This document discusses correlational research design, which examines relationships between variables without manipulation. It has independent and dependent variables, and the researcher determines how changes in one variable correlate with changes in the other through statistical analysis. Correlational design can be either prospective, observing relationships from cause to effect over time, or retrospective, examining current phenomena in relation to past events. Examples given are a prospective study of tsunami stress and a retrospective study of adolescent drug abuse risk factors.

1. CORRELATIONAL
DESIGN
DR. MAHESWARI JAIKUMAR.
maheswarijaikumar2103@gmail.com

2. CORRELATIONAL DESIGN
(OR)
EX-POST FACTO RESEARCH
DESIGN

3. • Correlational design is a non
experimental research design
where the researcher examines
the relationship between two or
more variables in a natural
setting without any
manipulation or control.

4. CORRELATIONAL
DESIGN

5. FEATURES
• In correlational studies the
researcher examines the
strength of relationships
between variables by
determining how change in one
variable is correlated with
change in the other variable.

6. • Correlational studies have
independent and dependent
variables , but the effect of
independent variable is
observed on dependent variable
without manipulating the
independent variable.

7. • In some studies, identification of
the independent & dependent
variable is difficult; (some times
the variables are identified
without manipulation).

8. • In correlationsl study designs
the magnitude and direction of
relationship if independent and
dependent variable is measured
by using the correlation
coefficient statistical measure.

10. • The results may range between -
1 to +1.
• Negative results of correlation
coefficient signify negative
correlation if independent (-1:
perfect negative correlation).

11. • Positive relationship of
independent & dependent
variable (=1 : perfect positive
correlation).

12. • A zero result of correlation co-
efficient indicates no relation
between independent and
dependent variables.

13. • Theoretically a positive
relationship means increase of
the other variable, while
negative relationship means
increase in variable leads to
decrease in the other variable or
vice versa.

14. • The correlation studies are
known as cause and effect
study, where the cause and
effect relationship is investigated
in natural settings without
imposing experimental
interventions.

15. • The cause and effect relationship
can be investigated either in
forward manner (cause to effect
-- prospective) or backward
manner (effect to cause --
retrospective).

16. TYPES
• 1. PROSPECTIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN.
• 2. RETROSPECTIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN.

17. PROSPECTIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN
• Is a research design in which the
researcher relates the present to
the future is a prospective
research design.

18. • The researcher observes the
phenomenon from cause to
effect.
• Prospective studies are also
termed as longitudinal study.
(may also be cross sectional).

19. EXAMPLE
• A prospective correlational
study on the effect of tsunami on
stress of people of Cuddalore,
India.

20. RETROSPECTIVE DESIGN
• Is a research design in which the
researcher studies the current
phenomenon by seeking
information from past.

21. • The researcher links the present
phenomenon with the past
events.
• The researcher has a backward
approach to study a
phenomenon (effect to cause).

22. EXAMPLE
• A retrospective correlational
study on drug abuse related high
risk factors among adolescents in
selected colleges in Chennai,
India.

23. THANK YOU