1. Muhammad’s Final Sermon
" Hurt no one so that no one may hurt you.
Remember that you will indeed meet your
lord, and that he will indeed reckon your
deeds.”
“All mankind is from Adam and Eve, an Arab
has no superiority over a non-Arab nor a
non-Arab has any superiority over an Arab;
Learn that every Muslim is a brother to every
Muslim and that the Muslims constitute one
brotherhood.”
2. The Five Pillars of Islam
• 1st (Faith) – “There is no
god but God / Allah and
Muhammad is his
prophet.”
• This is called Shahdah
3. 2nd Pray 5
times a
day
facing
Mecca
The term
Muslim
means a
person who
submits to
the will of
God
4. 3rd Charity: Giving to
the Poor
Called Zakat
Example below is
disaster relief in
drought stricken
Ethiopia
5. 4th Fasting during the month of Ramadan –
celebrating the revelation of the Qur’an to Muhammad
6. 5th Hajj: – Pilgrimage/travel to Mecca must be
made once in your lifetime. However, the elderly
and the poor can send a representative
Each pilgrim wears a simple
draping garment so that
everyone is equal.
7. The Black Stone of the
Kaaba in Mecca:
Given to Adam or
Abraham, it has changed
from pure white to black
from absorbing the sins of
the world. All Muslims
must make a Hajj to the
Kaaba once in their
lifetime and pray in its
direction 5 times a day.
8.
9. • The Hajj
culminates with
walking seven
times around the
Ka’ba as
Mohammad did
when he conquered
Mecca.
,
Mecca and the
Ka’ba Today
10. #1: 1.2 Billion Muslims– 20% of the world’s population;
2nd largest world religion after Christianity – the majority
in 56 countries.
There are 7 million Muslims in the US today.
12. Islam began in the Arabian Peninsula:
Home to Mecca and Medina – holiest sites in Islam
Only 18% of the world’s Muslims today are Arabs
Persian Gulf
Red Sea
Arabian Sea
23. #5 The City of Petra / Urban areas
Located in present-day Jordan, Petra
grew rich from the spice trade. During
the late Hellenistic and Imperial period
local worthies engaged in a fantastic
array of construction, carving Greco-
Roman façades from the living rock.
24. #5 Mecca was also a religious center.
• It held a building called the Kaaba that, legend has it, was built by
Abraham and his son Ishmael. Contained within were many idols.
• Because Mecca was a religious center, fighting and weapons weren’t
allowed. That enabled more effective trading to take place.
25. Muhammad restoring the Black Stone of
the Kaaba in Mecca before Islam. He was
born in 570 CE, 5 years after Byzantine
Emperor Justinian died
26. #6 God / Allah’s
Angel Gabriel
brings revelations
to Muhammad
outside of Mecca.
He is not divine
but does lead the
perfect, sinless
example of
human life.
al-Insān al-Kāmil
27. #6 The Prophet Muhammad preaching in
Mecca. His teachings threatened the
previous Gods and ancestors of the
ethnic groups.
28. #6 The Hijra – 622 CE
• Merchants of Mecca expell
Muhammad. False idols
will not attract trade or
travelers to the holy
Kaaba.
• Invited to come to Medina
and settle their disputes.
• Preaching the true
message of Abraham and
Jesus that had been
distorted by the Jews and
the Christians.
• For the first time people
identify themselves as Muhammad
Muslims and not by their arriving in
Medina
tribe. 622 becomes the
year 0 for Muslims.
29. • Like Moses, Muhammad meets with God / AllahMohammed
also takes a tour of hell and heaven during this time.
• He’s taken from Mecca to Jerusalem and from there, he goes
to heaven and meets Moses.
30. #6 The Dome of the Rock Built atop the ruins of the
Jewish 2nd Temple in Jerusalem, destroyed by the
Romans, it is on of the holiest sites in Islam.
Muhammad ascended into heaven from here.
31. #6 This same rock is
believed by Jews to be
the slab upon which
Abraham bound Isaac
and nearly sacrificed
him (in Islamic tradition,
it was Ishmael). And
that it was the rock
upon which the Ark of
the Covenant was put.
32. #6 Muhammad prepared his outnumbered believers
in Medina to defend against attacks. Their inspired
defense will attract followers from all over Arabia.
33. #6 Medina and Mecca
The attacks on Medina will backfire and in 630 AD
Muhammad will return with his army to capture Mecca.
Muhammad treats his enemies with mercy but destroys
the polytheistic shrines. He will die peacefully in 632
CE / A.H. 10
.
Mosque in Medina
34. #7 Expansion: Movement of Goods People and
Ideas
Dark Brown = 622 – 632 CE / A.H. 1-11
Red/Pink = 632 – 661 CE / A.H. 11 – 40
Orange/Yellow = 661-732 CE / A.H. 41 -
129
35. #7 Islam Expands after Muhammad‘s death
1. Fierce warriors; religious inspiration, great leaders
2. Conquest but no forced conversion to Islam.
Muslim
armies live outside of urban areas.
3. Conversion thru faith, education, trade. The Qur’an,
laws, and government are in Arabic.
4. Some areas do not accept Islam for 2 centuries.
Tolerance to Christians and Jews (pay a small extra tax)
36. #7 Battle of Tours, France 732 Muslim
forces, mainly newly converted North
African Berbers, are defeated.
37.
38. The Crusades were called for by the Pope to stop Europeans
from fighting one another. In 1099 they captured Jerusalem
and the “true cross.” They also massacred the Muslims,
Jews, and Christians
39. Qur’an: The revealed word of Allah to Muhammad.
Written and spoken in Arabic, it informs people how to
lead moral and responsible lives.
44. The Kaaba in Mecca (Saudi Arabia)
Adam brought the Black Stone to Saudi Arabia – holiest site
in Islam. Pilgrims make a Hajj here once in a lifetime.
46. Which Pillar of Islam paid for these wells in
Malawi and Darfur?
47. Umayyad Dynasty Coined Money for the Empire:
Islam spread by Conquest between 632 and 732
CE.
Subjects converted because of faith, trade and
education.
Taxes were required of non-believers.
48. Islamic Scientists collect Greek,
Indian, and Chinese works.
They translate them into Arabic
and advance the study of:
1. Medicine: public hospitals,
clinical observations and
treatment, treat smallpox –
discover blood circulates
2. Ophthalmology: discover how
the eye sees – develop
glasses
3. The SCIENTIFIC METHOD!
Form a hypothesis, take
observations, quantify the
results, repeat, draw
conclusions, ….
49. Mariner’s Astrolabe:
Islamic Mathematicians and
Astronomers developed this
instrument which allowed
sailors to determine their
latitude. Columbus crosses
the Atlantic with aid of one.
Algebra, Geometry, and
Trigonometry were also
developed.
We use Arabic numerals
today.
Ibn Haithem – Father of the
Scientific Method
50. #11 Jihad: Personal Struggle
through Holy War in Islam
Read page 239 in your textbook
Sunnis believe: 2-3 facts
Shiites believe: 2-3 facts
2 Similarities/2 differences are
51. #11 Religious Divisions in Islam after
Muhammad’s death in 632 CE
Sunnis : The Leader/Caliph should be
picked by the community to bring Muslims
together. 90% of all Muslims
Shiites: leadership should pass to the sons
of Muhammad’s daughters – divinely
inspired by Allah. 10% of Muslims; Iran
+Iraq
Similarities: Allah, Quran, Hajj,…
Key Difference: Leadership, Iran
http://www.theislamproject.org/education/Africa_Mideast_etc.html Region: The Muslim World which continents from Ocean to Ocean
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ev3240_S2000062090456.jpg – no longer working Many good images for enviro and expansion on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_peninsula
Muhammad restoring the Black Stone of the Kaaba http://www.zombietime.com/mohammed_image_archive/islamic_mo_full/
Muhammad receives the Angel Gabriel and revelation from Allah http://www.zombietime.com/mohammed_image_archive/islamic_mo_full/
http://www.zombietime.com/mohammed_image_archive/islamic_mo_full/ http://www.eng.gees.org/articulo/9/ In reality, portrayal of Muhammad is not universally banned in Islam. It is true that Islam was marked from the beginning by a horror of idol-worship, and representations of the prophet are never found in mosques, which instead are often and famously ornamented with intricate nonrepresentational designs known as arabesques and hung with works of calligraphy. But the Koran itself is silent on the matter of images, and the warnings against them contained in the hadith , sayings of the prophet recorded centuries after he lived, have been subject to various interpretation. Depictions of the prophet were once common, for instance, in Persian and Turkic Islamic art, although often in these pictures Muhammad's face or figure is veiled or left blank. Even before the Mongol conquest of Baghdad in 1258, Islamic civilization came under the influence of Oriental art, with its rich tradition of human representation. And after the conquest, there was an explosion of painting and other imagery in Islam, including depictions of Muhammad. So it is that the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington contains a picture of the prophet seated with his companions. The work appears in Bal'ami's Persian Version of Tabari's Universal History , from the 14th century. Another image, this one of the birth of the prophet, is found in one of the great achievements of the Islamic book, the Jami' al-tavarikh (Compendium of Chronicles), produced at Tabriz in Iran around 1314. The painting, in ink, color, and gold, draws on Christian imagery of Jesus' birth. A favorite subject of Islamic illustration is the Night Journey of Muhammad, an out-of-body ride on a supernatural horse and ascent into the heavens that is a key element of Islamic theology. The prophet is shown on the magical steed Buraq, flying over Mecca, in a 15th-century manuscript, now in the British Museum, of the Khamseh or Five-Poem Cycle by Nizami Ganjavi, a poet from Azerbaijan. An even richer illuminated image appears in a Persian miniature from about a hundred years later. In the late 18th century, the rise of the purist and intolerant Wahhabi sect, allied with the al Saud family in eastern Arabia, ushered in a new wave of iconoclasm wherever Wahhabism appeared. It saw the destruction of many famous manuscripts, books, and artistic works, including pictures of the prophet, on the argument that any depiction of living beings was idolatry. The Wahhabi-Saudi conquest of Mecca and Medina beginning in 1924, and the consolidation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932, soon enriched by oil wealth, empowered the Wahhabis to spread their extremist doctrine throughout the world of Sunni Islam. Today, much Islamic opinion holds that representation of humans and animals is forbidden to Muslims. But no firm and universal rule on these issues has been enunciated. Shia Muslims often keep pictures in their homes of the prophet as well as Ali, the fourth caliph, or successor to Muhammad as leader of the faithful, and Hussein, the prophet's grandson. The deaths of Ali and Hussein mark the beginning of the Shia tradition. Islam, of course, is not alone in finding the depiction of living beings a matter for debate. Orthodox Judaism and some Christian sects understand the Bible to forbid images. The second of the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:4) has been variously rendered in English, "Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth" (King James Version) and "You shall not make for yourself an idol in the form of anything in heaven above or on the earth beneath or in the waters below" (New International Version)--to cite just two translations--clearly leaving room for differing views.
Muhammad preparing for battle defending Medina http://www.zombietime.com/mohammed_image_archive/islamic_mo_full/
The Crusades: 1096 to 1289 Beginning in 1096, some Christian Europeans heeded the call of the papacy to launch a series of “holy wars” aimed at gaining control of Jerusalem from the Muslim Arabs and Seljuk Turks. In all, eight crusades were carried out. Jerusalem fell to the Christians in 1099, partly due to the disarray among Muslims. It took Muslims nearly half a century to respond effectively with their own call for defensive jihad, which required fighting against the Crusaders. Under the leadership of Salah al-Din, the Muslims effectively ended the Christian hold on the Holy Land in 1187, shortly after which Jerusalem was restored to Muslim control. It would be another 100 years, however, before the last Christian strongholds (Tripoli and Acre) fell to the Muslims. In general, the Muslims considered the Crusades to be an invasion by European outsiders, and history indicates that the Europeans treated Muslims and Jews much more harshly in comparison to Muslim treatment of Christians. The Christian sacking of Jerusalem and the massacre of its Muslim and Jewish residents during the first Crusade are often remembered as tragic historical examples of religious intolerance. http://www.theislamproject.org/education/The_Crusades.html
http://islamicmultimedia.blogspot.com/
http://islamicmultimedia.blogspot.com/
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/777/550512.JPG Dk layout http://dl.coastline.edu/classes/internet/art100/images/S0017624.jpg Interior Great Mosque of Cordoba
