Urticaria, commonly known as hives, is a skin rash with pale red, itchy bumps that appear and disappear quickly. It is characterized by transient wheals (swellings) and angioedema (swelling of deeper layers of skin). Urticaria can be caused by allergic reactions, infections, physical stimuli like heat, cold, pressure, or vibrations. It is classified as acute, chronic, physical or contact urticaria. Treatment involves identifying and avoiding triggers, and using antihistamines.

1. Dr. Angelo Smith M.D
WHPL
URTICARIA

2. • Urticaria (from the urtica, "nettle" from urere,
"to burn“) commonly referred to as hives, is a
kind of skin rash notable for pale red, raised, itchy
bumps.

4. Urticaria
Angioedema

5. Urticaria, is characterized by transient, itchy,
elevated edematous wheals or red papules.

6. Wheal
# A central swelling,
surrounded by erythema.
# Itching or burning
sensations
# The wheal disappear
usually within 1-24 h.

7. # Pronounced swelling of the lower
dermis and subcutis.
# Most often found in the lips, eyelids or
genitalia.
# Itching and sometimes pain.
# Resolution can take up to 72h.
# It is associated with urticaria in about
40% of cases.
Angioedema

8. CLASSIFICATION
• Ordinary urticaria- acute , chronic, episodic.
• Physical urticaria
• Angioedema
• Contact urticaria
• Urticarial vasculitis

13. ALLERGIC TRIGGERS
• Acute Urticaria
• Drugs - β-lactam antibiotics,
sulfonamides, aspirin
• Foods - milk, eggs, peanuts, sesame, soy
wheat, shellfish, fish
• Food additives
• Infections
• Insect bites and stings
• Contactants and inhalants
(includes animal dander and latex)
Chronic Urticaria
Physical factors
–cold
–heat
–dermatographic
–pressure
–solar
Idiopathic

14. CHRONIC URTICARIA – COMMON CAUSES

16. HISTAMINE AS A MAST CELL MEDIATOR

18. INFECTIONS
• viral : herpes simplex, hepatitis B,
coxsackie A and B, upper respiratory infections.
• Bacterial - associated with certain infectious foci:
dental caries/abscesses, pharyngitis /tonsillitis, otitis
media, occult abscesses, UTI.
• Parasitic : ascaris, strongyloides, echinococcus,
toxocara, fasciola, filaria, schistosoma.
• Fungal? : candida

20. PHYSICAL URTICARIA
The physical urticarias are characterized by the development of wealing
and itching promptly after application of the appropriate physical
stimulus.
Weals typically fade within 30-60 minutes. The exception is
delayed pressure urticaria when the weals take several hours
to appear after sustained pressure and can last up to 48
hours.

22. Itchy, monomorphic pale or
pink wheals on trunk, neck,
and limbs – after exercise or
a hot shower, spicy food,
under too many covers.
Anything that raises internal
body temperature
Physical urticaria –
cholinergic (STRESS)
Prevalence of 11% in the age group of 16-35 years.

23. Physical urticaria-pressure
Large painful or itchy red
swelling at sites of pressure
(soles, palms, or waist)
lasting 24 hours or more -
application of pressure
perpendicular to skin
produces red swelling after a
latent period of 1 to 4 hours.

24. Physical urticaria - Dermographic
urticaria
Itchy, linear wheals with surrounding bright-red flare at
sites of scratching or rubbing.
# The most frequent form of physical urticaria.
# Affecting mainly young adults
# Mean duration 6.5 years

25. Physical urticaria - Heat
• A rare form of urticaria.
•Induced by direct
contact of the skin with
warm objects or warm
air.
•The eliciting
temperature ranges from
38º C to more than 50 º
C .

26. PHYSICAL URTICARIA- COLD
Itchy pale or red swelling
at sites of contact with
cold surfaces or fluids-
ten minutes application of
an ice pack causes a
wheal within five minutes
of the removal of ice.
ICE CUBE TEST

27. •More frequent in women than men.
•Majority is idiopathic, some can also occur as a result of
infections, neoplasia or autoimmune diseases.
•Infectious: syphilis, measles hepatitis ,mononucleosis, HIV.

28. Lukewarm water immersion of
forearm for Aquagenic urticaria
urtication in aquagenic urticaria; should
not be performed in patients with a
history of aquagenic angioedema or
anaphylaxis

29. CONTACT URTICARIA
Contact urticaria is an important
manifestation of natural rubber latex
allergy.

30. Urticarial Vasculitis

32. LABORATORY ASSESSMENT
 Possible tests for selected patients
 Stool examination for ova
and parasites
 Blood chemistry profile
 Antinuclear antibody titer (ANA)
 Hepatitis B and C
 Skin tests for IgE-mediated
reactions
Initial tests
CBC with differential
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Urinalysis
RAST for specific IgE
Complement studies: CH50
Cryoproteins
Thyroid microsomal antibody
Antithyroglobulin
Thyroid stimulating hormone
(TSH)

36. Skin Prick Test (SPT)

37. Positive reaction

38. THERAPY FOR URTICARIA
• Search for triggers
• treat the treatable causes
• Anti-histamines
• Short-acting (Benadryl, Atarax)
• Long-acting (Claritin, Reactine)
• Corticosteroids
• start around 1 mg/kg/day (single or divided doses)

39. ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER CONDITIONS
• Collagen vascular disease (eg, systemic lupus erythematosus)
• Complement deficiency, viral infections (including hepatitis B
and C), serum sickness, and allergic drug eruptions
• Chronic tinea pedis
• Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)
• Schnitzler’s syndrome