The document discusses the management of municipal solid waste, emphasizing the processes involved such as generation, storage, collection, transfer, processing, and disposal, while also addressing the challenges faced in developing versus developed countries. It highlights associated risks such as disease transmission and pollution, and specifically covers hazardous, electronic, and plastic waste along with their increasing generation and management complexities. Key functional elements of waste management are identified as interdependent activities that require a comprehensive approach for effective environmental compatibility.

1. Environmental Engineering- II
By
Akash Padole
Department of Civil Engineering
Municipal Solid Waste Management

2. Contents
6.1 Solid waste:
Sources, Types, generation and collection, storage,
handling, transportation, processing, treatment and
disposal methods
Introduction to Hazardous wastes, E-wastes and Plastic
wastes.
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3. Definition: SWM
• Any useless, discarded, unwanted material that is not a
liquid or gas is referred as solid waste or refuse.
• It involves management of activities associated with
generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport,
processing and disposal of solid waste which is
environmentally compatible adopting principles of
economy, aesthetics, energy and conservation.
• It encompasses planning, organisation, administration,
financial, legal and engineering aspects involving
interdisciplinary relationships.
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4. Problems and Issues of Solid Waste
Management
• The waste characteristics in developing countries are
known to differ considerably from that in developed
countries due to differing food habits, culture,
traditions and socio-economic aspects.
• Urban centers in developing countries are mostly
modern outgrowths of ancient cities with narrow
winding streets requiring small slow-moving vehicles
for collection and transport.
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5. • In developed countries, due to exposure to industrial
and urban activities for well over a century, the
population became aware of the problem much
earlier.
• Suitable legislation and regulations gives an effective
working system to solid waste management.
• Environmental awareness has yet to manifest itself
and several towns continue to have the old
conservancy system of sanitation.
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6. Associated Risks
Disease transmission:
• Decomposing organic waste attracts animal, vermin,
flies, Mosquitoes.
• In case of scarcity of food, affected population
attracted to waste heaps for food mostly the
scavengers which likely to increase the risk of
dysentery and other illnesses.
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7. Pollution:
• Poor management leads to leachet pollution of
surface water and ground water. This causes the
problem if the waste contains toxic substances or if
nearby water is used for water supplies.
• Large quantity of dry waste are stored in hot climate,
it may create a fire hazard.
Effect on morale:
• The effect of living in an unhygienic and untidy
environment may lead to people become
demoralized and less motivated.
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8. Functional Elements
• Waste generation
• Storage
• Collection
• Transfer and transport
• Processing and recovery
• Disposal
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9. Akash Padole 9

10. Waste Generation
• Wastes differ in the rate of generation, quantity and
quality depending upon the area of generation.
• The quantity and quality from residential areas may
not vary appreciably.
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11. • On the other hand, wastes from commercial and
industrial areas may vary in quality and quantity at
different times of the year.
• This will have a marked effect on the selection of
method for its collection, processing and disposal.
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12. Storage
• The generated waste is stored within the premises in
commercial and industrial areas;
whereas
• in residential areas, occupants take it out and
transfer to community storage bins near the point of
generation.
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13. Collection
• Citizens deposit the wastes by the roadside from
where the conservancy staff transfer it to the
community bins using wheelbarrow or other
equipment.
• Such primary collection is common in India and other
developing countries which need a large number of
workers and small number of equipment.
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14. Transfer and Transport
• The material collected in community dustbins is
transferred to transport vehicles for transport
(usually over long distance) to the processing or
disposal site.
• The fleet of transport vehicles should have sufficient
capacity for average and peak loads and should be
utilized at optimum levels.
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15. • In big cities, the material is conveyed to a transfer
station from where another set of vehicles transport
it further.
• In most of the developing countries, the waste is
collected from well dispersed discrete points and
hence referred to as transportation.
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16. Processing and Recovery
• A large quantity of waste must be processed
(otherwise it will take more energy to decompose)
before suitable disposal to reduce its potential
nuisance value.
• Occasionally recovery of useful constituents is also
carried out as an independent process.
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17. • Most of the time, rag pickers and scavengers take out
the useful materials which decrease the CF of the
waste.
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18. Disposal
• The waste may come for disposal either directly after
its transportation, or after processing.
• Disposal could be on land or water logged areas for
reclamation.
• The different functions are interdependent and
interrelated which could be better managed by a
systems approach.
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19. • Those activities associated with ultimate disposal of
solid wastes including those waste collected and
transported directly to the landfill site, semisolid
waste from waste water treatment plants,
incinerator residue, compost or other substances
from various solid waste processing plants that are of
no further use.
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20. Hazardous Wastes
• As per RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act 1976) USA, "The Hazardous Waste is the one
which causes any one of the four characteristics:
Toxicity, Reactivity, Ignitability, Corrosivity
• Some of the common industries that generates
hazardous wastes are:
– Cement
– Chemical
– Petroleum
– Fertilizers
– Ferrous Industries Akash Padole 20

21. E – waste
• E-waste is also know as Electronic Waste.
• Electronic waste or E-waste describes discarded
electrical or electronic device.
• E-waste is growing very fast and its disposal is a big
headache or big question mark hence there should
be a proper management for E-waste which is based
on 3-R system.
• It is better to reuse, resale, salvage, recycle or
disposal of electronic waste.
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22. ➢ Varieties of E-waste
o Personal electronic devices
o Monitors and laptops
o Mouse, keyboard and other
electronic device
o Scanners and copiers
o Televisions
o Audio and video equipment
o Cell phones
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23. Plastic Waste
• Plastic waste or Plastic Pollution, is ‘the accumulation
of plastic objects in the earth’s environment that
adversely affects wildlife, wildlife habitat, and
humans.
• Among all the constants, plastic waste stand second
in percentage i.e., 17% the first being the organic
waste having 32% of the total waste of M.S.W and
also the industrial waste.
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24. Cause of Rise in Plastic Waste
• The economic growth and changing consumption
and production patterns are the major cause of
increase in the plastic waste generation
e.g
– The plastic packing material
– The plastic shopping bag
– The pet bottles
– The other plastic items
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25. • Plastic pollution can afflict land, waterways and
oceans.
• It is estimated that 1.1 to 8.8 million tones of plastic
waste enters the ocean from coastal communities
each year.
• At the world level the consumption of plastic
material has increased from 5 million tons in 1950 to
about 100 million tons in 2017.
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