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1. Environmental Engineering- I
By
Akash Padole
Department of Civil Engineering
“Air and Noise Pollution”

2. Definitions of Air Pollution
• As per IS:
– Air pollution is defined as presence of one or more
contaminants, such as dust ,fumes gases, mist, smoke,
odour, in quantities, and of such duration, as to be
injurious to Human, plant or animal life or to property,
which reasonably interferes with the comfortable
enjoyment of life.
• American Medical Association:
– Air pollution is the excessive concentration of foreign
matter in the air which adversely affects the well being of
individual or causes damage to property.
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3. Atmosphere
• Nitrogen and oxygen are the main constituents.
• Some constituents such as water vapor vary in space
and time.
• Four major layers of earth’s atmosphere are:
– Troposphere
– Stratosphere
– Mesosphere
– Thermosphere
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5. Types of Air Pollutants
There are two types of air pollutants:
 Primary Pollutants:
The pollutants that directly cause air pollution are known as
primary pollutants.
e.g. Sulphur-dioxide emitted from factories is a primary
pollutant.
 Secondary Pollutants:
The pollutants formed by the intermingling and reaction of
primary pollutants are known as secondary pollutants.
e.g. Smog, formed by the intermingling of smoke and fog, is a
secondary pollutant.
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7. Causes of Air Pollution
• Burning of Fossil Fuels
– The combustion of fossil fuels emits a large amount of sulphur
dioxide. Carbon monoxide released by incomplete combustion
of fossil fuels also results in air pollution.
• Automobiles
– The gases emitted from vehicles such as jeeps, trucks, cars,
buses, etc. pollute the environment. These are the major
sources of greenhouse gases and also result in diseases among
individuals.
• Agricultural Activities
– Ammonia is one of the most hazardous gases emitted during
agricultural activities. The insecticides, pesticides and fertilizers
emit harmful chemicals in the atmosphere and contaminate it.
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8. • Factories and Industries
– Factories and industries are the main source of carbon
monoxide, organic compounds, hydrocarbons and chemicals.
These are released into the air, degrading its quality.
• Mining Activities
– In the mining process, the minerals below the earth are
extracted using large pieces of equipment. The dust and
chemicals released during the process not only pollute the air,
but also deteriorate the health of the workers and people living
in the nearby areas.
• Domestic Sources
– The household cleaning products and paints contain toxic
chemicals that are released in the air. The smell from the newly
painted walls is the smell of the chemicals present in the paints.
It not only pollutes the air but also affects breathing.
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9. Monitoring of Air Pollution
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13. Lapse Rate
Height (H)
Temp (T)
dH
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15. Height (H)
Temp (T)
ALR
ELR
ELR > ALR
Unstable Environment /
Super Adiabatic Lapse Rate
Height (H)
Temp (T)
ALR
ELR
ELR < ALR
Stable Environment /
Sub Adiabatic Lapse Rate
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16. Height (H)
Temp (T)
ALR
ELR
ELR > ALR
Neutral Environment
Height (H)
Temp (T)
ALR ELR
ELR < ALR
Negative Lapse Rate/
Inversion Lapse Rate
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17. High Volume Sampler.
Aim: To determination of Total Suspended Particulate matter
present in the atmosphere.
Apparatus required: High Volume Sampler
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18.  High and low volume air samplers are instruments
used to collect samples of air particles.
Total suspended particulate matter (TSP)
• TSP monitoring measures the total amount of particles
suspended in the atmosphere.
• TSP samples may also be used to determine the levels
of chemical elements and compounds in the particles
which may pose a risk to human health.
• An instrument called a high volume air sampler is used
to collect TSP samples.
• The high volume air sampler draws a large known
volume of air through a pre-weighed filter for 24 hours.
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20. Occupational hazards
• Occupational hazards are risks of illnesses or
accidents in the workplace. In other words, hazards
that workers experience in their place of work.
• An occupational hazard is something unpleasant that
a person experiences or suffers as a result of doing
their job.
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21. What are the hazards of air pollution?
• It can also cause health problems including:
Aggravated respiratory disease such as bronchitis
and asthma.
• Lung damage, even after symptoms such as
coughing or a sore throat disappear.
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22. Urban air pollution- automobile pollution
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23. • In cities, 85 to 95% of all CO emissions come from
motor vehicle exhaust.
• Passenger vehicles are a major pollution contributor,
producing significant amounts of nitrogen oxides,
carbon monoxide, and other pollution.
• In 2013, transportation contributed more than half of
the carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, and
almost a quarter of the hydrocarbons emitted into
our air.
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24. Effects:
• Car pollution is one of the major causes of global
warming.
• Cars and trucks emit carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases.
• Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere,
which causes worldwide temperatures to rise.
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25. Control measures for Air pollution
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27. Noise Pollution
• The word noise is derived from a Latin word ‘Nausea’
which means sickness in which one feels to vomit.
• Noise is the unpleasant and undesirable sound which
leads to discomfort to human beings.
• The intensity of sound is measured in decibels (dB).
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28. • Due to increasing noise around the civilizations;
noise pollution has become a matter of concern.
• Some of its major causes are vehicles, aircraft,
industrial machines, loudspeakers, crackers, etc.
• Some other appliances also contribute to noise
pollution like television, transistor, radio, etc. when
used at high volume.
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29. Causes and Sources of Noise Pollution
• Following are the causes and sources of noise
pollution:
• Industrialization: Industrialization has led to an
increase in noise pollution as the use of heavy
machinery such as generators, mills, huge exhaust
fans are used, resulting in the production of
unwanted noise.
• Vehicles: Increased number of vehicles on the roads
are the second reason for noise pollution.
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30. • Events: Weddings, public gatherings involve
loudspeakers to play music resulting in the
production of unwanted noise in the neighborhood.
• Construction sites: Mining, construction of buildings,
etc. add to the noise pollution
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31. Effects of Noise Pollution on Human Health
• Hypertension: It is a direct result of noise pollution
which is caused due to elevated blood levels for a
longer duration.
• Cardiovascular issues: Heart-related problems such
as blood pressure level, stress, and cardiovascular
diseases might come up in a normal person and
person suffering from any of these diseases might
feel the sudden shoot up in the level.
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32. • Hearing loss: Constant exposure of human ears to
loud noise that are beyond the range of sound that
human ears can withstand damages the eardrums
resulting in loss of hearing.
• Sleeping disorders: Lack of sleep might result in
fatigue and low energy level throughout day
affecting everyday activities. Noise pollution hampers
the sleep cycles leading to irritation and
uncomfortable state of mind.
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33. Prevention of Noise Pollution
Some noise pollution preventive measures are provided
in the points below.
 Honking in public places like teaching institutes,
hospital, etc. should be banned.
 In commercial, hospital, and industrial buildings,
adequate soundproof systems should be installed.
 Dense tree cover is useful in noise pollution
prevention.
 Explosives should be not used in forest,
mountainous, and mining areas.
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34. Standards
• The acceptable noise level for OUTDOOR NOISE LEVEL
are given in following table:
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35. • The acceptable noise level for INDOOR NOISE LEVEL
are given in following table:
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36. Lequivalent
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37. Q. 50 dB noise lasting for 55 min is followed by 90 dB noise lasting for 5 min.
What is Leq of this noise?
79.2 dB
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38. Thermal Pollution
• Thermal pollution is defined as a sudden increase or
decrease in temperature of a natural body of water,
which may be ocean, lake, river or pond by human
influence.
• This normally occurs when a plant or facility takes in
water from a natural resource and puts it back with
an altered temperature.
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39. • Hot water pumped into water bodies raises the
temperature of the water body, adversely affecting
the animals and plants living in it.
• The solubility of dissolved gases in water decreases
with increase in Temperature.
• The increased temperature might lead to reduced
levels of Oxygen and other essential gases thus
seriously affecting the aquatic species.
• This is termed as Thermal Water Pollution.
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40. What are the sources of Thermal Pollution?
1. Nuclear Power Plant
2. Coal-fired power Plant
3. Industrial Effluents
4. Domestic Sewage
5. Hydro-electric power
6. Thermal Power Plant
The discharged effluents of these sources have a
higher temperature than the intake water that reduces
the concentration of oxygen from the water which causes
the deleterious effects on the marine ecosystem.
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