1. The document discusses lymphedema, which is abnormal accumulation of tissue proteins and fluid caused by malformation or damage to the lymphatic system.
2. It describes primary lymphedema caused by genetic defects and secondary lymphedema caused by surgery, radiation, trauma, or other insults that damage the lymphatic system.
3. Treatment involves complete decongestive physiotherapy including manual lymph drainage, compression bandaging, exercise, and skin care to drain excess fluid and promote collateral lymphatic vessel growth.
The female genital and urinary tracts are anatomically closely related.
The potential for injury to the urinary system must always be considered when operating on the genital system
Bladder injuries are the most frequent urologic injury usually recognized and repaired immediately,
Ureteral injuries(70%) typically are not recognized
immediately & can lead to long term complications
Injury to urinary tract in medical practice was first described on 1030 AD by Avicenna Ibn Sina
in his first medical textbook which called “Al-Kanoun
The female genital and urinary tracts are anatomically closely related.
The potential for injury to the urinary system must always be considered when operating on the genital system
Bladder injuries are the most frequent urologic injury usually recognized and repaired immediately,
Ureteral injuries(70%) typically are not recognized
immediately & can lead to long term complications
Injury to urinary tract in medical practice was first described on 1030 AD by Avicenna Ibn Sina
in his first medical textbook which called “Al-Kanoun
Lymphedema commonly affects one of the arms or legs. In some cases, both arms or both legs may be affected. Some patients might experience swelling in the head, genitals, or chest. Lymphedema is incurable, but with the right treatment, it can be controlled.
A detailed ppt on lymphatic system and its diseases, along with clinical and applied common concepts for common lymphatic system diseases, final year MBBS students as well as surgery post graduate students. Includes practical tips for exams and a set of personal op photos.
Made by Ranjith R Thampi. A surgery powerpoint I made during internship for Management of Varicose Veins. Tried to cover as much as possible on the topic. Kindly comment before you download. Thanks!
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Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
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3. Primary lymphedema
n Malformation or malfunction of the
lymphatic system
- hypoplasia
- hyperplasia: too large collector,
valve not working properly
- aplasia
8. 完整之減腫脹物理治療法
n Manual lymph drainage
n Bandaging
n Exercise
n Skin care
(International society of lymphology, 1997)
9. Factors influence lymph move
n Do not have a central pump like the heart of the
blood circulatory system
n Lymph angion
-Random spontaneous contraction of the smooth
muscle wall of the lymph vessel
-Stretch reflex of the angions, start and stop
depending on whether the pressure inside the
lymphatics exceeds or falls
n Pumping of the arterial system
n Pumping of the skeletal muscles during
activity(Fig)
n Pressure changes in the thorax during breathing
10. Factors influence lymph move
n Low amplitude body movement, ex:
walking 40 paces/min, tend to empty
lymphatics in the chest and abdomen
n External mechanical factor: manual
lymphatic massage
11. Manual lymph drainage (1)
n Purpose: mechanically move fluid into
initial lymphatic; cause collateral
lymphatics that cross the watershed
become larger
14. Watersheds
n Sagittal, horizontal- four quadrant
(lymphotome), each section consisting of a
limb and the adjacent quadrant of the trunk
(Fig)
n Boundaries between the areas of lymph
drainage, the direction in which lymph drains
n Linear area on the skin and contain few lymph
collectors
n Some lymph fluid may cross the watershed via
lymph capillaries (initial lymphatic plexus)
15.
16. Horizontal Watersheds
n Upper horizontal watershed: a line from the
jugular notch (manubrium) to the aromion,
and continues posterior to the vertebral
levels between C7 and T2;separates the
neck and shoulder territory from the
territories of the arm and thorax
n Lower horizontal watershed: start at the
umbilicus and follows the caudal limitation
of the rib cage to the vertebral column
19. Manual lymph drainage (2)
n Skin movement:outer 0.3mm of the skin
n Rich bed of lymph capillaries in the
superficial tissues
n Stretches the microfilaments just below the
skin which control opening to the initial
lymphatic, thus allowing interstitial fluid to
enter the lymphatic system while also
stimulating lymph vessels to contract
20. Manual lymph drainage (3)
n Pressure: very light, gentle; the softer
the tissue, the lighter the pressure, as
trying to move one Kleenex over the
surface of another Kleenex
n 30~40mmHg
n 1.5~8 ounces/square inch (pressure
found in the collecting lymphatics)
21. Manual lymph drainage (4)
n 40-90 mins on consecutive days
n Direction: toward the lymph node
n Speed: the greater the amount of fluid, the
slower the movement
n Rhythm: maintain connection with the
same area for at least a minute, repeating
the stroke with the same pressure,
direction, and speed
22. Manual lymph drainage (5)
n Direction: stretching the lymphatics
longitudinally, horizontally, and
diagonally; toward the
lymph node (neck, axilla, and groin)
n Does not include long strokes, heavy
pressure, rapid movements (ex:
percussion)
23. Direction
n Upper body: between the
waist and clavicle;
between the waist and spine
of the scapula on the
dorsum of the trunk
n R’t axillary nodes: right
arm and right side of the
trunk
n L’t axillary nodes: left arm
and left side of the trunk
n Neck: medial side of each
breast, along the sternum
24. Direction
n Lower body:
n Inguinal nodes in front:
superficial lymphatics in the
buttocks drain laterally
around the body to the
inguinal nodes in front
n Lateral area of the posterior
thigh draining laterally
around the leg
n Medial area of the posterior
thigh draining medially
around the leg
25. Lymph node
n Function: produce lymphocyte/filter
lymph
n Do not regenerate
n Sensitive to radiotherapy
n Lymph circulation slows down at the
lymph nodes, prone to congestion
26. Contraindications
n cancer (malignancy): metastasis
n open wounds, rashes, inflamed skin
n fever
n Infection
n heart or kidney disease (CHF, kidney
dialysis):edema may occur, MLD increasing
blood volume by returning fluid to the blood
circulation
n low blood pressure
27. Contraindications
n Asthma
n Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism
n blood clots and phlebitis:
-avoid massage for two weeks after surgery
-consult physician for patients taking coumadin
-Homan’s test
-warmer, reddened, swollen varicose vein
n organ transplant: immune suppressing medication
n chemotherapy
28. Compression therapy
n Max reduction in 7-10 days
n Tissue looses elasticity, does not
return to original position and shape
even when fluid ↓
n Improve muscle pumping action,
increase total tissue pressure
n Padding
30. Bandage (1)
n first 7-10 days, consecutive day
n short-stretch bandage:low resting p,
high working p
n Graded compression: greater
compression distally and lesser
proximally, amount of pressure
determined by layer of bandages
31.
32. Bandage (2)
n Should not bandage when
- infection
- circulatory, nerve, or arterial
insufficiency problem
- pain or numbness
- recurrence of cancer
34. Special garments
n used when arm size is fairly stable
n Prevent swelling and maintain size of
the limb
n 20-40mmHg; 40-50mmHg in severe
case
n During physical activity and exercise
35. Vasopneumatic pump (1)
n Little or no lasting
beneficial effects
n Fail to move lymph into
different lymphatic
quadrant
n May cause fibrotic ring on
the arm
n May damage remaining
healthy lymph vessels
36. Vasopneumatic pump (2)
n Keep the pressure low-never
>35mmHg
n Used with comprehensive tx:self-
massage to the neck and trunk
n Segmental gradient compression
starting at fingers and moving up
toward the shoulder
37. Vasopneumatic pump (3)
n Contraindication
- infection of the limb
- local or proximal malignancy
- anti-coagulant p’t
- DVT
n Palliative pumping – adjunct to pain
control in patient with advanced
carcinoma
38. Exercise
n Wear bandage or compression
garment during ex
n Abdominal breathing exercise
- clearance of deep trunk area
n Lymph drainage exercise
n Stretching and flexibility exercise
n Strengthening exercise
n Aerobic exercise
41. Stretching and flexibility ex
n Breast ca: tightness in the pectoral
area or ↓shoulder mobility
n For shoulder joint
cane exercise
door or corner stretch, towel
stretch
42. Strengthening exercise
n Allow to do more activity without
triggering the lymphatic response
n Watch if swelling persist 24 hours
after ex
n Mastectomy: Shoulder blade and
shoulder girdle muscle group of the
arm may weaken; abdominal muscle
(Schmitz, 2009)
43. Aerobic exercise
n Increase lymph flow (coupled with
deep breathing), lose weight
(obesity:higher risk for developing
lymphedema and breast ca)
n Walking or bicycling, swimming when
it’s cool
n UBE
44. Education
n Avoid infection and injury
n Avoid pressure on the involved
extremity
n Avoid constrictive clothing
n Avoid vigorous activity
n Avoid heat
n Keep skin in good condition
53. Watersheds between
the trunk and the extremities
n Inguinal watershed:
separating the lower
extremity from the trunk;
starts at the pubic symphysis
and follows the iliac crest to
the apex of the sacrum
n Axillary watershed:
separating the arm from the
trunk; starts at the coracoid
process traveling along the
axillary fold, continuing
posterior to the midpoint of
the spine of the scapula