaccines Bordetella. Pertussis virulence factor protein Haemophilus influenzae B protein conjugated polysaccharide Streptococcus pneumoniae Polysaccharide mixture Neisseria meningitidis polysaccharide

18. Microbial Fragment Vaccines Clostridium tetani (tetanus) inactivated toxin (toxoid) Corynebacterium diphtheriae inactivated toxin (toxoid) Vibrio cholerae toxin subunits Hepatitis B virus cloned in yeast

19. Modification of Toxin to Toxoid Toxin toxin moiety antigenic determinants chemical modification Toxoid

20. anti-Idiotype Vaccine Future Vaccines Immuno-dominant peptide DNA

21. Recommended Childhood Immunization Schedule

22. Adverse Events Occurring Within 48 Hours DTP of Vaccination Event Frequency local redness, swelling, pain 1 in 2-3 doses systemic: Mild/moderate fever, drowsiness, fretfulness vomiting anorexia 1 in 2-3 doses 1 in 5-15 doses systemic: more serious persistent crying, fever collapse, convulsions acute encephalopathy permanent neurological deficit 1 in 100-300 doses 1 in 1750 doses 1 in 100,000 doses 1 in 300,000 doses