The document discusses different types of computer memory. It describes primary memory (RAM and ROM), secondary memory (hard disks, floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, etc.), and provides details on each. RAM is volatile and requires power to maintain data, while ROM is non-volatile and retains data without power. The document traces the evolution of computer memory technologies over time.

1. “A” Level Course of Software
7:30 to 9:00

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3. 1. Introduction of Memory
2. Primary Memory
a) RAM
b) Types of RAM
c) ROM
d) Types of ROM

4. 3. Secondary Memory
a) Hard Disk
b) Structure of Hard Disk
c) Floppy Disk
d) CD
e) DVD
f) Mass Storage

6. The data and instruction there are enter into the
computer system must be store inside the computer
before the actual process can start, the intermediate
result produce by the computer must also be
preserved for on going processing there are two
types of memory.
i) Primary Memory
ii) Secondary Memory.

7. The main memory of a computer is design to cater to such
needs. It provides space for storing data and instruction,
space for storing intermediate results and also space for
find result. In short, the specific function of main
memory are to store the following:
1. All the data & instructions are proceed.
2. Intermediate result for processing
3. Final result before sending them to output device.
Types of Main Memory
1. RAM (Ramdom Access Memory)
2. ROM (Read Only Memory)

8. Ram stands for Random access memory or read
and write memory. Information can be return
into and read form RAM. It is a volatile memory
which means that it retain the stored
information as long as the
compute is connected to a
power supply source. When
power supply is switch-off
the started information is
the RAM is lost.
RAM

9. Type of RAM
Static ram
Dynamic ram
Static RAM. Static Ram can retains stored
information as long as power supply in
ON. Static Ram are consumer more power
and cost. They do not need represent
circuitary and have higher speed than
dynamic RAM.

10. Dynamic RAM. Dynamic ram last is stored
information in a very short time even RAM
the power supply is ON. Therefore dynamic
ram have to be refresh periodically generally
every 2 mili-second.
programmable ROM.

11. ROM
Rom is a permanent memory. It contents are
not lost even when power supply is switch-
off. However the user can not write into a
RAM. It’s content are written return into
and manufacturing time. ROM store
permanent programme and other types of
data which are needed by the computes to
execute user program.

12. There are many types of ROM:
PROM, EROM, EEROM
PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory).
Programable ROM also availale different types
of PROM such as erasable programmable
ROM or EPROM and electrically erasable

13. You Cannot store data in the main memory
of a PC permanent. Firstly, because it is
very expensive and secondary, it’s content
are erased when the computer is turn off.
In order to preserve or save the work which
you have done on your computer you need
storage media such as floppy, CD, hard
Disk, DVD etc.

14. A hard disk is a devices use for more storage of
data. The data store on a hand disk can we
store a very fast speed. It is a direct address
devices. Unlike CD, floppy, etc, you can’t easily
remove a hard disk from a PC.

15. Structure of Hard Disk
A hard disk drive is made up of a group of disk
or disk platter, piled on tap of one another in
an either dust proof case.

16. Floppy disk is also called a disk or Diskette, A floppy
disk is a removable storage disk use for storing data. It
is called a floppy disk because the round film inside
the disk plastic shell is flexible. You can take a backup
of any important information from
the hard disk in a floppy. This will
present lose of information in the
case hard disk file or is infected
with virus. You can use a floppy
disk to store and more data easily
from one PC to another.

17. It is an optical read only memory. The disk is made
up of poly carbonate. It is coated with a material
which change is reflected property when a high
intensity laser beam is focused on it. The coating
material is highly reflecting proper
when usually aluminium optical
disk are two types, namely
compact disk, or worm (write
once & Read many).

18. DVD (Digital Video Disk or Digital Versatile Disk)
disk provide more storage capacity than a CD
ROM. The disk used with DVD drives are of the
same diameter and thickness as traditional CDs.
Like CDs, the DVD disk can
tolerate dust, Dirt and Finger
Print, DVD are use for storing
audio and video entertainment
such movies, videos games
and software application.

19. USB flash drives or pen drive
Are Flash memory data storage
Device integrated with a USB
interface they typically small light
weight, removable and
rewritable. It is a flash
Memory card that
plug into the computer
USB port.

21. Random access memory (RAM) is the best known
form of computer memory.
The opposite of RAM is serial access memory (SAM).
SAM stores data as a series of memory cells that can
only be accessed
sequentially (like a cassette tape).
SAM works very well for
memory buffers, where
the data is normally stored
in the order in which it will
be used.

22. Volatile Memory
 Volatile memory is computer memory that
requires power to maintain the stored
information. Most modern semiconductor
volatile memory is either static RAM (SRAM)
or dynamic RAM (DRAM).

23. Non-volatile memory
 Non-volatile memory is computer memory
that can retain the stored information
even when not powered. Examples of non-
volatile memory include ROM, flash
memory, hard disk drives, floppy disks
and magnetic tape, optical discs.
Virtual memory
 Virtual memory is a system where all physical
memory is controlled by the operating system.
When a program needs memory, it requests it
from the operating system. The operating
system then decides what physical location to
place the memory in.

24. The following are some common types of RAM:
 SRAM: Static random access memory uses
multiple transistors,
 DRAM: Dynamic random access memory
 FPM DRAM: Fast page mode dynamic random
 EDO DRAM: Extended data-out dynamic random
access memory. Maximum transfer rate to L2
cache is approximately 264 MBps.

25.  SDRAM: Synchronous dynamic random
access memory . Maximum transfer rate to L2
cache is approximately 528 MBps.
 DDR SDRAM: Double data rate synchronous
dynamic RAM. Maximum transfer rate to L2
cache is approximately 1,064 MBps (for
DDR SDRAM 133 MHZ).
 RDRAM: Rambus dynamic random access
memory
 Credit Card Memory: Credit card memory is a
proprietary self-contained DRAM memory
module that plugs into a special slot for use in
notebook computers.

26.  PCMCIA Memory Card: Another self-
contained DRAM module for notebooks,
 CMOS RAM: CMOS RAM is a term for the small
amount of memory used by your computer
 VRAM: Video RAM, also known as multiport
dynamic random access memory (MPDRAM),
is a type of RAM used specifically for video
adapters or 3-D accelerators

27. Need of RAM
 For run computer fast
 For Window XP 64 or 128MB
 For Optimal Performance with standard computer
application, 256 MB
 If you running window 95/98 you need a bare
minimum 32 mb but not run good, then you need
to add 64 mb ram for work much better.

28. Volatile Memory
 RAM
 Williams-Kilburn Tube (1946-47)
 Delay Line Memory-1947)
 Selectron Tube (1953)
 Dekatron

29. Non-Volatile
ROM
 Mask ROM
 PROM
 EPROM
 EEPROM
Hard drives
 Magnetic tape
 Hard disk drive
 Optical disc drive

30.  Paper data storage (1725)
 Drum memory (1932)
 Magnetic-core memory (1949)
 Plated wire memory (1957)
 Core rope memory (1960s)
 Thin-film memory (1962)
 Twistor memory (~1968)
 Bubble memory (~1970)

31. In the early 1940s, memory technology mostly
permitted a capacity of a few bytes. The first
electronic programmable digital computer, the
ENIAC, using thousands of octal-base radio
vacuum tubes
The next significant advance in computer memory
came with acoustic delay line memory, developed
by J. Presper Eckert in the early 1940s. through
the contruction of a glass tube with filled with
murcury and quartz crystal.

32.  the Williams tube and Selectron tube,
originated in 1946, both using electron beams in
glass tubes as means of storage. Using cathode ray
tubes, Fred Williams would invent the Williams
tube, which would be the first random access
computer memory.
 The Williams tube would prove more capacious
than the Selectron tube (the Selectron was limited
to 256 bits, while the Williams tube could store
thousands) and less expensive.

33. As Efforts began in the late 1940s to find non-volatile
memory. Jay Forrester, Jan A. Rajchman and An
Wang developed magnetic core memory, which
allowed for recall of memory after power loss.

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