U2. islam & its expansion

1. 2ºESO
IES Camilo José Cela
Teacher: Rocío Bautista

2. • Islam originated in the 7th Century in the Arabian
Peninsula, in an area known as the Near East.
Near East (Oriente Próximo)
• Confluence between Asia & Africa.
It’s in-between:
 Red Sea
 Persian Gulf
 Mediterranean Sea
 Indian Ocean
1.1. Arabia before Muhammad

4. • It’s a desert area.

5. – In the interior  nomadic tribes
(Bedouins) who practised animistic
religions (worship of fetishes: objects
believed to have supernatural powers, usually
natural elements as plants & animals).
– In the coasts  settled tribes who
practised polytheism.
Despite their
differences,
they had 2
things in
common…
•Arabic
language
•Cult of the
Black Stone in
the Kaaba
sanctuary (in
Mecca).
Before Muhammad, Arabia was inhabited by
several independent tribes:

6. Bedouins
The term "Bedouin” comes from the Arabic word “badawi” (‫ي‬ِ‫و‬َ‫د‬َ‫ب‬), and it means "those
in the desert".

7. Sanctuary of the Kaaba (Mecca)
According to the Muslim tradition, the Kaaba was
first built by Adam, but it was destroyed in the
Flood. Later, Abraham rebuild it. Centuries later
men forgot about it significance and began
practicing idolatry in it, until the times of
Muhammad, when it became again the house of
God (Allah).

8. The black stone inside the sanctuary of the Kaaba
(Mecca)
It is said that it was brought by Archangel Gabriel to Abraham: "It descended from
Paradise whiter than milk, but the sins of the sons of Adam made it black.”

9. • The main city in Arabia was Mecca because:
– Location of the Kaaba (pilgrimage place).
– It was a crossroads for the trade caravans that
came from the Far East.

10. • During the 7th Century, Muhammad
brought all these Arab tribes together
under a common religion: ISLAM

11. Activity 1
a) Copy the map of the geographical location of the Arabian
Peninsula (p.28). Include:
– Mediterranean Sea
– Red Sea
– Indian Ocean
– Persian Gulf
b) Write 3 modern countries that can be found today in the Arabian
peninsula.
c) What did they have in common the different tribes that
inhabited the Arabian peninsula in the early 7th Century?
d) Why was the city of Mecca so important?
– Mecca
– Medina (Yathrib)
– Jerusalem
– Egypt

12. Mohammad and the beginning
of Islam (1.2. & 2.1.)
Muhammad is the prophet of ISLAM:
• 570: he was born in Mecca.
• 610: according to the
legend, archangel
Gabriel appeared
before him and told
him to preach a new
religion called ISLAM.

13. • 610 - 622: Muhammad preached Islam in Mecca. He
became enemy of rich merchants & authorities
because Islam denied polytheism, and Mecca’s
wealth was based in the pilgrimage to the Kaaba
which had a polytheistic nature.

14. • 622: Muhammad & his followers escaped from
Mecca to Yathrib (renamed Medina = “City of the
Prophet“). This event is known as HEGIRA, and it’s
taken as the beginning of the Muslim calendar.

15. • 622 – 630: Muhammad lived in Medina, where he
became a political, religious & military leader:
– He created the first community of Muslim believers.
– He organised an army.

16. • 630  He conquered Mecca, and continued the
expansion of Islam across the rest of the Arabian
Peninsula.

17. • 632  Muhammad died having achieved the
unification of the Arabic tribes under a common
political & religious leader.
CONCLUSION: Mohammad had not only
created a new religion... He had also unified
Arabia politically!!!

18. Orthodox
In the map, colour in the territories through which Islam was spread
during Muhammad's life (622-632).
Activity 2. Expansion of Islam

19. a) What is the Hegira?
b) What are the two main achievements of Muhammad?
c) Make a timeline about Muhammad’s life that includes the
following dates. Remember that timelines have to be
proportional:
• 570
• 610
• 622
• 630
• 632
Activity 3

20. 1.3. Islamic religion
• Mohammad is the prophet of ISLAM.
• Its only god is Allah.
• Its sacred book is the Koran.
• Its believers are the Muslims.
• Muslims have to accept the five pillars of Islam.
• Other cultural practices of Muslims are:
– Not drinking alcohol
– Not eating pork
– Not gambling
– Accepting polygamy (not in every Islamic country!!!!)
• Some Muslim countries follow the Islamic law
(“Sharia”).

21. Very few countries
apply the Sharia as
their main legal
system (Saudi
Arabia, Yemen,
Oman, Iraq,
Afghanistan).
Adultery, homosexuality… are condemned to death penalty, for example by stoning.

22. Five pillars of Islam
1) Declaration of faith: there’s no God
but Allah and Muhammad is his
prophet.
2) Prayer: Muslims have to pray 5
times a day facing Mecca.
3) Alms-giving (limosna): give money
to those who need it.
4) Fasting (ayuno): abstain from food
from sunrise to sunset during the
month of Ramadan.
5) Pilgrimage: all Muslims have to go
to Mecca at least once in their life.
The “Hand of Fatima” is used to represent the Five
Pillars of Islam.

23. Activity 4
Draw a Hand of Fatima in your notebook, and
write each pillar in a different finger.
1) Declaration of faith: there’s no God but
Allah and Muhammad is his prophet.
2) Prayer: Muslims have to pray 5 times a
day facing Mecca.
3) Alms-giving (limosna): give money to
those who need it.
4) Fasting (ayuno): abstain from food from
sunrise to sunset during the month of
Ramadan.
5) Pilgrimage: all Muslims have to go to
Mecca at least once in their life.

24. 2. EXPANSION OF ISLAM: the
creation of a great empire
Muhammad’s successors, the caliphs (“successor”),
continued to conquer territories and to expand Islam.
They created a huge empire. 3 stages:
a) ORTHODOX CALIPHATE
b) UMAYYAD CALIPHATE
c) ABBASID CALIPHATE

25. This expansion was possible due to several factors:
• Desire to spread the Islamic faith
• A powerful & organized army
• Desire to obtain war booty
• The weakness of their opponents (Byzantines & Persians where
weakened due to fights between them, so they couldn’t confront the Muslims).
Orthodox

26. In the map, colour in the territories through which Islam was spread
during the Orthodox (632-661) & the Umayyad (661-750) caliphates.
Activity 2. Expansion of Islam (cont.)
Orthodox

27. CALIPHATE
CHRONO
LOGY
WHO WHERE
THE CALIPHS?
CAPITAL
CONQUESTS / EXTENSION
ORTHODOX
Family and
closest friends
of
Muhammad.
Medina
(Saudi
Arabia)
Maximum expansion of the empire:
WEST  North of Africa, Iberian Pen.
EAST  Indus Valley (Pakistan) &
Turkestan (border of China).
The expansion ended (only some
minor conquests: Crete and Sicily).
The Turks took control in 1055, until
the Mongolians conquered Baghdad in
1258.
Activity 5: Stages of the conquest
Copy & complete the chart.

28. TURKS’ (Seljuq) EMPIRE
MONGOL EMPIRE

29. ORGANISATION OF THE EMPIRE:
politics
POLITICALORGANISATION
CALIPH
Had complete political &
religious power.
VIZIER
Like a Prime Minister. Helped
the caliph to govern.
EMIRS / WALIS
Governors of the provinces
(“koras”)
KADIS
Judges that applied the laws
(administered justice)
DIWANS
Royal treasurers that
collected taxes:
- Everyone: according to their owned land
- Non-muslims: to practice their religion

30. ORGANISATION OF THE EMPIRE:
economy
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
AGRICULTURE
Main economic activity
New crops introduced to
Western Europe: rice,
cotton, sugar cane,
saffron, oranges, lemons.
New irrigation systems
(waterwheels, ditches,
wells....) & farming
techniques (terraces)
Nomadic cattle farming in
desert regions: sheep &
camels.
CRAFTWORK
Small workshops
where artisans lived,
worked & sold their
products.
Main crafts:
- Cotton & linen
textiles
- Carpets
- Leather goods
- Perfumes
- Etc…
TRADE
Benefited of its
strategic position
between Europe, the
East & Africa.
Products sold in the
souks (markets of the
cities)
Many luxury products
from distant places
were traded: metals,
silk, spices, salt,
slaves…

31. NEW CROPS INTRODUCED
TO WESTERN EUROPE
Cotton
Oranges &
lemons
Saffron
Rice
Sugar
cane

32. NEW FARMING TECHNIQUES
Irrigation systems:
waterweels, ditches, wells…
Terraces to cultivate on
mountain slopes.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzzSLqPckZM&featu
re=player_embedded#!

33. ORGANISATION OF THE EMPIRE:
economy
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
AGRICULTURE
Main economic activity
New crops introduced to
Western Europe: rice,
cotton, sugar cane,
saffron, oranges, lemons.
New irrigation systems
(waterwheels, ditches,
wells....) & farming
techniques (terraces)
Nomadic cattle farming in
desert regions: sheep &
camels.
CRAFTWORK
Small workshops
where artisans lived,
worked & sold their
products.
Main crafts:
- Cotton & linen
textiles
- Carpets
- Leather goods
- Perfumes
- Etc…
TRADE
Benefited of its
strategic position
between Europe, the
East & Africa.
Products transported
by camel convoys &
boats, and sold in the
souks (markets of the
cities)
Many luxury products
from distant places
were traded: metals,
silk, spices, salt, slaves…

34. CRAFTWORK & TRADE IN THE SOUKS
Leather tanning
in Fez (Morocco)

35. CRAFTWORK & TRADE IN THE SOUKS
Leather goods

36. CRAFTWORK & TRADE IN THE SOUKS
Spices
(Dubai souk)
Saffron
Arabian
food

37. CRAFTWORK & TRADE IN THE SOUKS
Textiles & carpets

38. ORGANISATION OF THE EMPIRE:
society
SOCIAL
ORGANISATION
ARISTOCRACY
- Very small group
- Arab origin.
- A lot of political & economic power 
fortunes & lands from war booties; high
positions in the government.
FREE PEOPLE
(peasants,
artisans &
traders)
MUSLIMS (“Mawali”)
NON-MUSLIMS (“Dhimmis”): Christians &
Jews were free, but had to pay more taxes.
SLAVES
War prisoners or traded from central
Africa.

39. a) What agricultural innovations did the Muslims
introduced to Western Europe?
b) What forced Muslims to develop irrigation techniques?
c) Why was trade an outstanded economic activity for
Muslims?
d) Indicate 5 products that were traded in the Islamic
Empire.
e) What means did the Muslims use to transport the traded
goods?
f) Who were the Mawali and the Dhimmis?
Activity 6

40. City structure

41. The medina (city) was
surrounded by walls.
• Inside the walls is the
medina (divided into
quarters)
• Outside the walls is the
arrabal
• (Marrakech, Morocco)

42. Medina:
• Divided into quarters
• Protected by walls and
gated entrances
• Densely populated with
irregular pattern of
buildings and streets
• Streets were narrow and
winding

43. Public spaces:
Mosque - Islamic place of worship
Souk(s) - commercial quarter / market
Public baths – (hamman) used by everyone in
the city
Fortress (alcazaba) - built on highest part of
medina. Protects the city from enemy attacks
Inside the Medina

44. Mosques • Hassan II Mosque (Casablanca, Morocco)
•Minaretistallestintheworld(210m)
•7thlargestmosqueintheworld
•Holds25,000worshippersinside

46. Souks
Leather, spices, textiles,
jewelry, woodwork, etc.

47. Public baths (hamman)

48. Fortress (alcazaba)
Alhambra, Granada:
palace and fortress
built in the 10th century

49. Houses and their design

50. Few windows, covered with latticework
(celosía)  to keep cool and private.
Centered around a courtyard (interior patio).
Usually 2 floors:
Ground floor: kitchen, living room, store rooms.
1st floor: bedrooms.
Muslim houses

51. Muslim houses
“RIAD”: traditional Muslim
houses. Fez (Morocco).
Courtyard

52. Muslim houses
Living room
Latticework on
a window

53. Define the following words:
• Medina
• Arrabal
• Mosque
• Souk
• Hamman
• Alcazaba
Activity 7