Brief Concepts and Questions EXAM 2 Chapter 8 DNA RNA Protein What i.pdfmckenziecast21211
Brief Concepts and Questions EXAM 2 Chapter 8: DNA RNA Protein What is DNA? a
phosphate Structure of DNA: Building blocks are called nucleotides Each nucleotide is
composed of three br uithofenas bee. What makes DNA so special? Provide 4 reasons, below
DNA DNA (Replication): Where does DNA replication take place? When does DNA replication
take place? Explain steps involved in DNA replication: DNA RNA Protein (Gene Expression)
Involves 2 processes: 1. Transcription 2. Translation Explain the Synthesis of Proteins (Gene
Expression): o DNA RNA Protein What is RNA? What is \"codon What is \"anticodon\" What is
a protein molecule? DNA mutation; Change in nucleotide bases of DNA Duplex Point mutation
Frame shift mutation
Solution
Question
Answer
Where does DNA replication take place:
It takes place in the nucleus in case of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm in case of
prokaryotic cells
When does DNA replication take place:
DNA replication occurs during the S-phase during cell cycle, so that cell can make an extra copy
of genetic material.
Explain steps involved in DNA replication:
Initiation: During initiation, the proteins will bind to the origin of replication; helicase unwinds
the DNA helix which results in the formation of two replication forks.
Elongation: A RNA primer sequence will be added to this the DNA pol III will add the
nucleotides in 5’ to 3’ direction and chain will elongate.
Termination: In case of bacteria, termination of replication occurs whenever two replication
forks meet each other from the opposite end of the parental chromosome.
Transcription
Gene expression first step is transcription, here a particular segment of DNA will be copied into
RNA with the help of the enzyme RNA polymerase
Translation
Translation is the final step of the gene expression. Here mRNA will be used to synthesize the
polypeptide chain. The information present in the mRNA in the form of codon will code for the
amino acids needed for polypeptide chain synthesis.
What is RNA?
RNA is ribonucleic acid and is found in all living cells. It acts as the messenger carrying
instructions from DNA for the synthesis of proteins.
Few viruses will have RNA as their genetic material.
What is codon?
Codon is a sequence of three nucleotides and they together form a unit of genetic code in either
DNA or RNA.
What is anticodon?
It is found on tRNA and it is a sequence of three nucleotides which forms a genetic code on
tRNA, and these anticodon is complementary to the codons found on messenger RNA.
What is a protein molecule?
During translation, when amino acids are added in a sequential manner, the condensation of
amino acids will form a peptide bond in between them and finally forms a polypeptide chain. It
is the DNA through mRNA directs the protein synthesis.
Point mutation
In point mutation, only one or very few nucleotides will be affected or mutated in a gene
sequence.
Frame shift mutation
Either insertions or deletion can result in frame shift mutation, due to th.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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2. 3.5.1
There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). The nucleotides differ by
the group attached to the 2’ Carbon of the sugar.
Transcription is the process of creating RNA from DNA.
3. 3.5.1
DNA vs RNA
CHARACTERISTIC DNA RNA
Names of sugars deoxyribose ribose
Names of bases
Adenine,
Thymine,
Cytosine,
Guanine
Adenine,
Uracil,
Cytosine,
Guanine
Number of strands
double helix
(two strands)
Usually single
strand
5. 3.5.2
DNA holds the code of life, but it has to be processed in
order to be used. Central dogma explains the steps involved
in getting from genotype (DNA) to phenotype (function).
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA by using the
DNA as a template.
DNA RNA Protein Trait
transcription
translationreplication
6. 3.5.2
During transcription, RNA polymerase unzips a section of the
DNA strand and begins synthesizing RNA that is
complementary to the DNA being read.
When completed, the mRNA made is and RNA version of
the DNA holding the desired code.
9. 3.5.3
In translation, mRNA is read in sets of three bases called
codons. Each codon corresponds to an amino acid which
can be deciphered by using the AA chart.
11. After the mRNA has left the nucleus for the cytoplasm,
ribosomes attach to it and read the first codons.
tRNA molecules have the anti-codon for each codon and
carry the correct amino acid to the ribosome / mRNA.
3.5.4
12. As the ribosome reads the mRNA, the tRNA continues to
match the codons and bring amino acids which are joined via
peptide bonds, creating a polypeptide.
When a special stop codon is reached, the ribosome detaches
from the mRNA and releases the completed polypeptide.
3.5.4
14. DNA Transcription / Translation Review
If you are still confused about transcription/translation,
watch the video below for extra review or a new approach
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itsb2SqR-R0
3.5.4
15. Overall, in the process
of transcription and
translation, each gene
in the genome
corresponds to a single
protein (polypeptide).
Proteins that are made
of multiple subunits
(like hemoglobin) can
be have genes for each
part.
3.5.5
Editor's Notes
3.5.1 – Compare the structure of RNA and DNA.Limit this to the names of sugars, bases and the number of strands.
3.5.1 – Compare the structure of RNA and DNA.Limit this to the names of sugars, bases and the number of strands.
3.5.1 – Compare the structure of RNA and DNA.Limit this to the names of sugars, bases and the number of strands.
3.5.2 – Outline DNA transcription in terms of the formation of an RNA strand complementary to the DNA strand by RNA polymerase
3.5.2 – Outline DNA transcription in terms of the formation of an RNA strand complementary to the DNA strand by RNA polymerase
3.5.2 – Outline DNA transcription in terms of the formation of an RNA strand complementary to the DNA strand by RNA polymerase
3.5.2 – Outline DNA transcription in terms of the formation of an RNA strand complementary to the DNA strand by RNA polymerasehttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter3/animation__mrna_synthesis__transcription___quiz_1_.html
3.5.3 – Describe the genetic code in terms of codons composed of triplets of bases.
3.5.3 – Describe the genetic code in terms of codons composed of triplets of bases.
3.5.4 – Explain the process of translation leading to polypeptide formation.
3.5.4 – Explain the process of translation leading to polypeptide formation.
3.5.4 – Explain the process of translation leading to polypeptide formation.
3.5.4 – Explain the process of translation leading to polypeptide formation.https://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter3/animation__how_translation_works.html
3.5.5 – Discuss the relationship between one gene and one polypeptide
