58. 1.(必要) Severe chronic lung disease as
documented by both a and b:
a. Disabling dyspnea at rest
poorly or unresponsive to bronchodilators
resulting in decreased functional capacity
e.g., bed to chair existence, fatigue, and
cough
(FEV1, after bronchodilator<30% of
predicted is objective evidence for disabling
dyspnea)
59. b. Progression of end stage pulmonary disease,
as evidenced by :
increasing visits to the ER
or hospitalizations for pulmonary infections
and/or respiratory failure
or increasing physician home visits prior to
initial certification
(Documentation of serial decrease of FEV1>40
ml/year, but not necessary to obtain.)
60. 2.(必要) Hypoxemia:
at rest on room air, as evidenced by pO2 <=55
mmHg
or oxygen saturation <= 88%(ABG or oxymeter)
or pCO2 >= 50 mmHg
61. 3. Right heart failure (RHF) secondary to
pulmonary disease (Cor pulmonale) (e.g., not
secondary to left heart disease or
valvulopathy).
4. Unintentional progressive weight loss of
greater than 10% of body weight over the
preceding 6 months.
5. Resting tachycardia > 100/min.
85. Kaplan–Meier survival curves for those
with ischaemic heart disease,
comparing the dialysis and
conservative groups
Kaplan–Meier survival
curves for those without
ischaemic heart disease,
comparing the
dialysis and conservative groups
(log rank statistic 12.78, df 1,
P<0.0001)
86. Fig. 3. Kaplan–Meier survival curves for those with high
comorbidity (score=2), comparing dialysis and conservative
groups (log rank statistic <0.001, df 1, P?0.98).
94. 透析的撤除
(1) Patients whose medical condition
precludes the technical process of dialysis,
including patients with advanced dementia or
mental disability who pull out dialysis needles.
(2) Patients with conditions that are too
unstable for safe dialysis, such as when there
is profound hypotension.
95. 透析的撤除
(3) Patients who have a terminal illness from
nonrenal causes, such as terminal cancer,
end-stage lung, liver,or heart disease, or
irreversible neurological impairment such as
lacking signs of thought, sensation,
purposeful behavior, and awareness of the
self and environment.
96. 透析的撤除
(4) CKD or ESRD patients older than 75 years who meet two or
more of the following characteristics:
short life expectancy (“No” to the “surprise question”: would I
be surprised if this patient died in the next 6-12 months?)
high comorbidity scores (modified Charlson Comorbidity
Index >=8)
marked functional impairment (Karnofsky Performance Status
score <40)
severe chronic malnutrition (serum albumin level 2.5 g/dL)
Life expectancy after dialysis initiation for the 25th percentile of
patients older than 75 years (the frail dialysis phenotype) is 0.5
years