This document discusses ex post facto research. Ex post facto research is a type of non-experimental research where the independent variable has already occurred and the researcher studies the effects. Some key points: 1) Ex post facto research uses groups that differ on the independent or dependent variable and compares them. 2) The independent variable cannot be manipulated. The research focuses on analyzing the effects or causes of events. 3) There are strengths like relevance when variables cannot be manipulated, and weaknesses like inability to randomly assign groups or manipulate variables. 4) The steps of ex post facto research include determining the problem, literature review, formulating hypotheses, research design, validity, and interpreting conclusions.

1. SUBMITTED BY
Vincy Wilson
M.Ed
Roll No. 35

3. INTRODUCTION
Ex post facto is Latin for
"from a thing done
afterward". ...

4. Ex post facto research is deal for
conducting social research when is not
possible or acceptable to manipulate the
characteristics of human participants

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF EX POST
FACTO RESEARCH
a) The research has a control or a
comparison group
b) The behaviour, action, event or
independent variable of the
research cannot be manipulated

6. c) The research focuses on the effects
d) The research tries to analyse the
‘how’ and ‘what’ aspect of an
event
e) Explores possible effects and
causes

7. TWO APPROACHES TO EX POST
FACTO RESEARCH
I. One commences with subjects who
differ on an independent variable
II. One commences with subjects who
differ on the dependent variable

8. STEPS OF EX POST FACTO
RESEARCH
Step 1. Determining the problem
Step 2. Literature Review
Step 3. Formulation of hypothesis

9. Step 4. Designing the approach
Step 5. Validity of the research
Step 6. Interpretation of the
conclusion

10. STRENGTHS AND
WEAKNESSES OF EX POST
FACTO RESEARCH

11. STRENGTHS ARE:
 It is considered as a very relevant method in
those behavioural researches where the
variables can not be manipulated or altered.
 It is more useful than an experimental
research as it can be used in analysing a
cause on basis of the effect, which is
impossible in an experimental research.

12. It is less time consuming as well as
economical.
Ex-Post Facto Research It gives a chance
to the researcher to analyse on basis of
his personal opinion and then come out
with the best possible conclusion.

13. WEAKNESSES ARE:
The researcher can not manipulate
the independent variables.
 The researcher can not randomly
assign the subjects to different
groups.

14. The researcher may not be
able to provide a reasonable
explanation for the relationship
between the independent and
dependent variables under
study

16. CONCLUSION
An ex post facto research design is a method in
which groups with qualities that already exist
are compared on some dependent variable.
Also known as "after the fact" research, an ex
post facto design is considered quasi-
experimental because the subjects are not
randomly assigned - they are grouped based on
a particular characteristic or trait.

17. REFERENCES
WWW.dissertationrecipes.com> Ex post facto
research – dissertation recipes
https://www.slideshare.net> emix1028
https://www.slideshare.net> Ex post facto research
method
Kerlinger , F.N. (1986). Foundations of behavioural
research (3rd. Ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Holt, Rinehart, &
Winston.
Kerlinger, F.N., & Rint (1986) Foundations of
Behaviour Research. London: Winston Inc.