This document discusses different types of waste and solid waste management in Pakistan. It defines various waste streams and their impacts. Municipal solid waste in Pakistan cities largely consists of paper, food, and plastics. Collection rates are low at 50% or less of total waste generated. There is no proper integrated management system and open dumping is common. Improved regulations, public awareness, and private sector involvement are needed for better solid waste handling.

3. GROUP MEMBERS
FAISAL HAYAT (2011-GE-56)

5.  It is defined as:
Waste is any unwanted or useless materials.
 Waste is also known as rubbish, trash, refuse,
garbage or junk

6.  Solid Waste
 Liquid Waste
 Gaseous Wastes
 Biodegradable waste
 Biomedical waste

7.  Chemical waste
 Commercial waste
 Construction waste
 Consumable waste
 Composite

8.  It is defined as:
“Non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging
from municipal garbage to industrial wastes
that contain complex and sometimes
hazardous substances”

9.  Broadly there are 3 types of waste which are as
follows:
1. Household waste is generally classified as
Municipal waste
2. Industrial waste as Hazardous waste
3. Biomedical waste or Hospital waste as
Infectious waste

10.  Municipal solid waste consists of:
o Household waste
o Construction and demolition debris
o Sanitation residue
o Waste from streets

11.  Household wastes that can be categorized as
hazardous waste include:
 Old batteries
 Shoe polish
 paint tins
 Medicine bottles
 Clothes etc.

12. The type of waste we generate and the approximate time it
takes to degenerate
Type of litter Approximate time it takes to
degenerate the litter
Organic waste such as vegetable and fruit
peels, leftover foodstuff, etc
A week or two.
Paper 10–30 days
Cotton cloth 2–5 months
Wood 10–15 years
Woolen items 1 year
Tin, aluminum, and other metal items such as
cans
100–500 years
Plastic bags one million years

13.  Industrial is considered hazardous as they may
contain toxic substances.
 Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to
humans, animals, and plants.
 They are:
 Corrosive
 Highly inflammable, or explosive
 React when exposed to certain things e.g. gases

14.  In the industrial sector, the major generators of
hazardous waste are the metal, chemical, paper,
pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber goods
industries.

15.  Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis,
treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals
 It may include wastes like
 Sharps
 Soiled waste
 Disposables
 Discarded medicines
 Chemical wastes

16.  This waste is highly infectious and can be a
serious threat to human health if not managed
in a scientific and discriminate manner
 It has been roughly estimated that of the 4 kg
of waste generated in a hospital at least 1 kg
would be infected

17.  The main sources for solid wastes are domestic,
commercial, industrial, municipal, and agricultural
wastes.
 The composition of a city waste is as follows:
o Paper, wood, cardboard 53 %
o Garbage 22 %
o Ceramics, glass, crockery 10 %
o Metals 8 %
o Rubber, plastics, discarded textiles 7 %

18. Composition of City Waste
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Paper,
wood,
cardboard
Garbage Ceramic,
glass
crokery
metals Rubber,
plastics,
discarded
textiles
Type of Wastes
Percentages
Series1

19.  The increase in the quantity of solid waste is
due to:
o Overpopulation,
o Affluence (material comfort)
o Technological advancement

20.  The number and growth of population and
households is the foremost factor affecting the
solid waste at various stages.
 The selected cities are growing at a rate
ranging between 3.67% to 7.42%, which is
much higher than the overall growth rate of
Pakistan, i.e. 2.8% (EPMC, 1996).
 Major cities of them are estimated to double
their population in next ten years

21. City Populations millions
(2004)
Waste generated
Tons/day
Karachi 10818 6632
Faisalabad 2307 902
Hyderabad 1343 756
Gujranwala 1312 615
Quetta 1153 564
Peshawar 0.654 247

22.  A) HEALTH HAZARD
 B) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

23.  If solid wastes are not collected and allowed to
accumulate, they may create unsanitary conditions.
 Many diseases like cholera, diarrhea, dysentery,
plague, gastro-intestinal diseases may spread and
cause loss of human lives.
 In addition, improper handling of the solid wastes is a
health hazard for the workers who come in direct
contact with the waste

24. B) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
 If the solid wastes are not treated properly,
decomposition and decay may take place.
 The organic solid waste during decomposition may
generate obnoxious (intolerable) odors.
 Ground water pollution
 Air pollution and global warming

25.  Waste management is the collection, transport,
processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of
waste materials
 The term usually relates to materials produced by
human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce
their effect on health, the environment

26. 4 R’s CONCEPT
 Four R’s (Refuse, Reuse, Recycle and Reduce)
to be followed for waste management.

27.  Instead of buying new containers from
the market, use the ones that are in the
house.
 Refuse to buy new items though you may
think they are prettier than the ones you
already have.

28.  Do not throw away the soft
drink cans or the bottles;
cover them with
homemade paper or paint
on them and use them as
pencil stands or small
vases.

29.  Use shopping bags
made of cloth or jute,
which can be used
over and over again.

30.  Reduce the generation of unnecessary waste,
e.g. carry your own shopping bag when you
go to the market and put all your purchases
directly into it.

31.  The main purpose of solid waste management
is to minimize the adverse effects on the
environment. The steps involved are:
 Collection of solid wastes
 Disposal of solid wastes
 Utilization of wastes

32.  Collection of waste includes gathering the
waste, transporting it to a centralized
location, and then moving it to the site of
disposal.
 The collected waste is then separated into:
 Hazardous
 Non-hazardous materials.

33.  Before the final disposal of the solid wastes, it is
processed to recover the usable resources and to
improve the efficiency of the solid waste disposal
system.
 The main processing technologies are:
 Compaction
 Combustion
 Manual separation

34.  Disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying the
waste, and this remains a common practice in most
countries.
 Landfills were often established in:
 Abandoned or unused quarries
 Mining voids
 Borrow pits

35.  Main three types of combustion:
 Incineration
 Gasification
 Pyrolysis

36. INCINERATION
 Is a disposal method in which solid organic
wastes are subjected to combustion so as to
convert them into residue and gaseous
products.
 Energy recovery through complete oxidation
 Also called "thermal treatment".

38.  Partial oxidation process using air, pure
oxygen, oxygen enriched air, or steam
 Carbon converted into syngas
 More flexible than incineration
 More public acceptance

39.  Thermal degradation of carbonaceous materials
 Lower temperature than gasification
 Absence or limited oxygen

40.  Waste separation is the process by which waste is
separated into different elements
 Separation can be classified as:
 Dry waste includes wood and related products, metals
and glass
 Wet waste typically refers to organic waste usually
generated by eating

42.  The solid wastes can be properly utilized to
gather the benefits such as:
 Conservation of natural resources
 Economic development
 Generate many useful products
 Employment opportunities
 Control of air pollution

43.  Recycling refers to the collection and reuse of waste
materials such as empty beverage containers.
 The materials from which the items are made can be
reprocessed into new products.
 Material for recycling may be collected separately
from general waste using dedicated bins and
collection vehicles, or sorted directly from mixed
waste streams.

44.  The most common consumer products recycled
include:
 Aluminum such as beverage cans
 Copper such as wire
 Steel food and aerosol cans
 Polyethylene and PET bottles
 Glass bottles and jars
 Paperboard cartons
 Newspapers, magazines and light paper

46.  Waste materials that are organic in nature, such as
 plant material
 food scraps
 paper products
 Can be recycled using biological composting and
digestion processes to decompose the organic matter

47.  The resulting organic material is then recycled
as mulch or compost for agricultural or
landscaping purposes.

48.  Waste collection methods vary widely among
different countries and regions.
 Domestic waste collection services are often provided
by local government authorities, or by private
companies in the industry.

49.  Solid waste collection by government owned and
operated services in Pakistan's cities currently averages
only 50 percent of waste quantities generated; however,
for cities to be relatively clean, at least 75 percent of
these quantities should be collected.
 Unfortunately, none of the cities in Pakistan has a
proper solid waste management system right from
collection of solid waste up to its proper disposal.

50.  The Government of Pakistan enacted the
Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA)
in 1997 which is the most recent and updated
legislation on environment.
 It provides a framework for establishing
federal and provincial Environmental
Protection Agencies (EPAs).

51.  In Pakistan, solid waste is mainly collected by
municipalities and waste collection
efficiencies range from 0 percent in low-
income rural areas to 90 percent in
high- income areas of large cities.
 Collection rate of solid waste by respective
municipalities ranges from 51% to 69% of the
total waste generated within their jurisdiction.

52.  The overall conclusion of the study on present status
of solid waste management in Pakistan as follows:
 There is a limited focus on control mechanisms
which is adversely effecting on safety, health and the
environment.
 Regulations are inadequately enforced and SWM
does not seem to be a priority.
 None of the cities has an integrated solid waste
management system

53.  Collection rate 5 1-69 % of total waste generated.
 No disposal facilities
 Open burning of waste or open disposal is most common
practice.

54.  The involvement of people and private sector through
NGOs could improve the efficiency of SWM.
 Public awareness should be created especially at
primary school.
 Littering of SW should be prohibited in cities, towns
and urban areas.
 The collection bins must have a large enough
capacity to accommodate 20% more than the
expected waste generation in the area.

56.  Report on:
 Analysis and assessment report on integrated solid
waste management in lahore, pakistan
 http://www.slideshare.net/fahadansari131/municipalsoli
d-waste-by-muhammad-fahad-ansari-
12ieem1413324528
 http://environment.gov.pk/pro_pdf/positionpaper/brief-
swm-%20pak.pdf
 www2.fiu.edu/~srimal/pollution/solid%20waste.ppt
 http://epd.punjab.gov.pk/solid_waste