USB flash drives, also known as pen drives, are portable storage devices that can plug into a computer's USB port. They were first released in the late 1990s and early 2000s and have largely replaced floppy disks. USB flash drives use NAND flash memory and a small controller board, and have storage capacities up to 256GB. They offer advantages over older storage methods like faster transfer speeds, larger storage capacities, and greater durability without moving parts.

3. USB Flash Drive
• USB Flash Drives or commonly called as Pen Drives
are popular removable storage media having a
storage capacity up to 256 GB.
• It is a kind of memory card that can be plugged into
a computer‟s USB port.
• They are preferred best storage device because
they are faster, smaller and have a longer life span.
• These USB mass storage supported natively by
modern operating systems such as Linux, Mac OS
X, and Windows.

4. History
• Flash memory was invented by Toshiba in 1984, but
the first commercial flash drive was released by Intel
in 1988.
• IBM was the first North American seller of a USB
flash drive, and marketed an 8 MB version of the
product in 2001 “DiskOnKey“ under brand name
“ThumbDrive”.
• Lexar can also lay claim to a pioneering USB flash
drive product named as “Compact Flash”.
• Lexar offered a companion card reader and USB
cable that eliminated the need for a USB hub.

5. History (Cont.,)
• The first flash drives were made in sizes of
8 MB, 16 MB, 32 MB, and 64 MB.
• These were marketed as "a true floppy-killer", and
this design was continued up to 256 MB.
• Netac Technology of China also holds a USB flash
technology which it has licensed to various
manufacturers including the USB direct factory.

6. History (Cont.,)
Compact Flash
DiskOnKey NETAC TECHNOLOGY

7. History (Cont.,)
• By improvements in this technology now means
that we can offer a 64GB model to our customers.
This is 8,000 times larger than the original IBM
USB.
• In this time there have been 3 USB standards.
 USB 1.0
 USB 2.0
 USB 3.0

8. Evolution

9. Versions of USB
• USB 0.7: Released in November 1994.
• USB 0.8: Released in December 1994.
• USB 0.9: Released in April 1995.
• USB 0.99: Released in August 1995.
• USB 1.0 Release Candidate: Released in
November 1995.
• USB 1.0 released in January 1996
• USB 1.1 released in August 1998
• USB 2.0 released in April 2000
• USB 3.0 released in November 2008

10. Structure of USB Drive

11. Internal Structure
• The important parts of the pen drive are USB
connector, crystal oscillator, memory chips and a
controller to interact with the PC.
• IC SK6211 is a controller which facilitates the data
communication between the PC/Laptop and the
flash memory (EEPROM) of the pen drive.
• This controller IC can interface with
all kind of NAND EEPROM.
• The operating system provides
inbuilt libraries to be installed before
using these devices.

12. Internal Structure(Cont.,)
• The chip is a NAND type flash memory chip which
has fast read, write and erase cycles.
• The storage capacity of this memory is 2GB. There
is another similar chip with storage capacity of 2GB
on the other side.
• A pen drive consists of memory element, normally a
flip-flop.
• A group of 4 flip-flops together stores 4-bit number.
• Similarly, a group of 8*10^9 flip-flops can store 1GB
of data.
• A group of 8,000 Million flip-flops are embedded on
a single Silicon Chip to form 1GB pen drive.

13. File Systems
• Flash drives ship
preformatted with the
FAT12, FAT16. FAT32, or
ExFat file systems.
• Also, standard FAT
maintenance utilities
(e.g., ScanDisk) can be used
to repair or retrieve corrupted
data.
• The drive can be reformatted
to any file system supported
by the host operating system.

14. File Systems
• Even Distribution: USB flash drives have this
'wear leveling' feature built into the software
controller to prolong device life, while others
do not, so it is not necessarily helpful to install
one of these file systems.
• Defragmenting: Flash drives
can be defragmented and that
defragmenting shortens the
life of the drive by making
many unnecessary writes.

16. ReadyBoost
• ReadyBoost was introduced in Windows
Vista, where it was a heavily promoted feature.
• Unfortunately, ReadyBoost isn‟t a silver bullet that
will make your computer faster, although it may be
useful in some limited circumstances only.
• Ready Boost works in conjunction with SuperFetch.
When you launch an application, computer reads its
files from memory, which is faster, instead from
disk, which is slower.

17. ReadyBoost

18. ReadyBoost
• SuperFetch works with a USB stick – that‟s
ReadyBoost in action.
• When you connect a USB drive to your computer
and enable ReadyBoost, Windows will store
SuperFetch data on your USB drive, freeing up
system memory so this can theoretically improve
your system‟s performance.

19. ReadyBoost
• ReadyBoost probably won‟t improve your
computer‟s performance much. If you have a very
small amount of RAM (512 MB or so) and a very fast
USB drive, you may see some increase
in performance.

21. Types of USB
• Generally USB are classified based on its
connectors.
• It can be differentiated as MALE and FEMALE.
 USB A-Type  USB Mini-b (5-pin)
 USB B-Type  USB Mini-b (4-pin)
 Micro-USB A  USB 3.0 A-Type
 Micro-USB B  USB 3.0 B-Type
 Micro-USB AB  USB 3.0 Micro B

22. USB A-Type
• A-style connector is a flat, rectangular interface.
• The A-socket connector provides a "downstream"
connection that is intended for use solely on host
controllers and hubs.
• It was not intended for use as an "upstream" connector
on a peripheral device.
• A-A cables are used to connect USB devices with an
A-style Female port to a PC or another USB
device, and for data transfer between two computer
systems.

23. USB B-Type
• The B-style connector is designed for use on USB
peripheral devices.
• The B-style interface is squarish in shape, and has
slightly beveled corners on the top ends of the
connector.
• The B-socket is an "upstream" connector that is only
used on peripheral devices. Because of this, the
majority of USB applications require an A-B cable.

24. Micro-USB A
• This USB can be found on newer mobile devices such
as cellphones, GPS units, PDAs and digital cameras.
• Micro-USB A is physically smaller in size, while still
supporting the high speed transfer rate of 480 Mbps
and On-The-Go features.
• The connection can be easily identified by its white-
colored receptacle and compact 5 pin design.

25. Micro-USB B
• This USB can also be found on newer mobile devices
such as cellphones, GPS units, PDAs and digital
cameras.
• Micro-USB B is smaller in size, while still supporting
the high speed transfer rate of 480 Mbps and On-The-
Go features.
• The connection can be easily identified by its black-
colored receptacle and compact 5 pin design.

26. Micro-USB AB
• This versatile USB can accept either
a Micro-USB A or Micro-USB B
cable connection.
• This interface can be easily
identified by its gray-colored
receptacle and compact 5 pin
design.
• This connector type only exists as a
receptacle for On-The-Go devices
and will not exist on a cable.

27. USB Mini-b(5-pin)
• USB type-B, which its size is almost a half inch on each
side. This made it unsuitable for many devices such as
PDAs, digital cameras, and cellphones.
• As a result, USB Mini-b has came. This 5-pin Mini-b is the
most popular style. This USB is quite small, about two-
thirds the width of an A-type USB.
• It is also specified for use in the newer standard called USB
On-The-Go which allows peripheral devices to
communicate with the presence of a host controller.

28. USB Mini-b(4-pin)
• This unofficial USB is found on many digital
cameras, especially certain Kodak® models.
• It resembles the shape of standard B-type USB, with
beveled corners; however it is much smaller in size.
USB Mini-b(Fuji):
• This is another unofficial USB also widely used on
digital cameras especially certain models
manufactured by Fuji®.

29. USB 3.0 A-Type
• This A-Type USB is commonly found on host
controllers in computers and hubs.
• The A-socket connector provides a "downstream"
connection that is intended for use solely on host
controllers and hubs.
• It is similar in to the A-Type connector used in USB 2.0
& USB 1.1.
• The USB 3.0 A-type has additional pins. The USB 3.0
designed for SuperSpeed applications.
• These are often blue in color to help identify them from
previous versions.

30. USB 3.0 B-Type
• USB 3.0 B-Type is found on USB 3.0 devices.
• This connector is designed to carry data and
power in USB SuperSpeed applications.
• Cables with this USB are not compatible with USB
2.0 or USB 1.1 devices.
• But, USB 3.0 devices with this connection type
can accept previous USB 2.0 and 1.1 cabling.

31. USB 3.0 Micro-B
• The USB 3.0 Micro B is found on USB 3.0 devices.
• This connector is designed to carry data and power in
USB SuperSpeed applications.
• Cables with this connector are not compatible with
USB 2.0 or USB 1.1 devices.

32. USB Vs PS/2
USB PS/2
• (USB) is a computer • PS/2 is a connector port
connector that was used on computer
developed in 1996. peripherals such as
• It existed alongside keyboards and mice.
competing ports such as • The technology was
serial and PS/2. developed in 1987 by IBM
• Advantages of USB, such as an alternative to serial
as a smaller physical ports.
footprint and faster speed, • The dedicated connection
• In May 2011, it is the for a keyboard and mouse
dominant connection port freed serial ports for use
installed on laptops, with other devices.
computers etc.,

33. Advantages
Advantages:
• Durable solid state for transporting data from one
location to another.
• The near ubiquity of USB support on modern PCs
means that such a drive will work in most places.
• The cheapest of Flash Drives will store dozens of
floppy disks worth of data; some hold more data
than a CD; top Flash Drives can hold data more
than a DVD.
• Most modern OS can read & write to flash drivers
without any additional device drivers.

34. Disadvantages
Disadvantages:
• They can sustain only a limited number of write &
erase cycles before failure.
• Write operations will gradually slow as the device
ages.
• They can be damaged or have data corrupted if an
impact loosens circuit connection.

36. Errors in USB drive
• Pen Drive not detected
• Pen Drive disabled at office or college
• Problem in removing pen drive
• Virus affect in pen drive
• Problem in formatting pen drive
• Delayed Write failed error
• Disable data writing on pen drive

37. Errors in USB drive
“USB device not Recognized”
• The problem occur due to wrong registry entries. (i.e.) you
need to delete UpperFilters and the LowerFilters registry
values.
Open Start >> Run, and type “regedit”.
• Locate UpperFilters registry value.
– HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESYSTEMCurrentControlSetContr
olClass{4D36E980-E325-11CE-BFC1-08002BE10318}
– Click on Edit menu, and select Delete and click OK.
• Locate LowerFilters registry value.
– HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESYSTEMCurrentControlSetContr
olClass{4D36E967-E325-11CE-BFC1-08002BE10318}
– Click on Edit menu, and select Delete and click OK.

38. Errors in USB drive

39. Errors in USB drive
“Pen Drive disabled”
• Windows will now show a
New Hardware Wizard to
install the drivers but it is
disabled.
• This is because:
– 1. By Disabling USB Ports
from Device Manager.
– 2. By Un-installing the
USB Mass Storage
Drivers.

40. Errors in USB drive
“Generic volume cannot be stopped right now”
• When you try to eject a USB pen-drive by using “Safely
Remove Hardware > Safely remove USB Mass Storage
device” option, windows should stop all the read-write
operations on the drive so that the drive can be
removed.
• But sometimes it shows a error message.
• This is because, some file on your pen drive is in use by
some other program on that computer.
• So close all such files or applications and try removing
the drive.

41. Errors in USB drive
“Virus affect in Pen Drive”
• Virus always creates a
autorun.inf file which is a
system, hidden and a read
only file on your pen drive.
• When user double clicks on
the pen drive files pointed by
the autorun.inf got executed
which copies the virus files
on your system.
• E.g. New Folder.exe

42. Errors in USB drive
• In order to protect your pen
drive from viruses you need
to create a blank file named
autorun.inf through notepad
and place it in the root
directory.

43. Errors in USB drive
“Problem in formatting Pen Drive”
• When they try to format the pen drive, It shows error
“Windows was unable to complete the format".
• It is due to :
– Virus or Trojan infection.
– Corrupted flash chips on the pen drive
– Fake pen drives

44. Errors in USB drive
“Delayed Write failed error”
• “Windows delayed write failed - Windows was
unable to save all the data for the file M:$Mft. The
data has been lost. This error may be caused by a
failure of your computer hardware or network
connection. Please try to save this data elsewhere.”
• Open My Computer, right click on the USB
drive, click on properties.
– Go to Tools > Error-checking
– This will show a window like the one below. Check
the check-boxes to Automatically fix the file system
and Scan for and attempt recovery of bad sectors.
Click Start.

45. Errors in USB drive

46. Errors in USB drive
“Write Protected”
• Registry Editor by typing regedit in Run dialog.
• Navigate to the key
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESYSTEMCurrentControlS
etControl
• Right click on “Control” key -> New -> Key. Name it
“StorageDevicePolicies” without quotes.
• Now right click on this newly created key and then
click New -> DWORD value and name it as
“WriteProtect”.

47. Errors in USB drive

49. “Light Peak”
• Thunderbolt is an optical cable interface for
connecting peripheral devices to a computer via an
expansion.
• Originally codenamed Light Peak and developed by
Intel, with technical collaboration of Apple in 2009.
• Light Peak can be at least twice as fast as USB
3.0, also known as Super-speed USB.
• It can deliver bandwidth starting at 10 Gigabits per
second, with the potential to extend to 100 Gb/s.

50. “Light Peak”
• At its lowest speed, it means you could transfer a
full-length Blu-Ray movie in less than 30 seconds.
• “This year, major PC and accessories makers are
introducing products that use USB 3.0, whose data
transfer rates of 4 Gb/s is up to ten times faster than
USB 2.0.But optical technology that drives Light
Peak can do better.”
-Intel.

51. Introduction
• Thunderbolt™ technology is a transformational high-
speed, dual protocol I/O innovation, provides
flexibility and supports data (PCI Express) and HD
display (DisplayPort) connections over a single
cable.
• It can chain up to six thin profile systems and
devices like Laptops and Ultrabooks.
• 10 Gbps of full duplex bandwidth per channel.

52. Daisy-Chain
HD Display Data
storage
Laptop
• Devices in Daisy chain connection supported.
• Hotplug Ready

53. Protocol Architecture
• Thunderbolt technology is based on a new
architecture with full-duplex links.
• Thunderbolt port is capable of providing the full
bandwidth of the link in both directions.
• No sharing of bandwidth between ports or between
upstream and downstream directions.

54. Protocol Architecture (cont.,)
• The Thunderbolt protocol
physical layer is responsible for
link maintenance including hot-
plug detection, and data
encoding to provide highly
efficient data transfer.
• The heart of the Thunderbolt
protocol architecture is the
transport layer.

55. Protocol Architecture (cont.,)
• DisplayPort and PCI Express protocols are mapped
onto the transport layer.
• Mapped protocol packets between a source device
and a destination device may be routed over a path
that may cross multiple Thunderbolt controllers.

56. Performance

57. • February 24, 2011 – MacBook Pro update
• Mini display port
• USB 2.0 + Thunderbolt

58. • MacBook Pro side panel
• Thunderbolt port
• Thunderbolt cable

59. Succession

60. USB v1.0
• Released in January 1996
• USB 1 specified data rates of 1.5 Mbit/s (Low-
Bandwidth) and 12 Mbit/s (Full-Bandwidth).
• Few USB devices made it to market until USB
1.1, released in August 1998, which fixed
problems identified in 1.0, mostly relating to
hubs.

61. USB v2.0
• Released in April 2000.
• Added higher maximum signaling rate of
480 Mbit/s (effective throughput up to 35 MB/s
or 280 Mbit/s) (now called “‟Hi-Speed”).
• Became popular due to cost/benefit
advantage
• E.g. IEEE 1394 – high bandwidth, low cost.

62. USB v3.0
• Also referred to as SuperSpeed USB.
• Speeds 10x faster than 2.0
• Transfer of 25 GB file in approx. 70
seconds.
• Optimized power efficiency
• Backward compatible with USB 2.0
• USB 2.0 device will work with USB 3.0 host
• USB 3.0 device will work with USB 2.0 host

63. Speed Comparison

64. Wireless USB
• WUSB is a form of USB technology that uses
radio-frequency (RF).
• WUSB technology is based on the WiMedia
Ultra-Wideband common radio platform.
• WUSB can provide transfer rates up to 480
Mbps (at 3 m) or 110 Mbps (at 10 m).
• WUSB also allows for no more then 127
devices connected to a single host controller.

65. USB 3.0 Vs Others
USB 3.0 Developed by "Firewire“ eSATA ExpressCard
(5Gbps) is Intel, the standard by successfully standard for
theoretically 10Gb/s bi- Apple address the the increased
10 times directional developers, issue of the speed
faster than interface is has interface requirements
USB 2.0. A technically repeatedly bottleneck, of today's
5400-rpm PCI Express sent mixed and allowed mobile
portable drive on a cable. It messages fast hard technologies.
reaching can support with the drives.eSATA Closely tied to
100MB/s. both hubs as ditching of supports a both the PCI
It has High well as a Firewire first data rate of Express and
bandwidth. daisy chain of from iPods. 3.2Gbps. USB 3.0
up to 7 specifications
devices.

67. USB CELL
• USB rechargeable batteries are from Moixa.
• USB rechargeable batteries that you will be able to use
over and over again without them ever running out.
• Just bust out your laptop and start charging the
batteries, and you will be up and running again in a
jiffy.

68. Bluetooth USB
• Conversion Bluetooth PC into Bluetooth enabled.
• Wireless connect to Bluetooth devices such as
mobile phones, PDA or PC, for data
transfer, networking, and dial-up, fax.
• Enabling wireless connection to Bluetooth headset.
• Supporting Bluetooth voice data.
• Supporting multi languages.
• Bluetooth 2. 0 USB Adapter.

69. Cloud Storage vs Pen drives
• The pen drives gave us the opportunity to load
our files wherever we are, with their minimum
size and its speed accelerated in file
sharing, this little device, soon became very
popular among students, workers and many
others who need to carry digital files, but these
devices will be soon outdated.

70. Cloud Storage vs Pen drives
• Now is the time for cloud storage. It means
that, you store your files online, and need not
carry any encumbrance or running any risk of
losing it, not to mention the virtual file does not
spoil, it sits there, on the server space, directly
on the internet, unlike the pen drives.
Disadvantages Of Cloud Storage:
• The disadvantages are, you need a device
with an internet connection to access your
files and invasion of their files by hackers.

71. Pen Drive as RAM
How to use USB Drive as RAM ?
 Step 1: Plug your USB Drive into your PC /
Laptop. It will be recognized automatically.
 Step 2: Right click on My Computer >
Properties.
 Step 3: Go to Advanced tab

72. Pen Drive as RAM
• Step 4: In
Performance
section, Click on
Settings > Advanced
tab.

73. Pen Drive as RAM
• Step 5: Under Virtual memory, Click on
Change
• Step 6: Select your USB Drive

74. Pen Drive as RAM
• Step 7: Click on Custom
Size and enter the size (in
MB) you want the USB
RAM to be (example: 2000
MB = 2 GB).

75. Pen Drive as RAM
• Step 8: Click on Set > Ok and Restart your
computer.
• After Restarting your computer you'll see
noticeable improvement in speed.

76. Windows in Pen Drive
• Step 1 : select the Windows 8 ISO when
asked to pick an ISO image from the
computer.
• Using “windows USB bootable download tool”

77. Windows in Pen Drive
• Step 2 :Next, select to copy the contents to an
USB drive. The program will copy all files to
the drive and make that drive bootable at the
same time.
• Step 3: Once this is done, restart your PC, get
into the BIOS by pressing F8/F12 as per your
manufacturer and goto the Boot Configuration
section and enable the USB Booting as well
as make USB Booting primary in the booting
preference.
• Save the settings and exit the BIOS.

78. Windows in Pen Drive
• Step 4:On restart, the computer should now
automatically boot through the pen drive and
begin the installation.

79. Pen Drive as Camcorder
• This ball-point pen is a high-definition video
recorder . With simple operation, elegant
design, small size, it is easy to carry.

80. Pen Drive as Data Cards
• 3G modem is small USB device like pen drive
which can be used for accessing internet in
your laptop or desktop by inserting with your
mobile phone GSM sim card

81. Other Uses

83. World‟s Best Pen drive ever

84. Pen drive way to iPhone

85. Amoeba Modular USB
Flash Drive

86. World‟s Smallest Pen drive

87. Top 5 Pen Drives

88. Pen drives in future

89. Pen drives in future

90. References
• „Intel Light Peak: Overview‟, Intel
Corporation, February 25, 2010.
• http://www.apple.com/thunderbolt/
• www.usb.org/home
• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus
• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB Flash Drive