Water quality of lakes, rivers and reservoirs in developing countries like India is being degraded
because of the contaminated inflows and surrounding influence. There is a serious need for appropriate water
quality monitoring for future planning and management of Lake and other type of water resources. Quality of
water in Rudrasagar Lake, Tripura, India has been investigated in this paper. Water Quality Index (WQI) was
applied in Rudrasagar Lake India using water quality parameters like pH, Turbidity, Conductivity, Hardness,
Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Nitrate. Based on the importance of the
parameter for aquatic life the relative weight is assigned to each water quality parameter ranged from 1 to 4.
Tests were performed on site using electronic measuring device as well as on Laboratory with samples of water
collected from different locations of Rudrasagar Lake. It shows that water quality of Rudrasagar Lake falls
within the ‗good water‘ category but marginally. Continuous monitoring of Rudrasagar lake is suggested for
proper management.
Evaluation of anthropogenic activities in udyavara river basin, south west co...eSAT Journals
Abstract River environment is one of the highly water yielding place for present generation. It is influenced by geomorphic processes like shoreline erosion, siltation, sedimentation, flooding etc. Modification in river ecology is also influenced by the estuaries and sea. Most of the population will be alongside the river basin fetching river water for daily use. In this project work, Udyavara river basin is taken into consideration which is also prevailing at the coastal belt of Karnataka in Udupi district. Udyavara River incorporates the catchment that feed into the estuaries, coastlines and the groundwater that underlies the river basin. Increasing population, industrialization, solid waste dumping and improper sanitary conditions may contaminate the river water for future use. This study considers implementing of measures aimed at maintaining and improving the aquatic environment by restriction to adverse anthropogenic activities. Recently environmental problems have arisen in the river basin which is leading to monitoring and settling environmental objectives for groundwater and surface water pollution. The overall objective of the present study is to prevent deterioration and achieve environmental improvement. It can be concluded based on the results that environmental problems can be solved in this stage and sustainability can be achieved. Keywords: Udyavara River Basin, anthropogenic activities, third order, riverine environment, water pollution, water quality
Assessment of Water Quality of Lakes for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in ...IJERA Editor
Lake water is an important source for drinking, domestic and irrigation purposes in rural and urban India. The present study aims at evaluating the water quality of various lakes in Raipur city, Chhatisgarh. There existed 154 lakes in the city but it shrinked to 85 in number due to encroachment or drying up of lakes. Twenty seven prominent lakes are selected to study and evaluate the water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes. The water samples were collected and analysed for pH, Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Alkalinity, Hardness, Sodium(Na+), Potassium(K+), Calcium(Ca2+), Magnesium(Mg2+), Bicarbonate(HCO3-), Sulphate (SO42-), Nitrate (NO3−),Phosphate(PO43-) Fluoride(F-), Chloride (Cl−), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Coliform (TC) and Fecal Coliform (FC). There are variations for pH (6.59-8.29), EC (382-2330μS/cm), Turbidity (1-232 NTU), TDS (244-1491 mg/L), Alkalinity (120-600 mg/L), Hardness (66-330mg/L), Na+(37-430 mg/L), K+ (8-253 mg/L), Ca2+ (9-90 mg/L), Mg2+(3-26 mg/L), SO42- (5-200 mg/L), NO3-(0-19 mg/L), PO43-(0.19-5.3 mg/L), F-(0.18-1.41 mg/L) and Cl- (46-388 mg/L), DO(1-8.6 mg/L), BOD (0.1-11.3 mg/L), COD (8-118 mg/L), Total Coliform( 15-3600 MPN/100ml) and Fecal Coliform (4-240 MPN/100 ml). The results have been compared with the drinking water standard prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS). All the physiochemical parameters are within the prescribed limit except turbidity, fecal & total coliform. The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and salinity hazards are studied to classify the water for irrigation uses. It is found that lake water is suitable for irrigation purposes.
Assessment on the Ecosystem Service Functions of Nansi Lake in ChinaIJERA Editor
The assessment of ecosystem service functions is one of the focused area in modern ecological and
environmental research. As a typical shallow macrophytic lake in China, Nansi Lake is selected as the study
area. Based the indicator system and assessment models established in this research, the ecosystem service
functions of Nansi Lake are assessed. The results show that the ecosystem service function of drinking water
source area/aquatic product supply/ecological habitat/entertainment and landscape/ water purification function of
the lakeside zone for Nansi Lake is assessed as medium (2.2)/good (3.5)/medium (3)/medium (2.55)/medium (3),
and the overall ecosystem service function of Nansi Lake can be considered as ―Medium‖. The eutrophication
control and ecological restoration of lakeside wetland need to be enhanced in the future.
Evaluation of anthropogenic activities in udyavara river basin, south west co...eSAT Journals
Abstract River environment is one of the highly water yielding place for present generation. It is influenced by geomorphic processes like shoreline erosion, siltation, sedimentation, flooding etc. Modification in river ecology is also influenced by the estuaries and sea. Most of the population will be alongside the river basin fetching river water for daily use. In this project work, Udyavara river basin is taken into consideration which is also prevailing at the coastal belt of Karnataka in Udupi district. Udyavara River incorporates the catchment that feed into the estuaries, coastlines and the groundwater that underlies the river basin. Increasing population, industrialization, solid waste dumping and improper sanitary conditions may contaminate the river water for future use. This study considers implementing of measures aimed at maintaining and improving the aquatic environment by restriction to adverse anthropogenic activities. Recently environmental problems have arisen in the river basin which is leading to monitoring and settling environmental objectives for groundwater and surface water pollution. The overall objective of the present study is to prevent deterioration and achieve environmental improvement. It can be concluded based on the results that environmental problems can be solved in this stage and sustainability can be achieved. Keywords: Udyavara River Basin, anthropogenic activities, third order, riverine environment, water pollution, water quality
Assessment of Water Quality of Lakes for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in ...IJERA Editor
Lake water is an important source for drinking, domestic and irrigation purposes in rural and urban India. The present study aims at evaluating the water quality of various lakes in Raipur city, Chhatisgarh. There existed 154 lakes in the city but it shrinked to 85 in number due to encroachment or drying up of lakes. Twenty seven prominent lakes are selected to study and evaluate the water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes. The water samples were collected and analysed for pH, Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Alkalinity, Hardness, Sodium(Na+), Potassium(K+), Calcium(Ca2+), Magnesium(Mg2+), Bicarbonate(HCO3-), Sulphate (SO42-), Nitrate (NO3−),Phosphate(PO43-) Fluoride(F-), Chloride (Cl−), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Coliform (TC) and Fecal Coliform (FC). There are variations for pH (6.59-8.29), EC (382-2330μS/cm), Turbidity (1-232 NTU), TDS (244-1491 mg/L), Alkalinity (120-600 mg/L), Hardness (66-330mg/L), Na+(37-430 mg/L), K+ (8-253 mg/L), Ca2+ (9-90 mg/L), Mg2+(3-26 mg/L), SO42- (5-200 mg/L), NO3-(0-19 mg/L), PO43-(0.19-5.3 mg/L), F-(0.18-1.41 mg/L) and Cl- (46-388 mg/L), DO(1-8.6 mg/L), BOD (0.1-11.3 mg/L), COD (8-118 mg/L), Total Coliform( 15-3600 MPN/100ml) and Fecal Coliform (4-240 MPN/100 ml). The results have been compared with the drinking water standard prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS). All the physiochemical parameters are within the prescribed limit except turbidity, fecal & total coliform. The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and salinity hazards are studied to classify the water for irrigation uses. It is found that lake water is suitable for irrigation purposes.
Assessment on the Ecosystem Service Functions of Nansi Lake in ChinaIJERA Editor
The assessment of ecosystem service functions is one of the focused area in modern ecological and
environmental research. As a typical shallow macrophytic lake in China, Nansi Lake is selected as the study
area. Based the indicator system and assessment models established in this research, the ecosystem service
functions of Nansi Lake are assessed. The results show that the ecosystem service function of drinking water
source area/aquatic product supply/ecological habitat/entertainment and landscape/ water purification function of
the lakeside zone for Nansi Lake is assessed as medium (2.2)/good (3.5)/medium (3)/medium (2.55)/medium (3),
and the overall ecosystem service function of Nansi Lake can be considered as ―Medium‖. The eutrophication
control and ecological restoration of lakeside wetland need to be enhanced in the future.
In Aleg, Mauritania, especially in the rural areas where there is no supply of
treated water for drinking and other domestic uses, natural surface water is the only
source. The objective was to assess the water quality of natural sources of water in
the rural areas of the BRAKNA region (in the south-west of the country) using a water
quality index (WQI) for different seasons. A total of 40 samples, that is, 20 in winter
and 20 in summer were collected from different sources for physicochemical analysis,
and a WQI was calculated. Twenty-seven parameters were evaluated (Rrgaonkar and
V. Deshpande et al. 2007).
Follow-up and physicochemical analyzes made it possible to determine the WQI
index. The results obtained show that raw water from Lake Aleg is classified in the
category "Unsuitable" (undesirable).
The overall quality of the waters is strongly influenced by the alternation of
seasons of the year. Correlation analysis showed a perfect correlation between WQI
and water turbidity (r = 0.999). This made it possible to specify the turbidity as a
factor of deterioration in the quality of the lake water
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Seasonal variations in water quality index of sirhind canal passing through m...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Suitability Assessment of Shallow Groundwater of a Typical Coastal Aquifers f...iosrjce
Shallow Groundwater of a coastal aquifer has been intensively used as a source of water for
irrigation farming in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. To assess the usability of this water for irrigation use,
twenty locations at buguma city were mapped out and five water wells were sampled for each location using
Simple random sampling technique. Each sample was analyzed for the cations(magnesium(Mg2+), sodium(Na+
),
potassium(K+
),calcium(Ca2+)),anion(nitrate ion(N03
-
)), trace elements(cadmium(Cd), iron(Fe), and zinc(Zn)and
other phsico-chemical parameters(Salinity(SI), electric conductivity(EC) and pH) adopting standard methods.
Based on the analyzed parameters, irrigation water quality parameters (RSC, SAR, %Na and %MR) and
indexes(Kelly index(KI), Permeability Index(PI) and the Canadian water quality index(CWQI)) were calculated
.To assess the usability of the shallow groundwater, results of the Water quality index models and other
calculated irrigation parameters were compared with the standards. On the average, virtually all the sampling
locations except Ombu, Igba and Jackreech were unsuitable for irrigation use.
Seasonal Variability and Behavior of Hydrographic and Nutrient Parameters in ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Water is a unique natural resource among all sources available on earth. It plays an important role in economic development and the general well-being of the country. This study aimed at using the application of water quality index in evaluating the ground water quality innorth-east area of Jaipur in pre and post monsoon for public usage. Total eleven physico–chemical characteristics; total dissolved solids, total hardness,chloride, nitrate, electrical conductance, sodium, fluorideand potassium, pH, turbidity, temperature) were analyzed and observed values were compared with standard values recommended by Indian standard and World Health Organization. Most of parameter show higher value than permissible limit in pre and post monsoon. Water quality index study showed that drinking water in Amer (221.58,277.70), Lalawas (362.74,396.67), Jaisinghpura area (286.00,273.78) were found to be highly contaminated due to high value of total dissolved solids, electrical conductance, total hardness, chloride, nitrate and sodium.Saipura (122.52, 131.00), Naila (120.25, 239.86), Galta (160.9, 204.1) were found to be moderately contaminated for both monsoons. People dependent on this water may prone to health hazard. Therefore some effective measures are urgently required to enhance the quality of water in these areas.
ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY OF GODAVARI RIVER AT NASHIK, MAHARASHTRA, INDIAIAEME Publication
Godavari is the second largest river in India. It originates from Triambakeswar, Nashik, Maharashtra and finally discharges into the Bay of Bengal near Narasapuram in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. The study covers about 24 km of river starting from Gangapur dam to Dasak village. Fifteen locations were selected for collection of water samples from the river and water samples were analysed for water quality parameters. It was observed that untreated or partially treated sewage alongwith industrial wastewater is entering into the river at twelve prominent locations in the study stretch. This data was used to compute the value of National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index(NSFWQI), mostly applicable in USA and India. The results of NSFWQI of Godavari river indicates that its water quality as ‘Good’ (70-90) from Gangapur dam to Someshwar, ‘Bad’ (25-50) from Aanadwalli bridge to Samtanagar and ‘Very bad’ (0-25) at Agartakli STP downstream.
Assessment of Water Quality Status of Godavari river around process industrie...ijtsrd
The water quality was assessed by monitoring various physico-chemical parameters like temperature, pH, hydrogen sulphide, total dissolved solids (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), sulphate, oil and grease and chloride (Cl-). The assessed quality of intake water and effluent water after treatment was studied. The treated waste water quality was compared with the permissible standards prescribed by Telangana State Pollution Control Board (TSPCB) and found well within the limits. This water could be successfully utilized for irrigation and horticulture purposes. Dr. Suresh Shukla | Prof. Dr. M. A. Singaracharya"Assessment of Water Quality Status of Godavari river around process industries at Manuguru, Telangana State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10880.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/10880/assessment-of-water-quality-status-of-godavari-river-around-process-industries-at-manuguru-telangana-state/dr-suresh-shukla
Perspective Study on Ground Water in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradeshiosrjce
This article is a deal with the study of East Godavari District There is a need for study the ground
water in the district. The information helps the planners, hydrologists, Geologists, Geographers and researchers
for better planning and management of underground water data whenever it is required. So for this a study is
made on the basis of secondary data form internet and water board survey reports from three decades, This
helps in decision making based on the information of ground water as a resource in East Godavari District. A
series of information has been considered and highlighted for the uses.
The objective of this study is to assess the hydrography in the lentic and lotic ecosystems. According to this study, the Water Quality Index of lentic ecosystem is highest in the Kukkarahalli lake (106.32), followed by Karanji lake (97.42), Varuna lake (95.73) and lowest in the Kamana lake (94.62). The Water Quality Index of lotic ecosystem (Kavery river) is highest in the Sangama (99.33), followed by Snanghat (96.40), Chandravana (93.05) and lowest in the Paschimavahini (90.48). So, the Water Quality Index of lentic ecosystem is higher than the loticecosystem in general. This indicates that, the water quality of standing water is deteriorated more than the running water
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Trace Analysis of Driver Behavior on Traffic Violator by Using Big Data (Traf...IJERA Editor
This study aims to prove the effectiveness of traffic safety education program for traffic violators. Traffic
violators who finished the traffic safety education programs were tracked down. In order to analyze the
effectiveness of traffic safety education program, traffic violator’s data during ten-year period were used. This
study analyzed how traffic violators changed their attitudes about traffic law abidance. Also predicted social benefits from traffic
safety education program for traffic violators. Effectiveness of traffic accident prevention through traffic safety
education program is approximately 93%. In terms of social benefits, it shows more than $12 billion Even
though the effectiveness of traffic safety education program represents remarkable results, but this program is
made for traffic violators who have already committed traffic offenses in the past. So in order to prevent traffic
violations in advance, specific education program for potentially risky drivers is necessary.
Prediction Models for Sliding Wear of AA3003/Al2O3 CompositesIJERA Editor
In the present work, the AA3003/Al2O3 metal matrix composites were manufactured at 10% and 30% volume
fractions of Al2O3. The composites were wear tested at different levels of normal load, sliding speed and sliding
distances. The microstructure of worn surfaces pertaining to AA3003/ Al2O3 composite reveals the fracture of
AA3033 alloy matrix as well as the detachment of Al2O3 particles from the matrix.
Design of Digital Adder Using Reversible LogicIJERA Editor
Reversible logic circuits have promising applications in Quantum computing, Low power VLSI design,
Nanotechnology, optical computing, DNA computing and Quantum dot cellular automata. In spite of them
another main prominent application of reversible logic is Quantum computers where the quantum devices are
essential which are ideally operated at ultra high speed with less power dissipation must be built from reversible
logic components. This makes the reversible logic as a one of the most promising research areas in the past few
decades. In VLSI design the delay is the one of the major issue along with area and power. This paper presents
the implementation of Ripple Carry Adder (RCA) circuits using reversible logic gates are discussed.
Growth and Characterization of Morpholium Cadmium Acetoperchlorate Single Cry...IJERA Editor
In the search for novel crystal with promising nonlinear optical properties an attempt is made to grow
morpholium cadmium aceto-perchlorate single crystals. The title compound is synthesized by slow evaporation
technique at room temperature. The powder X-ray diffraction pattern has been recorded and the various planes
of reflections are identified. The transmittance spectrum of the crystal in the UV–Vis region has been obtained.
Using the FTIR spectrum, the vibrational modes of the crystal is analysed and the presence of cadmium in the
crystal is confirmed. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis studies have been done to
assess the thermal stability of the grown crystal. The dielectric measurement for the crystal is carried out in the
range of 50 Hz to 5 MHz for three different temperatures 40ºC, 80ºC and 120ºC to study the electrical nature of
the grown crystal. The nonlinear optical property of the grown crystal is confirmed
The Influence of the Resonant Frequency on the Presence Of Chimera StateIJERA Editor
The Chimera State could be a result of the interaction between the resonant frequency and the synchronization
process in a network of identical oscillators. The target of this paper is to do the numerically investigation of the
chimera occurrence in a model with fifteen metronomes on each swing and two coupled swings Therefore,
changing the value of metronomes oscillation frequency one can observe the level of synchronization between
the two populations of metronomes through the Kuramoto complex order parameter. This analysis was
conducted considering three different values of the connecting spring’s stiffness among the swings. Thus, a
relation between the presence of chimera state and the system resonant frequency was observed
In Aleg, Mauritania, especially in the rural areas where there is no supply of
treated water for drinking and other domestic uses, natural surface water is the only
source. The objective was to assess the water quality of natural sources of water in
the rural areas of the BRAKNA region (in the south-west of the country) using a water
quality index (WQI) for different seasons. A total of 40 samples, that is, 20 in winter
and 20 in summer were collected from different sources for physicochemical analysis,
and a WQI was calculated. Twenty-seven parameters were evaluated (Rrgaonkar and
V. Deshpande et al. 2007).
Follow-up and physicochemical analyzes made it possible to determine the WQI
index. The results obtained show that raw water from Lake Aleg is classified in the
category "Unsuitable" (undesirable).
The overall quality of the waters is strongly influenced by the alternation of
seasons of the year. Correlation analysis showed a perfect correlation between WQI
and water turbidity (r = 0.999). This made it possible to specify the turbidity as a
factor of deterioration in the quality of the lake water
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Seasonal variations in water quality index of sirhind canal passing through m...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Suitability Assessment of Shallow Groundwater of a Typical Coastal Aquifers f...iosrjce
Shallow Groundwater of a coastal aquifer has been intensively used as a source of water for
irrigation farming in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. To assess the usability of this water for irrigation use,
twenty locations at buguma city were mapped out and five water wells were sampled for each location using
Simple random sampling technique. Each sample was analyzed for the cations(magnesium(Mg2+), sodium(Na+
),
potassium(K+
),calcium(Ca2+)),anion(nitrate ion(N03
-
)), trace elements(cadmium(Cd), iron(Fe), and zinc(Zn)and
other phsico-chemical parameters(Salinity(SI), electric conductivity(EC) and pH) adopting standard methods.
Based on the analyzed parameters, irrigation water quality parameters (RSC, SAR, %Na and %MR) and
indexes(Kelly index(KI), Permeability Index(PI) and the Canadian water quality index(CWQI)) were calculated
.To assess the usability of the shallow groundwater, results of the Water quality index models and other
calculated irrigation parameters were compared with the standards. On the average, virtually all the sampling
locations except Ombu, Igba and Jackreech were unsuitable for irrigation use.
Seasonal Variability and Behavior of Hydrographic and Nutrient Parameters in ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Water is a unique natural resource among all sources available on earth. It plays an important role in economic development and the general well-being of the country. This study aimed at using the application of water quality index in evaluating the ground water quality innorth-east area of Jaipur in pre and post monsoon for public usage. Total eleven physico–chemical characteristics; total dissolved solids, total hardness,chloride, nitrate, electrical conductance, sodium, fluorideand potassium, pH, turbidity, temperature) were analyzed and observed values were compared with standard values recommended by Indian standard and World Health Organization. Most of parameter show higher value than permissible limit in pre and post monsoon. Water quality index study showed that drinking water in Amer (221.58,277.70), Lalawas (362.74,396.67), Jaisinghpura area (286.00,273.78) were found to be highly contaminated due to high value of total dissolved solids, electrical conductance, total hardness, chloride, nitrate and sodium.Saipura (122.52, 131.00), Naila (120.25, 239.86), Galta (160.9, 204.1) were found to be moderately contaminated for both monsoons. People dependent on this water may prone to health hazard. Therefore some effective measures are urgently required to enhance the quality of water in these areas.
ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY OF GODAVARI RIVER AT NASHIK, MAHARASHTRA, INDIAIAEME Publication
Godavari is the second largest river in India. It originates from Triambakeswar, Nashik, Maharashtra and finally discharges into the Bay of Bengal near Narasapuram in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. The study covers about 24 km of river starting from Gangapur dam to Dasak village. Fifteen locations were selected for collection of water samples from the river and water samples were analysed for water quality parameters. It was observed that untreated or partially treated sewage alongwith industrial wastewater is entering into the river at twelve prominent locations in the study stretch. This data was used to compute the value of National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index(NSFWQI), mostly applicable in USA and India. The results of NSFWQI of Godavari river indicates that its water quality as ‘Good’ (70-90) from Gangapur dam to Someshwar, ‘Bad’ (25-50) from Aanadwalli bridge to Samtanagar and ‘Very bad’ (0-25) at Agartakli STP downstream.
Assessment of Water Quality Status of Godavari river around process industrie...ijtsrd
The water quality was assessed by monitoring various physico-chemical parameters like temperature, pH, hydrogen sulphide, total dissolved solids (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), sulphate, oil and grease and chloride (Cl-). The assessed quality of intake water and effluent water after treatment was studied. The treated waste water quality was compared with the permissible standards prescribed by Telangana State Pollution Control Board (TSPCB) and found well within the limits. This water could be successfully utilized for irrigation and horticulture purposes. Dr. Suresh Shukla | Prof. Dr. M. A. Singaracharya"Assessment of Water Quality Status of Godavari river around process industries at Manuguru, Telangana State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10880.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/10880/assessment-of-water-quality-status-of-godavari-river-around-process-industries-at-manuguru-telangana-state/dr-suresh-shukla
Perspective Study on Ground Water in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradeshiosrjce
This article is a deal with the study of East Godavari District There is a need for study the ground
water in the district. The information helps the planners, hydrologists, Geologists, Geographers and researchers
for better planning and management of underground water data whenever it is required. So for this a study is
made on the basis of secondary data form internet and water board survey reports from three decades, This
helps in decision making based on the information of ground water as a resource in East Godavari District. A
series of information has been considered and highlighted for the uses.
The objective of this study is to assess the hydrography in the lentic and lotic ecosystems. According to this study, the Water Quality Index of lentic ecosystem is highest in the Kukkarahalli lake (106.32), followed by Karanji lake (97.42), Varuna lake (95.73) and lowest in the Kamana lake (94.62). The Water Quality Index of lotic ecosystem (Kavery river) is highest in the Sangama (99.33), followed by Snanghat (96.40), Chandravana (93.05) and lowest in the Paschimavahini (90.48). So, the Water Quality Index of lentic ecosystem is higher than the loticecosystem in general. This indicates that, the water quality of standing water is deteriorated more than the running water
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Trace Analysis of Driver Behavior on Traffic Violator by Using Big Data (Traf...IJERA Editor
This study aims to prove the effectiveness of traffic safety education program for traffic violators. Traffic
violators who finished the traffic safety education programs were tracked down. In order to analyze the
effectiveness of traffic safety education program, traffic violator’s data during ten-year period were used. This
study analyzed how traffic violators changed their attitudes about traffic law abidance. Also predicted social benefits from traffic
safety education program for traffic violators. Effectiveness of traffic accident prevention through traffic safety
education program is approximately 93%. In terms of social benefits, it shows more than $12 billion Even
though the effectiveness of traffic safety education program represents remarkable results, but this program is
made for traffic violators who have already committed traffic offenses in the past. So in order to prevent traffic
violations in advance, specific education program for potentially risky drivers is necessary.
Prediction Models for Sliding Wear of AA3003/Al2O3 CompositesIJERA Editor
In the present work, the AA3003/Al2O3 metal matrix composites were manufactured at 10% and 30% volume
fractions of Al2O3. The composites were wear tested at different levels of normal load, sliding speed and sliding
distances. The microstructure of worn surfaces pertaining to AA3003/ Al2O3 composite reveals the fracture of
AA3033 alloy matrix as well as the detachment of Al2O3 particles from the matrix.
Design of Digital Adder Using Reversible LogicIJERA Editor
Reversible logic circuits have promising applications in Quantum computing, Low power VLSI design,
Nanotechnology, optical computing, DNA computing and Quantum dot cellular automata. In spite of them
another main prominent application of reversible logic is Quantum computers where the quantum devices are
essential which are ideally operated at ultra high speed with less power dissipation must be built from reversible
logic components. This makes the reversible logic as a one of the most promising research areas in the past few
decades. In VLSI design the delay is the one of the major issue along with area and power. This paper presents
the implementation of Ripple Carry Adder (RCA) circuits using reversible logic gates are discussed.
Growth and Characterization of Morpholium Cadmium Acetoperchlorate Single Cry...IJERA Editor
In the search for novel crystal with promising nonlinear optical properties an attempt is made to grow
morpholium cadmium aceto-perchlorate single crystals. The title compound is synthesized by slow evaporation
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The Influence of the Resonant Frequency on the Presence Of Chimera StateIJERA Editor
The Chimera State could be a result of the interaction between the resonant frequency and the synchronization
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Expectations for Electronic Debate Platforms as a Function of Application DomainIJERA Editor
Electronic debate (or commenting) platforms are used with many types of online applications, as a way to
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both types of such applications, and therefore surveys can be designed to gauge reliably subtle differences
between expectations and properties of these domains. Based on over 1000 responses to surveys described here,
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Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are metals that "remember" their original shapes. SMAs are useful for such things
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Algorithmic Aspects of Vertex Geo-dominating Sets and Geonumber in GraphsIJERA Editor
In this paper we study about x-geodominating set, geodetic set, geo-set, geo-number of a graph G. We study the
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Finite Element Modeling for Effect of Fire on Steel Structure: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Fire performance of structural steel at elevated temperature includes the study of steel frame subjected to fire.
Also the effect of stress strain temperature on the fire performance of structural steel should be observed. The
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the effects of stress–strain relationships on the fire performance of steel frame exposed to uniformly increasing
temperature when steel is unprotected and protected with concrete using FEM.
Assessment the Limit of Steel Core Area in the Encased Composite ColumnIJERA Editor
This study has been carried out to evaluate the method of design of the composite column of reinforced concrete
and steel structural sections in the international Codes. Studying and verifying the limit of the ratio of steel
section area to total gross section area is the important aim of this research. AISC, 2005 was specifying this limit
by 1.0%. Various ratios of steel core area to total gross section area were studied along with rang of concrete
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gross section area (As
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ultimate capacity of the complete composite section (Pys/P0). The new ratio takes into account the effect of
relative strength between steel and concrete. The proposed limit for (Pys/P0) is between (25%) to (30%).
Experimental Analysis of Open, Simple and Modified Greenhouse Dryers for Dryi...IJERA Editor
Drying using burning of fossil fuels and open sun drying are traditional way to dry crops, fruits, vegetables etc.
But there are some disadvantages associated with them such as crops are affected by dirt and other impurities.
To overcome the problems associated with open sun drying and drying using burning of fossil fuels, solar
greenhouse drying is found out to be the best alternative. In present work the performance of simple and
modified greenhouse dryer is evaluated and effort is made to increase the drying rate of greenhouse dryer which
has been achieved in modified greenhouse dryer with inclined roof. Total weight of potato flakes was reduced
by 80.1 % in modified greenhouse dryer in just 5 hours whereas it took 6 hours in simple greenhouse dryer for
achieving nearly same values
A Review on Digital Dental Radiographic Images for Disease Identification and...IJERA Editor
Nowadays a research on dental disease is very helpful in the clinical sections for automatic interpretation of
disease within less time and with more accurate results. The objective is to study and identify types of teeth
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difficulties in defining objective such as it is difficult to interpret diseases because there are very minute
variations in X-rays, Poor image quality representation and segmentation of each teeth in radiographic image
Assessment of physicochemical and bacteriological drinking water quality of d...IJERA Editor
Water is essential to sustain the life. Water samples have collected from a different urban area of H. D. Kote
town of Mysore district from different sources such as hand pump, public taps, and stored household drinking
water. Physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of the water samples were analysed following the
standard methods to evaluate the quality of drinking water. All physic-chemical parameters are within the
permissible limit to WHO. The microbiological analysis shows that that t nearly 53 % of the samples were
observed with coliform contamination. The significant difference among water sources regarding total plate
count was observed, where stored household water has relatively higher compared to tap and borewell water
exceeding the standard limit. Both hand pump and the tap water were not detected with any E. coli
contamination whereas 80% of the household stored water samples have shown E. coli contamination. The
presence of significant counts of coliforms in stored household water indicates post poor sanitation and
existence of human activities. Attention should be given to the collection, storage, and management by
additional treatment to maintain and prevent excessive microbial growth
Evaluation Of The Level Of Compliance Of Cost Approach To Valuation To Provis...IJERA Editor
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With recent focus of the world on environment, this paper tries to evaluate the level of compliance of this model
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became obsolete functionally. Therefore, it was decided to identify the cause of failure of the structural element
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detailing or defects during construction. This study dealt with the analysis of existing structural member for its
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details of the As built basement raft in terms of dimensional parameters, noted on site as well as quality
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Climatology Applied To Architecture: An Experimental Investigation about Inte...IJERA Editor
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Engineering Applied to the Environment (CCEAMA), School of Engineering of São Carlos (EESC-USP). The
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change during operation, the outlet temperatures will also change. In the present paper, a simple approximate
linear model has been proposed to predict the outlet temperatures of a double tube heat exchanger, considering it
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available in the literature to justify the basis for the assumption of a linear approximation. Comparisons of the
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literature. The assumptions of linear variation of outlet temperatures with the inlet temperature of one fluid
(keeping other inlet parameters fixed) is very well justified and hence the model can be employed for the
analysis of double tube heat exchangers.
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above methods are used to enhance the transconductance which gets decreased.
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section. Standard size and shapes of specimen s are casted with combination of RCC with and without steel
fibers. Percentage of FRC is varied from 0.5% to 1.5% in RCC specimen. Elastic behavior of the specimen
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Ma...ijtsrd
Water pollution is one of the major global environmental problems. It is an acute problem almost in all major rivers and water reservoirs in India. Water pollution is increasing and becoming severe day by day and posing a great risk to human health and other living organisms. There is growing concern on the deterioration of ground water quality due to geogenic and anthropogenic activities. Present investigation aims at insight about the level of contaminants of surface water, groundwater and sediment analysis of selected rivers of Krishna River located in Mahuli and Urmodi river located in Nagthane, Satara district. An attempt has been made to assess the water quality, sediment analysis of the samples. Dissolved oxygen content of the water samples was observed quite well in limits such as in Krishna river Mahuli DO was 27.68mg L and in Urmodi river Nagthane was13.68mg .In the present study, COD value was observed by 720mg l at surface water of Krishna River Mahuliand 1320 mg l at surface water sample of Urmodi river Nagthane. As expected groundwater samples showed values of hardness within a limit. There is an urgent need for more representative samples to be used to go beyond preliminary assessment as reported in the present study for making appropriate recommendations. Pallavi Dhekale | Pranjal Nikam | Sagar Dadas | Chetana Patil "Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Maharashtra" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28062.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/medicinal-chemistry/28062/water-quality-and-sediment-analysis-of-selected-rivers-at-satara-district-maharashtra/pallavi-dhekale
A Study on Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Borewell Water In Sugar Town, ...IJERA Editor
Groundwater is a natural resource for drinking water .In addition to the population growth, urbanization and industrialization also extend the demand of water. Providing safe drinking water supply to the ever growing urban and sub-urban population is going to be a challenge to the civil authorities, city planners, policy makers and environmentalists. Groundwater is a major source of drinking water in both urban and rural areas of Mandya. Mandya city is rapidly raising population, changing lifestyle and intense competition among users- agriculture, industry and domestic sectors is driving the groundwater table lower. Besides, discharge of untreated wastewater through bores and leachate from unscientific disposal of solid wastes also contaminate groundwater, thereby reducing quality of fresh water resources.
The present work is aimed at assessing the water quality index for the ground water samples of Sugar town, Mandya city. The groundwater samples of about 40 samples were collected and subjected for a comprehensive physicochemical analysis. The purposes of this investigation are to provide an overview of present ground water quality for the following 12 parameters such as pH, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, total dissolved solids, iron, fluoride, alkalinity are to be considered for calculating the WQI. The results are analyzed by WQI method for predicting water quality. Water Quality Index (WQI) is a very useful and effective way for assessing the quality of water. WQI is a very useful tool for communicating the information on overall quality of water.
Lake Water Quality Indexing To Identify Suitable Sites For Household Utility:...IJERA Editor
Water management practices need a fresh look in order to avoid water crisis in the next two decades. This
essentially requires looking for proper management practices for growing economy and population. The water
resources of the Lake basins remain almost constant while demand of water for various purposes is increasing.
Water pollution as a corollary of accelerated industrial growth has drawn concerns over public health and
environment. Water is required for different purposes like domestic, agricultural, hydro-power, navigation,
recreation, etc. Utilization in all these diverse uses of water should be optimized and an awareness of water as a
inadequate resource should be fostered. Water quality index (WQI) is precious and unique rating to depict the
overall water quality status in appropriate treatment technique to meet the concerned issues. This paper
elaborates on the WQI concepts and current scenario of Jambhulwadi Lake which will help in future as natural
potable groundwater resource. It also focuses on case scenario of calculating WQI using Weighted Arithmetic
Water Quality Index an example dataset. The quality of water way to evaluate by testing various physicochemical
parameters such as pH, Temperature, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS),Alkalinity Total Hardness,
Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD),Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Nitrites,
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Survey and analysis of underground water of five villages of tripura, indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract The present study emphasizes on the survey and assessment of groundwater quality, sources of ground water contamination, variation of groundwater quality and which will be further purified with the use of nanomaterials. The bases for groundwater quality assessment are underground water (tube-well) and representative monitoring network enabling determination of chemical status of the underground water (tube-well). For this study, water samples were collected from 5 tube wells representing the area of 5 villages (Golaghati, Takarjala, Jampui, Mandwi, and Simna) of Tripura (India). The water samples were analyzed for physico -chemical parameters like Total Dissolved Solid, Total Hardness, Iron, Chloride, Calcium, Magnesium etc using standard techniques in the laboratory and compared with the standards. The results obtained in this study and the Association rules will be helpful for monitoring and managing presence of heavy metals in underground water in the modern research area in terms of water quality. The parameters: pH, TDS, Total hardness and content of Iron, Chloride, Calcium, Magnesium and BOD were studied and compared with the standard values prescribed by ICMR, WHO, APHA and ISU/BIS. The present investigation revealed that the quality of water of a source slightly varies from area to area tube wells but was found that the underground water samples are fit for drinking and utility purpose. Keywords: Water, Total Hardness, Iron, Calcium, Magnesium.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
APPRAISAL OF GROUND WATER CHARACTERISTICS AND WATER QUALITY INDEX OF RICH IRO...AM Publications
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
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• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
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• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
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Water Quality Index for Assessment of Rudrasagar Lake Ecosystem, India
1. Joyanta pal et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 2) January 2016, pp.98-101
www.ijera.com 98|P a g e
Water Quality Index for Assessment of Rudrasagar Lake
Ecosystem, India
Joyanta pal1
, Dr. Manish Pal2
, Dr.Pankaj Kr. Roy3
and Dr. Asis Mazumdar4
1
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Agartala, India
2
Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Agartala, India
3
Associate Professor, School of Water Resource Engineering, Jadavpur University, India
4
Director & Professor, School of Water Resource Engineering, Jadavpur University, India
ABSTRACT: Water quality of lakes, rivers and reservoirs in developing countries like India is being degraded
because of the contaminated inflows and surrounding influence. There is a serious need for appropriate water
quality monitoring for future planning and management of Lake and other type of water resources. Quality of
water in Rudrasagar Lake, Tripura, India has been investigated in this paper. Water Quality Index (WQI) was
applied in Rudrasagar Lake India using water quality parameters like pH, Turbidity, Conductivity, Hardness,
Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Nitrate. Based on the importance of the
parameter for aquatic life the relative weight is assigned to each water quality parameter ranged from 1 to 4.
Tests were performed on site using electronic measuring device as well as on Laboratory with samples of water
collected from different locations of Rudrasagar Lake. It shows that water quality of Rudrasagar Lake falls
within the ‗good water‘ category but marginally. Continuous monitoring of Rudrasagar lake is suggested for
proper management.
Keywords: Water Quality Index (WQI), Rudrasagar Lake, aquatic life.
I. INTRODUCTION
The lakes and rivers contribute a lot to human
welfare. Lakes and Rivers are the major source of
water in several countries all over the world. Lakes
have a great significance environmentally due to
various reasons such as (i) sources of water for
surface and groundwater recharge and discharge (ii)
act as flood control and stream flow maintenance,
(iii) recreation—education, boating, swimming etc,
(iv) pisciculture, (v) wildlife habitat, especially fishes
and birds, (vi) emergency water supply for
firefighting and (vii) rain water harvesting. Today the
lakes and reservoirs are in varying degrees of
environmental degradation, due to encroachments,
eutrophication(from domestic and industrial
effluents) and silt. There has been a quantum jump in
population during the last century. But civic facilities
were not build at par .As a result lakes and reservoirs
became dustbin. Most urban and rural lakes have
deteriorated or vanished under this pressure with
worldwide environmental concerns [1]. However, in
those lakes that could tolerate, drinking water supply
is either substantially reduced or is non-potable, flood
absorption capacity impaired, biodiversity threatened
and there is diminished fish production. The main
reasons which resulted in impaired conditions of the
lakes may be categorized into two classes namely, (a)
pollutants entering from fixed point sources (viz.,
nutrients from wastewater, from municipal and
domestic effluents; organic, inorganic and toxic
pollutants from industrial effluents and storm water
runoff) (b) pollutants entering from non-point sources
(viz., nutrients through fertilizers, toxic pesticides and
other chemicals, mainly from agriculture runoff;
organic pollution from human settlements spread over
the periphery of the lakes and reservoirs).
Rudrasagar Lake is one of the important lake of
northeastern part of India. In recent years the lake is
also under the capture of civilization resulting
deterioration of water body. So to indentify the level
of degradation of Lake water , Water quality index
(WQI) can be used which is based on aggregate data
on water quality parameters. The water quality index
(WQI) may also be used in relation to the sustainable
management. In an aquatic ecosystem like
Rudrasagar Lake water quality is determined by
various factors [2].
There are a number of methods to analyze water
quality data that vary depending on informational
goals, the type of samples, and the size of the
sampling area. Research in this area has been
extensive, as indicated by the number of methods
proposed or developed for classification, modeling
and interpretations of monitoring data. One of the
most effective ways to communicate information on
water quality trends is by use of the suitable indices
[3]. Indices are based on the values of various
physico-chemical and biological parameters in a
water sample. The use of indices in monitoring
programs to assess ecosystem health has the potential
to inform the general public and decision-makers
about the state of the ecosystem. This approach can
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 2) January 2016, pp.98-101
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also help to pro-vide a benchmark for evaluating
successes and failures of management strategies at
improving water quality [4]. It will indicate what
actions should be modified. Numerous studies on
water quality assessment have been made, using
WQIs. Initially Horton [5] proposed the application
of WQI and after that various methods for the
calculation of WQI‘s have been developed. The
objective of the present work is to apply the WQI tool
to evaluate the water quality of Rudrasagar Lake
during the year 2013. The Rudrasagar lakes water
may be used as one of the main water sources for the
surrounding people.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Description of the Study Sites
Rudrasagar Lake were studied which is located
in the Melaghar of Sonamura Sub-Division of
Sipahijala district. The lake forms a geographical area
of 2.4 km2
and situated at a distance of about 52 km
from Agartala, the state capital of Tripura, India. The
lake is situated in between 23° 29‘ 00‖ N and 90° 01‘
00‖ E.
The Rudrasagar lake is a natural sedimentation
reservoir, which receives flow from three perennial
streams namely Kemtalicherra, Noacherra and
Durlanaraya cherra .After settling the sediment from
the received flow, clear water discharges into the
river Gumati through a connective channel namely
Kachigang. The lake bed has been formed by silt
deposition. Surrounding hillocks are of soft
sedimentary formation. Annual rainfall is of the order
of 2500 mm. Spread over the months of June to
September with 4/5 flood peaks. Substantial base
flow in streams rounds the year. The soil in lake area
is silty clay loam to clay loam. Lake water depth
varies from 2 m to 9m. Fluctuation in water level
varies from EL 9m to 16m.The downstream area of
the lake is 688 ha with a temperature variation from
370
C to 50
C and rainfall during May 15 to October
15. The area grows initially based on fishing as main
form of livelihood. Later on agricultural activity also
started including application of pesticides and
fertilizers that drained directly or indirectly to the
lake. Besides brick kilns also developed in the area.
2.2 Sampling Details and Analysis:
The data recording station is selected mainly
through the water navigable areas. Some samples
were collected to measure in Laboratory. Some of the
water quality parameters have been measured in situ
using Multi-parameter water quality checker
instruments. The water quality devices have been
duly calibrated before the onsite measurements.
Figure 1. Rudrasagar Lake area showing sampling
stations.
2.3. Application of the WQI
This study is an effort to assess the water quality
of Rudrasagar Lake, Tripura, India. For this purpose,
eight water quality parameters have been selected
which are: pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Turbidity,
Conductivity, Hardness, Alkalinity, Biochemical
Oxygen Demand and Nitrate. Values used for each
parameter are the mean value of different points
measured under this study. In the formulation of
WQI, the importance of various parameters depends
on the intended use of water. Water quality
parameters are studied from the point of view of
suitability for human consumption. The standards
values of various parameters for the drinking water
used in this study are those recommended by the
WHO [6] and BIS[7]. The calculation and
formulation of the WQI involved the following steps:
Firstly, each of the ten parameters has been
assigned a weight (AWi) ranging from 1 to 4
depending on the collective expert opinions taken
from different previous studies. The mean values for
the weights of each parameter along with the
references used are shown in Table 2. Here, the
greatest weight assigned to parameter that has major
importance in water quality assessment, while the
smallest weight assigned to that parameter that may
not be harmful. However, a relative weight of 1 was
considered as the least significant and 4 as the most
significant.
In the second step, the relative weight (RW) was
calculated by using the following equation:
RW = ……….. ……..(1)
where, RW = the relative weight, AWi = the assigned
weight of each parameter, n = the number of
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parameters. The calculated relative weight (RW)
values of each parameter are given in Table 3.
In the third step, a quality rating scale (Qi) for all
the parameter except pH and DO was assigned by
dividing its concentration in each water sample by its
respective standard according to the drinking water
guideline recommended by WHO[6], or the BIS
drinking water standards [7], the result was then
multiplied by 100.
Qi = x100 …………….(2)
Qph,do = x100 ………….(3)
where, Qi = the quality rating, Ci = value of the water
quality parameter obtained from the laboratory
analysis, Si = value of the water quality parameter
obtained from recommended WHO or BIS standard
of corresponding parameter, Vi = the ideal value
which is considered as 7.0 for pH and 14.6 for DO.
Equations (2) and (3) ensures that Qi = 0 when a
pollutant is totally absent in the water sample and Qi
= 100 when the value of this parameter is just equal
to its permissible value. Thus the higher the value of
Qi is, the more polluted is the water.
Finally, for computing the WQI, the sub indices (SIi)
were first calculated for each parameter, and then
used to compute the WQI as in the following
equations:
SIi = RW X Qi ………….………………… (4)
WQI = ……………..(5)
The computed WQI values could be
classified as given in table 1.
Table 1. Classification of WQI values for human
consumption.[15]
WQI range Water type
<50 Excellent
50.1 - 100 Good water
100.1 – 200 Poor water
200.1 - 300 Very poor water
>300.1 Unfit for drinking
Table 2. Assigned weight values adopted from the
literature.[16]
Parameters Reference No Mean
value
3 8 9 1
0
11 1
2
1
3
1
4
pH (pH unit) 4 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 2.1
DO (mg/L) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.0
Turbidity
(NTU) 2 2 2 - - 4 - 2 2.4
Conductivity
(μS/cm) 2 4 2 - 1 4 4 2 2.7
Hardness
(mg/L) 1 1 1 - 1 1 2 1 1.1
Alkalinity
(mg/L) 1 1 - - - 3 1.7
BOD (mg/L) 3 3 3 2 3 3 4 3 3.0
NO3 (μg/L) - 2 - 3 2 2 - 2 2.2
Table 3. Relative weight of the water quality
parameters.
Parameters
Water
quality
standard
Assign
ed
weight
(AW)
Relative
weight
(RW)
pH (pH unit)
6.5-
8.5(8.0) 2.1 0.109375
DO (mg/L) 5 4.0 0.208333
Turbidity(NTU) 5 2.4 0.125
Conductivity(μS/cm) 250 2.7 0.140625
Hardness(mg/L) 100 1.1 0.057292
Alkalinity(mg/L) 100 1.7 0.088542
BOD (mg/L) 3 3.0 0.15625
NO3 (μg/L) 50 2.2 0.114583
Total 19.2 1
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Descriptive statistics for all water quality
parameters examined are shown in Table 4. It was
observed from the computed WQI that the average
value is 99.53 for the year 2013 and therefore can be
categorized into ―Good water‖ as per Table No 1 but
marginally.
In order to reach a better view on the causes of
nearly deteriorated water quality in the Rudrasagar
lake water, selected results from the determination of
water quality parameters are discussed below.
The results of pH varied from 6.2 to 9.0,
indicating that the water samples are almost neutral to
sub-alkaline in nature.
The observed average DO concentration level of
6.5 mg/L complies with WHO standards and is
considered good to sufficient for human consumption
and most aquatic biota. Lake waters are till not
polluted much as most of the cases BOD value is less
than 3 mg/L. Turbidity is widely concerned as an
important parameter for drinking water. However, the
observed values are not within the permissible level
recommended by the WHO for drinking water.
Table 4. Statistical summary of Rudrasagar Lake
water quality data.
Parameters Min Max Mean
pH (pH unit) 6.2 9 7.6
DO (mg/L) 4.26 8.6 6.5
Turbidity(NTU) 6 25 10
Conductivity(μS/cm) 62 115 78
Hardness(mg/L) 67 91 73.3
Alkalinity(mg/L) 102 207 135
BOD (mg/L) 1.21 4.1 2.3
NO3 (μg/L) 70 112 78
IV. CONCLUSION
The calculated Water Quality Index suggests that
water quality of Rudrasagar lake was marginally
good in the year 2013. Measured Turbidity exceeds
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ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 2) January 2016, pp.98-101
www.ijera.com 101|P a g e
frequently from its permissible value and mainly
responsible for lowering the quality index. Regular
study of such water quality index parameter may
guide the authority for taking proper strategy to
implement the corrective measures. Finally, it can be
concluded that the lake is at the verge of degradation
and preventative measures is to be taken by the
appropriate authorities.
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