From the Prophet to the Orthodox Caliphate

2. • Muhammad and his followers spread
the beliefs and practices of Islam.
• His successors conquered an empire,
from the Indus Valley westward
including the middle east, northern
Africa and Spain.
• In the seventh century, a split in
Islam created two groups, the Shiite
and the Sunni.

3. • Islam=the religion
• Arab=person from the Arabian
Peninsula
• Muslim=any follower of Islam

4. Geography
• The Arabs came from the Arabian
Peninsula.

5. • The nomadic Arabs moved constantly
to find water.

6. • Arabs organized into tribes, each ruled
by a sheikh chosen from one of the
leading families by a council of elders.

7. • Most Arabs lived as shepherds
some as farmers around oases.

8. • They developed trade routes and towns
along caravan routes.

9. • Caravan trade grew in Mecca.

10. • Class conflict arose as merchants
became super rich and they cared
less for the poorer members of their
tribes.

11. • Class conflict arose as merchants
became super rich and cared less
for the poorer members of their
tribes.

12. Muhammad (570-633)
• A successful caravan merchant
who married the rich Khadija.

13. Muhammad (570-633)
• Began to meditate in the desert after
became troubled over the growing
gap between rich and poor.

14. The Origins of the Qur’an
 Muhammad (570-633)
Traditionally, received his revelations
from the angel Gabriel in the Cave of Hira
in 610.

15. • Most early Arabs had been
polytheistic, tracing their ancestry
back to Abraham.

17. Islam An Abraham
Religion
Mohammed changed to monotheism.
 Same God as Jews and Christians, yet
Muslims call him Allah.
 Muslims accept the Torah, Bible, and
Qur’an as the word of God.

18. C1812 BCE to 1637 BCE
Abraham’s Genealogy
ABRAHAM SARAHHAGAR
Isaac
EsauJacob
12 Tribes of Israel
Ishmael
12 Arabian Tribes

19. Kaaba
• Traditionally, the place
where Adam came out
of Eden.
• Abraham and Ishmael
built the Kaaba at
Mecca.

20. A house of worship whose cornerstone has a
sacred stone, called the Black Stone.

21. The Origins of the Qur’an
 Muhammad (570-633)
His wife Khadja and friend Abu Baker
believed him, yet he had only 30
followers by 622.

22. The Origins of the Qur’an
The rich merchants did not like his
preaching and they drove him out of
Mecca.
622  Hijrah  Muhammed
flees Mecca for Medina.
* The beginning of the
Muslim calendar (1 A.H.)

23. The Origins of the Qur’an
The people of Medina
and desert tribes (bedoins)
joined him.
In 630 Muhammad
conquered Mecca with an
army of 10,000.

24. The Origins of the Qur’an
 He declared the Kaaba the most
sacred shrine to Islam.

25. The Origins of the Qur’an
Two years later he died in Mecca, then rose
to heaven from Jerusalem.
 The Caliph Othman compiled Muhammad’s
revelations into the Qur’an.

27. The Prophet Tradition
Adam
Noah
Abraham
Moses
Jesus
Muhammad

28. The Qur’an
 Muslims believe it contains the
word of God.
 114 suras (chapters).
 Written
in Arabic.

29. The Qur’an
 Muslims memorize the whole book,
which spread literacy.

30. Sharia Law
 Sharia  body of Islamic law to
regulate daily living.
 Sharia is based on the Quran and
the Hadith, a collection of
Muhammad’s saying.

32. 1. The Shahada
1
 The testimony.
 The declaration of faith:
There is no god except Allah,
and Muhammad is his
messenger [or prophet].

33. 2. The Salat
2
 The mandatory prayers
performed 5 times a day:
* dawn
* noon
* late afternoon
* sunset
* before going to bed
 Wash before praying.
 Face Mecca and use a prayer rug

34. 2. The Salat
2
 The call to prayer by the
muezzin in the minaret.
 Pray in the mosque on Friday.

35. 3. The Zakat
3
 Almsgiving (charitable
donations).
About 2.5% of your income.
Christians 20%

36. 4. The Sawm
4
 Fasting during the holy month
of Ramadan.
 No eating or drinking from
sunrise to sunset during
Ramadan.
Yet, they eat huge meals at
night.

37. 5. The Hajj
5
 The pilgrimage to Mecca.
 Must be done at least once in a
Muslim’s lifetime.
 2-3 million Muslims make the
pilgrimage
every
year.

38. 5. The Hajj
5
 Those who complete the
pilgrimage can add the title
hajji to their name.

39. The Dar al-Islam
1 2 3 4 5
The World
of Islam

40. Other Islamic Religious
Practices
 Up to four wives allowed at once,
Mohammed had 11-13 wives total, 5
at a time.


41. Other Islamic Religious
Practices
 He married his favorite wife Aisha
at age 6, and consummated it at age
9.
The daughter of Abu Bakr, she led
armies against his first convert.

42. Ottoman Women
 Better off then .After Mohammed’s
death, she delivered public speeches,
became directly involved in war and
even battles.
She memorized the quran, and
helped both men and women to
understand the practices of
Muhammad.
Veiling became the norm.

43. Other Islamic Religious
Practices
 Up to four wives allowed at once,
Mohammed had 11-13 wives total, 5
at a time.
 No alcohol, gambling, or pork.

44. Other Islamic Religious
Practices
Men should have face hair, women
should be covered (Arab tradition).
 Muslims should bury the dead
within 24 hours.

46. Ottoman Women somewhat
better…
• They could own and inherit property.
• They could not be forced into marriage.
• Sometimes, they could seek divorce.
Women

47. Ottoman Women somewhat
better…
• In a few instances, women even served
as governors of provinces.

48. The Mosque
 The Muslim place of worship.

49. The Ottomans based their Mosque
on Hagia Sophia in Istanbul.

50. Hagia Sophia, Church of the Holy Wisdom,
The Christian Byzantine Emperor Justinian (527-575 CE)
had Hagia Sophia built.

53. • In the mid-sixteenth century, the
greatest of all Ottoman architects,
Sinan, began designing mosques.

54. • “I saw the monuments,
the great ancient
remains. From every
ruin I learned, from
every building I
absorbed something.”

55. • He designed over 91 Mosques.

56. • He designed over 91 Mosques.

57. • Paha Mosque

58. • Blue Mosque

60. • Suleiman mosque

63. Ottoman Painting
• While most Islamic cultures forbid
painting humans, animals, or even
plants, the Ottoman artists often did.

66. Next Time
• Iberian Peninsula Portugal and Spain

67. Sufism
• Like the Janis, individuals find salvation
through fasting and prayer. Developed in
Baghdad in the 8th Century and spread to
Africa, India, and Southeast Asia.

68. The Spread of Islam
 Easy to learn and practice.
 No priesthood.
 Teaches equality.
 No taxes, land grants, and treasury
money Muslims.
 Jihad (“Holy War”) against pagans
and other non-believers (“infidels”).

69. The Spread of Islam
Early Islam tolerated other Non-
Muslims, “Peoples of the Book,”
Christians and Jews paid extra taxes
so allowed religious freedom.


70. The Spread of Islam
The Byzantine Empire did not tolerate
Christians with different views from the
Orthodox Church led by the Emperor.
Jews were not even allowed in Jerusalem.

71. HW 194 1-6

73. Muslims in America

74. Muslim Culture in NYC
The Islamic Center, New York City

81. Pg 188-213

85. The Dome of the Rock
Mosque in Jerusalem
Mount Moriah Rock
where Muhammad ascended into heaven.