Erythema nodosum
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Erythema nodosum is an inflammatory skin disorder causing tender red nodules, usually on the lower legs, in response to antigenic stimuli or infections like streptococcus. It is caused by hypersensitivity reactions, certain medications, pregnancy, or underlying conditions like sarcoidosis or leukemia. The nodules begin as red and tender before becoming hard and painful over 1-2 weeks, and investigations may include throat cultures, chest x-rays, or biopsies depending on suspected causes. Treatment focuses on symptomatic relief with anti-inflammatory medications, and the condition is usually self-limiting.
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Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome Made Very Easy
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types of scleritis and episcleritis are also eplained in these slides. such as diffuse and nodular types of episclera, necrotizing and non-necrotizing types of anterior scleritis, posterior sleritis.
there etiologies. complications, investigations and treatment are also explained in detail.
disorder of skin viji.pptx
The document discusses various skin disorders in children. It covers layers of the skin, functions of skin, types of primary and secondary skin lesions, and classifications of skin infections including bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic. Specific conditions are described such as impetigo, cellulitis, warts, ringworm, scabies and their signs, causes, and management. Diagnostic evaluation involves medical history, physical examination, skin scrapings, cultures and treatment includes antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals and ointments.
Cellulites [ compatibility mode].pptx
This document provides tips for using a PowerPoint presentation on cellulitis. It recommends:
1. Freely editing, modifying, and adding your name to the presentation.
2. Not worrying about the number of slides, as half are blank except for titles.
3. Showing blank slides first to elicit student responses before providing information.
4. Repeating this process of blank slide then information slide at the end for active learning.
5. Using this approach over three revisions for effective self-study as well.
6. Checking the notes for bibliography references.
dermatology.Bact .inf 5th.(dr.ali)
Dr. Ali El-ethawi provides an overview of common bacterial skin infections. He discusses the normal skin flora and how changes can allow infections to occur. The most common bacteria that cause skin infections are Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, which can result in issues like impetigo, cellulitis, and ecthyma. Rarer causes include Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Treatment involves topical or oral antibiotics based on the specific infection as well as treating any predisposing conditions.
Microbiology By Sumayya Naseem
The document provides an introduction to microbiology and classification of microorganisms that can infect the human body and cause disease. It discusses the five major groups of infectious agents: bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and helminthes. For each group, it describes examples of pathogens, how they are classified, and diseases they can cause in the eye, including conjunctivitis, keratitis, uveitis, optic neuritis, and others. It covers morphological classification of bacteria, gram staining, oxygen requirements, as well as viral, fungal, protozoan and parasitic diseases of the eye.
ERYTHEMA MIGRANS- DERMA PG DR STEFI RANI
Erythema migrans (EM) is the most common manifestation of Lyme disease. It begins as a red macule or papule that expands over days to weeks to form a round lesion often with partial central clearing. EM is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi transmitted through the bite of certain infected Ixodes ticks. The diagnosis is made clinically but can be supported by serologic testing showing antibodies to B. burgdorferi. Treatment involves oral antibiotics like doxycycline, amoxicillin, or cefuroxime to cure the infection if caught early.
Urticaria, Angioedema, and Anaphylaxis.pptx
This document provides an overview of urticaria, angioedema, and anaphylaxis. It defines the conditions, describes their pathophysiology as being related to mast cell degranulation and mediator release, and classifies them as acute, chronic, physical, or hereditary. Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approach, differential diagnosis, treatment involving antihistamines and epinephrine, and prevention are discussed. Anaphylaxis is emphasized as a medical emergency requiring immediate epinephrine injection and supportive care.
FEBRILE ILLNESS WITH SKIN RASHES.pptx
This document provides information on different types of rashes that can accompany febrile illness. It begins with an introduction on febrile rashes and their diagnostic approach. It then describes various rash patterns such as maculopapular, vesicular, and urticarial rashes. Specific infectious diseases that can present with rashes like measles, rubella, and scarlet fever are discussed. It concludes by summarizing diagnostic tests and distinguishing features of different febrile rashes.
Measles
A 2-year old boy presents with fever, cough, runny nose and sticky eyes for 4 days. He has now developed a rash around his ears and hairline that is spreading over his body. He is lethargic. Measles is diagnosed based on clinical presentation and history of contact. Measles is highly contagious and caused by an RNA virus. Complications can include encephalitis, eye issues, ear infections and pneumonia. Treatment is supportive with antipyretics, fluids and antibiotics for secondary infections. Prevention involves vaccination at 6-9 months which provides 95% protection.
vaccine pre1.pptx
Measles, mumps, and chickenpox are vaccine-preventable viral diseases. Measles causes respiratory and neurological complications and over 1 million deaths annually worldwide. Chickenpox results in a rash and can lead to pneumonia or encephalitis. Mumps causes parotid gland swelling and can result in meningitis or orchitis. Vaccines exist for all three diseases and have greatly reduced global cases, though outbreaks still occur in unvaccinated populations. Routine childhood immunization is the primary prevention strategy.
Infectious diseases
This document discusses infectious diseases caused by various pathogens. It provides details on common bacterial infections like streptococcal infections and staphylococcal infections. It also discusses viral infections such as measles, rubella, varicella and herpes zoster. Fungal infections and parasitic infections are also summarized. The document concludes with case scenarios and provides analyses to demonstrate recognition of common infectious diseases.
Pink eye
1) Pink eye, also known as conjunctivitis, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva that lines the eyelids and covers the white part of the eye. It can be caused by bacterial, viral, or allergic infections.
2) Common symptoms include redness, itching, tearing, and discharge from the eye. The type of discharge can indicate the cause.
3) Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include antibiotics, antivirals, or antihistamines. More severe cases like chemical injuries or ruptured globes require immediate medical attention.
Skin, Soft Tissue, & Bone Infections Symposia - The CRUDEM Foundation
This is the Skin, Soft Tissue, & Bone Infections Symposia presented in Milot, Haiti at Hôpital Sacré Coeur in 2011. CRUDEM’s Education Committee (a subcommittee of the Board of Directors) sponsors one-week medical symposia on specific medical topics, i.e. diabetes, infectious disease. The classes are held at Hôpital Sacré Coeur and doctors and nurses come from all over Haiti to attend.
Stevens johnson syndrome
Stevens-Johnson syndrome is a severe mucocutaneous reaction typically caused by drugs involving skin and mucous membranes. It begins with flu-like symptoms followed by distinctive target lesions. Complications can include blindness, infections, and death. Treatment focuses on stopping the causative agent, supportive care, corticosteroids, IVIG, and antibiotics for secondary infections.
04 vascular pathology
Inflammatory disorders of the blood vessels, known as vasculitides, can affect arteries, veins, and capillaries through various immunological mechanisms. Three key types are summarized: (1) Large vessel vasculitis like giant cell arteritis typically involves the temporal artery and causes headaches and vision problems. (2) Medium vessel vasculitis such as polyarteritis nodosa involves arteries in organs like the kidneys and skin. (3) Small vessel vasculitis often presents as palpable purpura on the skin such as in Henoch-Schönlein purpura, a type of vasculitis more common in children.
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Skin, Soft Tissue, & Bone Infections Symposia - The CRUDEM Foundation
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This document discusses various cutaneous manifestations of internal diseases. It focuses on cutaneous findings in diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, adrenal disease, and renal disease. Some of the key points discussed include:
1) Skin lesions occur in 30% of patients with diabetes mellitus, including necrobiosis lipoidica, granuloma annulare, diabetic bullae, and acanthosis nigricans. Skin infections are also more common.
2) Hyperthyroidism can cause pretibial myxedema, scleromyxedema, thyroid acropachy, and Graves' dermopathy. Hypothyroidism results in dry skin, hair changes, nail changes, and generalized
Q72.cut t cell lymphom,as
This document discusses primary cutaneous lymphomas, specifically mycosis fungoides. It notes that mycosis fungoides accounts for about 50% of primary cutaneous lymphomas and presents as erythematous patches or plaques on the skin that can progress to tumors or generalized erythema. Diagnosis involves skin biopsy showing atypical lymphocytes in the epidermis and classification using the WHO-EORTC system. Prognosis depends on stage, with patch/plaque stage having the best survival and visceral involvement the worst. Treatment aims to control symptoms and involves skin-directed therapies like phototherapy or topical chemotherapy as well as systemic therapies for advanced disease.
Psoriasis
This document provides an overview of chronic plaque psoriasis, including its incidence, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, complications, classification, investigations, management, and psoriatic arthritis. Some key points are:
- Psoriasis affects 1-2% of the Indian population and has genetic and environmental risk factors.
- It has a Th1-mediated pathogenesis and most commonly presents as well-demarcated, erythematous, scaly plaques on the extensors.
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Phototherapy
Phototherapy uses ultraviolet or visible light for therapeutic purposes. UV radiation is subdivided into UVA, UVB, and UVC wavelengths. UVB is mostly absorbed in the epidermis and causes DNA damage, while UVA can reach deeper and also causes DNA damage. Phototherapy affects mast cells, collagen, keratinocytes, and melanocytes. It is used to treat conditions like psoriasis, vitiligo, and photosensitivity disorders. PUVA combines oral or topical psoralens with UVA exposure. It is commonly used for psoriasis and vitiligo but has several potential short and long term side effects including phototoxicity, photoaging, and increased skin cancer
Pemphigus vulgaris 2017 (1)
This document provides guidelines for the management of pemphigus vulgaris (PV) from the British Association of Dermatologists. It summarizes the key points from literature on PV published between January 2000 and May 2016. The guidelines are intended to help practitioners diagnose and treat PV according to best practices. It covers the clinical presentation of PV, laboratory diagnosis using techniques like histology and direct immunofluorescence, and treatment approaches including corticosteroids and immunosuppressants.
Parasites
This document discusses various parasites that infect humans. It describes ectoparasites like scabies and pediculosis, and endoparasites including protozoa like Leishmania and helminths that cause onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis. Scabies is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei and presents as pruritic burrows and papules. Leishmaniasis is transmitted by sand flies and manifests as cutaneous or visceral lesions. Onchocerciasis results from the filarial worm Onchocerca and may lead to skin changes and blindness, while lymphatic filariasis is caused by Wuchereria b
Nail in systemic diseases
This document provides a review of nail abnormalities associated with systemic diseases. It begins by classifying nail abnormalities into four categories: 1) nail abnormalities less specifically associated with systemic disease, 2) nail abnormalities more specifically associated with systemic disease, 3) nail abnormalities associated with disease of a specific organ system, and 4) nail abnormalities associated with specific syndromes or genodermatoses. Within these categories, the document describes various nail changes and abnormalities and the systemic diseases they may indicate, such as splinter hemorrhages indicating subacute bacterial endocarditis, Muehrcke's lines indicating hypoalbuminemia, and clubbing indicating cardiopulmonary disease.
Lichen planus
Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder of unknown cause that affects less than 1% of the population. It is believed to be immune-mediated and involves CD8+ T cells attacking basal keratinocytes. Clinically, it presents with pruritic, purple, polygonal papules or plaques on the wrists, ankles, lower back and genitals. The diagnosis is made through skin biopsy demonstrating characteristic histopathological features. Topical corticosteroids are the mainstay of treatment, while phototherapy and systemic corticosteroids may be used for more severe or widespread disease.
Lepromatous leprosy
Leprosy is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that is most prevalent in developing countries like India, Brazil, and Indonesia. It is spread through respiratory droplets, skin-to-skin contact, and possibly the gastrointestinal route. Leprosy exists on a spectrum from tuberculoid to lepromatous forms based on immunity and bacterial load. Lepromatous leprosy specifically presents with well-demarcated skin lesions and nodules, facial disfigurement, nasal stuffiness from mucosa invasion, and nerve involvement leading to sensory loss, weakness, and deformities over time if untreated. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, skin smear tests, histology, and treatment involves
Kala azar
The document discusses visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala azar, providing details on its causative parasites, life cycle, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It notes that visceral leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum species, which are transmitted by the bite of the Phlebotomus sand fly. The disease causes irregular bouts of fever, weight loss, enlargement of the spleen and liver, and anemia. Diagnosis involves identifying the amastigote forms of the parasite in aspirates of bone marrow, spleen or liver. Treatment involves pentavalent antimonials or alternatives like milte
Hirsutism
This document discusses hirsutism, defined as excessive male-pattern hair growth in women. It outlines the epidemiology, pathophysiology, causes, evaluation, and treatment of hirsutism. The most common cause is polycystic ovary syndrome. Evaluation involves using the Ferriman-Gallwey score to assess hair growth at nine body sites. Treatment depends on the severity of hirsutism and underlying condition, starting with oral contraceptives, antiandrogens, or direct hair removal methods.
Hair loss
This document provides information about a patient presenting with hair loss. It discusses taking a history of the hair loss including duration, onset, pattern, associated symptoms, medical history, drug history, and family history. It then discusses approaches to examining the scalp and evaluating hair loss including daily hair counts, hair pull tests, trichograms, phototrichograms, and scalp biopsies. Differential diagnoses and causes of hair loss are explored including telogen effluvium, chronic telogen hair loss, alopecia areata, traction alopecia, and androgenetic alopecia. Treatment options for telogen effluvium including minoxidil, dietary supplements, and reassurance are mentioned. Details
Enl
This document provides information about Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (ENL), a type 2 reaction that occurs in patients with multibacillary leprosy with a heavy bacterial load. ENL is characterized by painful, tender red nodules on the skin that can break down and cause ulceration. It can also involve inflammation of nerves, eyes, nose, testes, joints, hands and feet. ENL is caused by an Arthus-type allergic reaction when large numbers of killed leprosy bacteria release antigens. Diagnosis involves clinical examination for skin and nerve lesions as well as slit skin smears and histopathology. Treatment focuses on corticosteroids, NSAIDs, bed rest
Cutneous manif in git
This document summarizes various skin manifestations associated with gastrointestinal, hepatic, pancreatic, and hematological disorders in 3 sentences or less per condition:
Dermatitis herpetiformis presents as itchy chronic papulovesicular eruptions symmetrically on the extensor surfaces with IgA deposits in dermal papillae. Ulcerative colitis can cause pyoderma gangrenosum, pyostomatitis vegetans, and erythema nodosum. Pellagra results from niacin deficiency and causes a photodermatitis over the neck, hands and forearms known as the "gauntlet of pellagra".
Cutaneous manifestations of tb
Cutaneous tuberculosis can occur through either exogenous or endogenous infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis or M. bovis. Clinical manifestations depend on the site of infection, inoculum type, and host immunity. Primary inoculation tuberculosis presents as painless ulcers, while warty tuberculosis presents as indurated warty papules. Endogenous tuberculosis can spread via contiguous sites like in scrofuloderma, or hematogenously like in lupus vulgaris or tuberculids. Diagnosis involves demonstrating acid-fast bacilli or mycobacterial DNA from lesions. Treatment involves standard antitubercular therapy administered via DOTS programs. Multidrug resistant tuberculosis requires prolonged treatment with second-line drugs
Cutaneous manifestation of gi
This document discusses cutaneous manifestations of gastrointestinal diseases, specifically liver diseases and inflammatory bowel diseases. For liver diseases, it describes pigmentary changes like jaundice, vascular changes like spider angiomas, coagulation defects causing bruising, and nail changes like clubbing. Specific conditions like hepatitis B and C can cause various rashes, lichen planus, or necrolytic acral erythema. Inflammatory bowel diseases are associated with conditions directly from the bowel like perianal abscesses, as well as secondary disorders from malnutrition/treatment like anemia or drug eruptions. Erythema nodosum is a common skin manifestation that parallels intestinal disease activity.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis clinical spectrum management
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. It can present as cutaneous, mucocutaneous, diffuse cutaneous, or visceral leishmaniasis depending on the infecting species and extent of involvement. It is transmitted by the bite of infected sand flies. The disease shows a wide geographic distribution and affects millions of people worldwide. Clinical features vary according to the infecting species and form of the disease. Recurrent leishmaniasis and post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) can also occur.
Cutaneous hiv
Cutaneous manifestations are common in HIV patients, occurring in over 90% of cases. They can represent the first signs of HIV infection and have prognostic significance. Skin conditions in HIV patients often present atypically with lesions in unusual sites, atypical morphology, being more extensive or not responding to conventional treatments. Common manifestations include generalized rashes, oral/genital ulcers, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, papulopruritic eruptions, eosinophilic folliculitis, granuloma annulare and various infections like herpes, molluscum, Kaposi sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Dermatologists must have a high index of
Cutaneous drug reactions
Cutaneous drug reactions are adverse skin reactions caused by medications. They range from mild rashes to potentially life-threatening conditions like toxic epidermal necrolysis. Most cutaneous drug reactions are immune-mediated and occur within a few weeks of starting a medication. Management involves promptly withdrawing the offending drug, providing supportive care, and occasionally systemic corticosteroids for more severe reactions to prevent complications and mortality. The prognosis depends on the specific reaction, with mild rashes usually resolving quickly but toxic epidermal necrolysis carrying a high mortality risk without intervention.
Cdc scabies - treatment
Scabies is caused by a mite that burrows under the skin and lays eggs. Treatment involves applying prescription scabicide lotion or cream to all areas of the body from the neck down for the recommended time to kill the mites and eggs. Bedding, clothing, and towels used by infected individuals should be decontaminated. Household members and close contacts who had direct skin contact with the infected person should also be examined and treated at the same time to prevent reinfestation. Itching may continue for several weeks after successful treatment.
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Erythema nodosum
- 1. Shima’a Jaffer Al-Amer 211504748 ERYTHEMA NODOSUM
- 2. What is Erythema Nodosum? • A painful inflammatory disorder in which crops of tender nodules occur in response to antigenic stimuli. • Usually it is limited to the extensor aspects of the lower legs.
- 3. Causes: • Hypersensitivity reaction 1- Infection: Streptcoccus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae 2- certain medication: • Antibiotic e.g. amoxicillin • Sulfonamides • Birth control pills 3- pregnancy 4- sarcoidosis 5- leukemia 6- Ulcerative colitis
- 4. Clinical presentation: 1- At the beginning: * red tender nodules , * poorly Defined border, * vary from 2-6 cm. 2- During the first week: lesions become tense, hard, and painful 3- During the second week: they may become fluctuant, as in an abscess, but do not suppurate or ulcerate. 4- Aching legs and swelling ankles may persist for weeks.
- 5. Investigations: • 1- Throat culture for streptococcus • 2- Chest X-ray sarcoidosis and TB • 3- Skin biopsy for difficult cases
- 8. • ROXBURGH’S, Common Skin Disease, R. MARKS • Medscape • DermNet NZ REFRANCES