Abdomen Anatomy Mcq

Abdomen Anatomy Mcq
9. The spleen is situated in the:
A. Right Upper Hypocondrium
B. Left Upper Hypochondrium, protected by ribs IX–XI C.
D.
E.
18. The pancreatic duct of the pancreas
A. Joins the common hepatic duct
B. Begins in the tail of the pancreas
C. Empties to the duodenum at minor duodenal papilla
D. Can be closed by sphincter of Oddi
E. After entering the pancreatic head turns superiorly
42. The common hepatic duct:
A. Drains the bile and pancreatic secretion
B. Is formed by fusion of hepatic and cystic duct ( =common bile duct)
C. Runs with the portal vein the lesser omentum
D. Is formed by fusion of right and left bile duct
E. None of above
(is formed by the fusion of right and left hepatic duct, joins the cystic duct and forms the common ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lateral and Middle ––– to the left
E. None
63. Which sentence related to the medullary substance of the kidneys is wrong
A. Is situated at the outer part of the kidney
B. Contains the "corpuscular renis"
C. Is made up of renal pyramids
D. Is a part of each renal lobe
E. Is situated at the inner part of the kidney
2 The posterior layer of the rectus sheath
A. Consist of the fused posterior lamina of the internal oblique and the transverse abdominal
aponeurosis
B. Consist of the fused anterior lamina of the internal oblique and the internal oblique aponeurosis

C. The inferior one–third of it is deficient
D. Its deficient superior to the costal margin
E. None of above
49. The anterior layer of the rectus sheath:
A. Consists of the fused posterior lamina of the internal oblique and the transverse abdominal
aponeurosis.
B. Consists of the fused anterior lamina of the internal oblique and the external oblique aponeurosis
C. the inferior one third of it is deficient
D. its deficient superior to the costal margin
E. none of the above
7 The pyloric orifice is usually located just to the
A. Left of the midline on the level of lower border L1
B. Right of the midline on the level of lower border L1
C. Right to the midline in the transpyloric plane
D. Right of the midline on the level of lower border L2
E. Right of the midline on the level of upper border Th12
13 Kidneys are positioned
A. Intraperitoneally
B. Primary retroperitoneally
C.
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Symptoms And Treatment Of Asthma
Asthma is a common, chronic, respiratory disease that causes the airways of the lungs to swell and
narrow. Structurally, the respiratory system consists of two parts. The upper respiratory system
includes the nose, pharynx, and associated structures. The pharynx is a muscular tube lined by a
mucus membrane that starts at the internal nares and extends to the larynx. The lower respiratory
system includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and the lungs. The larynx is a passageway connecting
the laryngopharynx with the trachea which is an air passageway extending from the larynx to the
primary bronchi. It divides into the right primary bronchus and the left primary bronchus, which
enter the right and left lung. The lungs are paired organs separated from each other by the
mediastinum. Visceral pleura cover each lung and the parietal pleura line the thoracic cavity wall.
Within the pleural cavity between the parietal and visceral pleura, pleural fluid reduces friction as
the pleura move during breathing. The right lung has three lobes separated by two fissures and the
left lung has two lobes separated by one fissure and a depression called the cardiac notch. Both
lungs have an oblique fissure which extends inferiorly and anteriorly. It divides the left lung into
superior and inferior lobes. The oblique and horizontal fissures divide the right lung into superior,
middle, and inferior lobes. Each lobe receives its own secondary (lobar) bronchus. The right primary
bronchus gives rise to

Sternocleidomastoid
The sternocleidomastoid are muscles that are considered accessory. They are active for inhalation
when needs increase or during high lung volumes as in hyperinflation. These muscles pull the
sternum up and increase the size of the upper rib cage in the AP dimension, sometimes taught as
pump handle elevation. These accessory muscles are affected by the position of the diaphragm and
changes in the ZOA.10Kyndy The diaphragm displaces the abdomen and the rib cage equally during
quiet breathing. If the resting tone in the oblique abdominals is insufficient, more than half of the
expansion would go into abdominal expansion allowing for superior migration of the anterior aspect
of the rib cage. This would decrease the ZOA, change the muscle lengths ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Weakness in the abdominals can have a snowball effect on posture and will be discussed later.1 Like
the diaphragm, the transversus abdominis modulates its activity for both postural and respiratory
functions, unlike the other abdominal muscles. It is not active during quite breathing but becomes
active as the demands for expiration increase. Its EMG activity is therefore out of phase with EMG
activity by the diaphragm. 8,11Hodges/Gandevia 2000 and Hodges/Gandevia/Richardson Various
studies have shown that the diaphragm and the transversus abdominis simultaneously contract prior
to movements in the extremities. Hodges et al demonstrated this co–activation 20ms prior to the
activation of the deltoid when the subject was asked to move an arm into flexion.8
Hodges/Gandevia/Richardson. Hodges monitored the diaphragm by measuring the length of the
ZOA because it+ is closely associated with the length of the diaphragm. He believed that the
diaphragm+ was contributing to postural stability by, "maintaining the hoop–like geometry" of the
abdominal wall.Hodges19 Vostatek stated that the diaphragm was contracting in order to provide
abdominal pressure for stabilization of the spine. He also stated that the ribs needed to stay down
and only expand out to the sides during inhalation in order to maintain

Optic Nervous System
Introduction: Vision is one of the four main senses of the cranial division of the skull, along with
hearing, taste and smell. The human eye is an organ that is responsible for responding to light,
focusing and transmitting light through a lens. The human brain consists of 12 cranial nerves that are
either motor, sensory or contains both functions.
CN Olfactory: primary sensory nerve that allows smell
CN Optic: vision; primary sensory nerve
CN Oculomotor:
CN Trochlear: enables eye to look downward or inward
CN Trigeminal: facial sensation; chewing
CN Abducens: moves eye laterally
CN Facial: contributes to facial expression
CN Vestibulocochlear: Hearing
CN Glossopharyngeal: Taste posterior of tongue
CN Vagus: mixed nerve carrying ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Marieb, "There are six extrinsic eye muscles that are primarily responsible for eye
movement." The three nerves that contribute to human eye movement are: oculomotor, abducens
and trochlear nerve. The oculomotor is a pure motor nerve, "that controls the superior, inferior and
medial rectus," (Marieb, 495) The abducens nerve is a purely motor nerve that carries motor
impulses to the lateral rectus that permits the eye to move side to side and abduct. The trochlear
nerve innervates the superior oblique eye muscle that allows the eye to move inwardly,
inferolaterally; to look down and it permits oculomotion. In order to attain the purpose of these
experiments, three test will be performed: oculomotor, abducens and trochlear test. Each test will
evaluate each of the eye muscles and their efficiency and will disclose which of the three nerves has
a malfunction.
Hypothesis: It is assumed that the trochlear nerve is experiencing complications based off of the
symptoms and the diagnosis shows the superior oblique to be impaired which is causing Samir to be
unable to move his left eye inward and to have double vision.
Procedures:
Oculomotor test:
1. Have subject stand directly in front of you
2. Subject look straight forward
3. As you trace the letter H in the air with your finger, have subject follow it with their

Bio 151 List of Structures
Biology 115 Semester List of Structures Chapter One Anatomy is the study of body structure and
the relationship between structures Physiology is the study of how the structures of the body
function Levels of Structural Organization Chemical Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism
Homeostasis Positive feedback loop Negative feedback loop Relative Positions Superior Inferior
Anterior Posterior Medial Lateral Bilateral Ipsilateral Contralateral Proximal Distal Superficial
Deep Body Sections Sagittal Transverse (horizontal) Frontal (coronal) Body Regions See Figure
1.17 Chapter Two Chemistry Matter Element Major elements Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen
Atom Subatomic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
s Flat bones Irregular bone Sesamoid bones Anatomy of a Long Bone Epiphyses Metaphyses
Epiphyseal growth plate Epiphyseal growth line Diaphysis Periosteum Medullary cavity Endosteum
Articular cartilage Microscopic Anatomy Compact bone Osteons Spongy bone Trabeculae Bone
Formation Intramembranous ossification Endochondral ossification Cells in Bone Osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts Hormonal Control of Bone Calcitonin Parathyroid hormone
Osteology of the Axial Skeleton Frontal Parietal Temporal Zygomatic arch Mastoid process
Occipital Foramen magnum Occipital condyles Sphenoid Sella turcica Greater wing Lesser wing
Ethmoid Cribriform plate Crista galli Nasal Maxilla Alveolar process Palatine process Zygomatic
Zygomatic arch Lacrimal Palatine Inferior nasal conchae Vomer Mandible Condyle Coronoid
process Alveolar process Nasal septum Sutures Coronal Sagittal Lambdoid Squamous Pterion Hyoid
Verteba Body Vertebral foramen Pedicles Lamina Transverse process Spinous process Superior
articular process Inferior articular process Cervical vertebrae Atlas Anterior arch Posterior arch Axis
Odontoid process Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Anterior sacral foramen Posterior
sacral foramen Median sacral crest Lateral sacral crest Coccyx Sternum Manubrium Body Xiphoid

What Is Inguinal Hernia?
An inguinal hernia can be described as a protrusion or passage of a peritoneal sac, with or without
abdominal contents, through a weakened part of the abdominal wall in the groin (Drake, 2010).
Inguinal hernias have been present in the medical literature from the beginning of written history.
Documented as early as 1700 BC, the Hammurabi of Babylon described hernia reduction and
application of trusses to prevent protrusion (Matthews, 2008). As of 2008, inguinal hernia repair was
the most common general surgery procedure in the United States (Matthews, 2008). Patients with an
inguinal hernia can present at any age, from birth until the elderly, both male and female; although,
inguinal hernias are 10 times more common in men than in women. In ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Congenital inguinal hernias are present from birth due to the presence of the processus vaginalis
allowing a passage of viscera through the inguinal canal. Acquired hernias occur in older patients
due to various causes such as raised intra–abdominal pressure, damage to nerves of the anterior
abdominal wall, and weakening of the walls of the inguinal canal (Fitzgibbons, 2015). Because the
abdominal wall of the groin has a weakened part, an inguinal hernia can occur. An inguinal hernia
occurs because the peritoneal sac enters the inguinal canal either indirectly, through the deep
inguinal ring; or directly, through the posterior wall of the inguinal canal (Perrott,

The Brain and Cranial Nerves Essay
The Brain and Cranial Nerves
One of the most complex and fascinating things in the human body is the brain. The body is
"capable of almost everything, but it would not be possible, without the brain receiving information,
and analyzing the information." The brain is aware of its surroundings, via input from the spinal
cord and cranial nerves. Cranial nerves with sensory functions allow us to smell and see. Nerves
with both motor and sensory functions are responsible for everything from tasting and chewing, to
breathing and the heating of your heart. Many of the little things we take for granted are also made
possible by cranial nerves. Solving problems, feeling hungry, laughing. Each of these activities
occurs in a different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Medulla contains white matter that is sensory and motor tracts. These tracts extend between the
spinal cord and other parts of the brain. The Pons lies directly superior to the Medulla. Like the
Medulla, the Pons is a bridge that connects parts of the brain with one another. The midbrain extends
fro the Pons to the Diencephalon. The Midbrain contains both tracts and nuclei. The interior art of
the midbrain contains a pair of tracts called Cerebral Pedunctis. They contain axons of corticospinal
corticopontine and corticobolbar motor neurons. These conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum
to the spinal cord, medulla, and pons. The posterior part of the midbrain is called the tectum. The
Tectum contains four rounded elecations, two superior, and two inferior. The two superior elevations
are known as the superior culliculi. They serve as reflex centers for certain visual activities. The two
inferior elevations, the inferior colliculi, are aprt of the auditory pathway, relaxing impulses from the
receptors for hearing in the ear to the thalamus. The Cerebellum is the second largest part of the
brain. The cerebellum occupies the inferior and posterior aspects of the cranial cavity. The
Diencephalon extends from the brain stem to the cerebrum. It includes the thalamus, hypothalmas,
epithalamus, and subthalmus. The twelve cranial nerves are responsible for a variety of things. Some
of these nerves bring information from the sense

A Comparison Of Life And Respiration For Speech
A Comparison of Respiration for Life and Respiration for Speech Respiration is a necessary bodily
function in sustaining life. Its basic objective is to oxygenate blood and remove carbon dioxide by
way of four stages: ventilation, distribution, perfusion, and diffusion (Seikel, Drumright, & King,
2016, p. 147). Respiration is also vital to the production of speech, but the way in which respiration
occurs while producing speech is different than the process of respiration for life in a few ways.
Respiration for life is a passive process while respiration for speech is an active process, requiring
some conscious effort. During respiration for speech, the respiration cycle is altered in order to
maintain appropriate pressures and volumes needed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thoracic muscles involved in forced expiration include the interosseous portion of the internal
intercostals, innermost intercostals, transversus thoracis, subcostals, and serratus posterior inferior.
The function of the interosseous portion of the internal intercostals and the innermost intercostals is
to depress ribs 1–11. The transversus thoracis are found on the inner surface of the rib cage and
function to depress the rib cage for forced expiration. Within the inner wall of the thorax the
subcostals can be found, functioning to depress the thorax. Contraction of the serratus posterior
inferior muscles helps to pull the rib cage down, supporting expiration. Abdominal muscles of
expiration include the transversus abdominis, internal oblique abdominis, external oblique
abdominis, rectus abdominis, and quadratus lumborum. Of all the anterior abdominal muscles, the
transversus abdominis is the deepest and its function is to compress the abdomen. Positioned in
between the transversus abdominis and the external oblique abdominis, the internal oblique
abdominis rotates and flexes the trunk as well as compresses the abdomen. The most superficial and
biggest group of abdominal muscles are the external oblique abdominis. When these muscles
contract bilaterally, they flex the vertebral column and compress the abdomen. When they are
contracted unilaterally, they rotate the trunk. The rectus abdominis muscles run along the midline of
the body and are responsible for flexion of the vertebral

CHN1 Case Study
Pathology As stated previously, the proteins, a1–chimaerin and a2–chimaerin, are important in the
facilitation of neural growth. The a2–chimaerin protein regulates the movement between the
different neurons, so that neural structures can develop properly. When a mutation takes place in the
CHN1 gene, it causes the a2–chimaerin to not work properly. This mutation causes some of the
nerves that are created by the CHN1 proteins to either be underdeveloped or missing altogether.
Jeon–Min Hwang and associates found that the absence of the CHN1 caused the subsequent absence
of cranial nerves IV and VI (18). Cranial nerve four, also known as the trochlear nerves, serves to
lower the eye as it is adducted by the superior oblique muscles; in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
All three of these types can trace their origins to the limitation that the mutation in the CHN1
creates. Once the mutation causes the a2–chimaerin protein to not function as it should, it causes the
cranial nerves to either go missing or become so unstable that the nerves that they control will not be
responsive.
Prevention and Therapies Currently, there are no actual preventative measures that can help against
Duane Retraction Syndrome; however, many of the symptoms that develop as a result of DRS can
be modified or corrected in an effort to ascertain that the individual's personal comfort is attended
to. Surgeries, such as a medial rectus recession, are available in order to tighten or loosen the eye
muscles that control the eye muscles (23). According to Pradeep Sharma and collagues, another
option for ways to correct an exotropic strabismus are procedures known as periosteal fixation or
extirpation of the lateral rectus. Both of these procedures were shown to correct the atypical head
posture as well as the exodeviation by dissecting the lateral rectus from the other eye muscles.
Patients who had experiencd tbe periosteal fixation reported an improvement of globe retraction for
up to three consecutive years (24).
Summary
The disorder known as Duane Retraction Syndrome, or simply Duane Syndrome, is a syndome that
impacts millions of people's eye movement and coordination. This condition is a weakness within
the muscles in the

Arthrogram Summary
According to WebMD, an Arthrogram is a radiographic examination of a joint, such as a knee,
shoulder, hip, ankle or wrist. It is used to obtain a series of pictures by using special kinds of
radiographic imaging like fluoroscopy, MRI, CT and contrast. Contrast material is a dye that is
injected into the patient and helps the doctor see the soft tissue structures of that joint such as
tendons, ligaments, muscles, cartilage and joint capsule (Healthwise Staff, 2014, p. 1).Contrast is
either injected directly into the joint or indirectly where the dye is injected into the bloodstream and
absorbs into the joint. Without contrast these structures would not be seen on a regular radiographic
image. The article also states that Fluoroscopy helps take ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Arthrograms can indicate tears, degeneration or disease in joints, ligaments, cartilage or bones in the
joint. It can also help find problems with the rotator cuff, such as tears. The exam can be used to find
abnormal growths or fluid filled cysts. Arthrograms are used to confirm the correct placement of a
needle for fluid analysis. Fluid analysis is a test in which joint fluid is removed with a thin needle.
Along with guiding needles for fluid analysis, arthrograms are also used to place needles for
painkillers, such as a corticosteroid injection (Healthwise Staff,

Anatomy : The Urinary System Of The Human Body
Physiology is the study of the functional systems of the human body describing how various
systems work and interact with each anatomical structure. Anatomy is the study of the structure and
relationship between body parts. In the human body there are 10 functional systems which are:
Nervous system (Ns)– The nervous system is divided into two parts : The central nervous system,
(CNS) which involves the brain and spinal cord; and the peripheral system which connects the
central nervous system to the rest of the body.
Cardio vascular or circulatory system (CVS)–The cardiovascular system involves of heart, blood
vessels, and blood, arteries and veins.
Respiratory system (RS)–There are two different tracts in the respiratory system which are; upper
respiratory tract which consists of Nostrils, nasal, pharynx, larynx and trachea. The lower respiratory
tract; consists of bronchi, lungs, bronchioles and alveoli.
Digestive or gastrointestinal system (GIS) – Accessory organs of the digestive system include the
teeth, tongue, saliva glands, liver gallbladder and pancreas. To achieve the goal of providing
nutrients to the body, major functions take place in digestive system which are; Ingestion, Digestion,
Absorption and Excretion.
Urinary system (US) – The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.
Reproductive system (RS) – there two different types of reproductive system which are; the Female
reproductive system: The internal organs of the female reproductive system are all located in the
lower third of the abdomen. The Male reproductive system: The penis and the urethra are part of the
urinary and reproductive system.
Musculoskeletal system (MS)–Musculoskeletal system is made up of muscles, skeletal, cartilage,
tendons, ligaments joints and other tissues connected that support and binds tissues and organs
together.
Immune system (IS) – The immune system consists of three major parts; B–cells which are
produced in bone narrow, T–cells which are produced in thymus glands, Antigens which are
different proteins or viruses.
Integumentary system – consists of three different parts which are; Hair, Nails and glands.
Endocrine system (ES) – the major glands of endocrine systems include

The Longitudinal Layer
The longitudinal layer is 2.5 mm thick and the thickness decreases with age. Cranially the layer is
predominantly muscular while fibro–elastic caudally. The fibro–elastic tissue of the longitudinal
layer is continuous with the fibro–elastic network outside the sphincter to the perianal skin to form
the corrugator cutis ani, thereby forming an intra–sphincteric fibro–elastic network passing through
the external sphincter(Stoker, 2009).
External anal sphincter The external sphincter is a cylindrical striated muscle under voluntary
control and comprises predominantly slow–twitch muscle fibres, capable of prolonged contraction.
With age there is a shift towards more type II (rapid) fibres (Cni, 1993). The external sphincter has a
nerve supply by the inferior rectal branch of the pudendal nerve (S2, S3) and the perineal branch of
the fourth sacral nerve (S4). Primary function is closure of the anal canal to postpone evacuation,
regulation is partly reflex (e.g., sudden increase in abdominal pressure) and partly voluntary through
the visceral and somatic afferent and somatic efferent nerves. The external sphincter also contributes
to some extent to the anal resting tone. The external sphincter constitutes the inferior outer aspect of
the anal sphincter and envelops the inter–sphincteric space . The external sphincter is approximately
2.7 cm high, but is anteriorly shorter in women (approximately 1.5 cm) (Rociu et al., 2000). The
lateral part of the external sphincter is

Subacromial Bursitis Case Study
Possible diagnosis Signs and Symptoms Pharmacological treatment Subacromial Bursitis 1. Pain
that worsens over winter (when patient had to repetitively rake snow, possibly causing
inflammation) 2. Pain located at the top and side of the shoulder (acromial area) Corticosteroid
injection to decrease pain and inflammation Non–traumatic Partial Supraspinatus Tear 1. Pain that
worsens over winter (when patient had to repetitively rake snow) 2. Pain at rest that increases with
shoulder movement 3.Pain progressively worse over last 5 months Corticosteroid injection to
decrease pain and inflammation Impingement Syndrome (of Supraspinatus tendon) 1. Pain worsens
in winter with increased need for overhead movement 2. Pain located at the top and side of the
shoulder (acromial area) 3. Pain that increases with flexion Ibuprofin 2. During inspection of the
patient's affected shoulder, name at least three key clinical aspects that you need to observe on both
shoulders that would suggest any pathology or abnormality on the shoulders. From the three clinical
aspects that you observed, explain what each of the findings would indicate concerning the
pathology of the shoulder. For example if the shoulder is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In degenerative spondylolisthesis, radiographic findings include a spinous process below the level of
the slip. X–rays of fracture spondylolisthesis show the body, pedicles, and superior articular
processes slipping forward above the level of the slip with the spinous process in it's usual position.
This disorder can be managed with physical therapy and reduced activity with an emphasis on
forward flexion, as extension can further cause disruption of the vertebrae. Pain medication and
bracing can help decrease pain, though surgical intervention is sometimes necessary as a long term
solution (McKinnis,

Fissure Essay
Fissural development varies greatly and could range from a complete fissure (lung surface to lung
hilum) to an absent fissure, at the opposite end of the spectrum. High resolution computed
tomographic scan series have reported a prevalence of a partial of total incompleteness of the
oblique fissure on the right as 64–87% and on the left with 50–70%. (5),(6),(7)
Areas of incomplete fissures show fusion of pulmonary parenchyma of the two adjacent lobes.
Incompleteness of fissures may complicate anatomical lung resection, such as lobectomy, as a neo–
fissure must to be developed and carefully sealed to avoid postoperative air leak with its risk of
associated complications. Further, lobar fusion has significant implications for pulmonary ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The phrenic nerve branches are located deep within the muscle of the diaphragm. Merendino et al
described the consistent course of the phrenic nerve in 1954 (11). Thorough knowledge of it's
anatomy required to allow for safe surgical incisions in the diaphragm (12). There are three
muscular branches on each side, anteromedial, posterolateral, and anterolateral. The posterolateral
branch gives off a dorsomedial branch to the crura.
Vagus nerve
Left and right vagus nerves enter the respective superior mediastinum posterior to the
sternocalvicular joint and brachiocephalic vein. The right vagus crosses the subclavian artery
posterior to the right sternoclavicular joint where it gives off the right recurrent laryngeal nerve,
which in turn loops around the artery to ascend upwards. The right recurrent laryngeal nerve then
reaches the tracheoesophageal groove posterior to the common carotid artery. This nerve is rarely
damaged during thoracic surgical procedures but may be torn in a malignant decortication. Within
the thorax, the vagus nerve travels posteriorly in the superior mediastinum then posteromedial to the
right brachiocephalic vein and superior vena cava. It passes behind the pulmonary hilum where it
assists in the formation of the pulmonary plexus. On leaving the pulmonary plexus the

Anatomy of Thorax Mcqs
Anatomy of the Thorax MCQ and Spotter
Hint: Cross section: Which artery (vein also indicated)?
The correct answer is: Internal thoracic artery
Click on the correct name for this structure:
The correct answer is: Descending aorta
Click on the correct name for this structure
The correct answer is: Rib: head
The correct answer is: Pulmonary artery
The correct answer is: Sternum: xiphoid process
The correct answer is: Posterior intercostal artery
The correct answer is: Brachiocephalic artery
The correct answer is: Vertebra: articular facet
The correct answer is: Rib: angle
The correct answer is: Descending aorta
The correct answer is: Sternum: angle (of Louis) (BUMP)
The correct answer is: Left subclavian artery
The correct ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
False chordae tendineae
Left superior lingular tertiary bronchus
Anterior–medial basal bronchopulmonary segment of left inferior lobe

Left atrium
Atrioventricular (AV) node
N.B. AV is based on the left side of the heart when you dig into the pulmonary veins!
Costal cartilage: 3rd
Right anterior tertiary bronchus
Coronary sinus LOOKS LIKE IN LEFT ATRIUM BUT IS IN RIGHT ATRIUM!
Left apical–posterior tertiary bronchus
Cristae terminalis
END OF THE CHORDAE TENDINADAE?
NOTE MUSCULI PECTINATI ARE IN RIGHT ATRIUM
Right middle secondary bronchus]]
#.
This is the opening of which vessel
Coronary sinus
Right upper secondary (eparterial) bronchus
Sternum: manubrium
Sternum: manubrium
Aortic arch
Left

Examples Of Postural Deviations
Upon performing a posture test on myself, I discovered that I have postural deviations and
associated muscle imbalances. The lower back (erectors) hip flexors (tight muscles) Abduct the hips
extensors. I also discovered that my client has postural deviations and associated muscle
imbalances. We both have the Malalignment Lordosis, which causes the superior iliac crests of the
pelvis to push more forward and downward from the normal anatomical posture. The possible tight
muscles that tighten for a individual that have Lordosis would be the lower back (erectors) and hip
flexors. The possible weak muscles for a individual with Lordosis would be the Abdominals
(especially oblique) and the hip extensors. A few good exercises that I would recommend

600 Muscles Fungus Movement
There are about 600 muscles in the body working together to create movement. Muscle contractions
pull both ends of the muscle towards one another. One bone attached to each muscle is always more
stabilized than the other. The less stabilized bone moves during muscle contraction due to the
weaker stability. The points of attachment determine which bone will move. The least movable part
is called the origin; it is the part that attaches closer to the midline of the body. This leaves the most
movable part called the insertion. Each of these points can be identified in individual muscles to
assist trainers in understanding how the muscles and joints work together to create motion.
Beginning with an example from the shoulder girdle, the trapezius ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Next is the semitendiosus muscle with the point of origin at the ischial tuberorsity and insertion at
the upper anterior medial surface of the tibia. The action of this muscle is extension of the hip,
flexion of the knee, and internal rotation of the hip and knee. The soleus is a muscle located near the
ankle and foot. This muscle's origin is the posterior surface of the proximal fibula and proximal 2/3
of the posterior tibial surface. The point of insertion is the posterior surface of the Achilles tendon.
The intended action of this muscle is plantar flexion of the ankle. The final muscles come from the
trunk and spinal column. Rectus abdominus has a point of origin at the superior surface of the pubis
around syphysis and an insertion at the inferior surfaces of costal cartilages (ribs 5–7) and the
xiphoid process of the sternum. The intended action of this muscle is to depress the ribs and flex the
vertebral column. Transverse abdominus is the next example. Its origin is the cartliges of the lower
ribs, iliac crest, and lumbodorsal fascia. The point of insertion is the linea alba and pubis, and the
intended

Different Abilities That Set Humans Apart From Other Lives...
One of the unique abilities that set humans apart from other life forms is the ability of speech
production. Although it occurs involuntarily the act of speaking can be traced back to neural level
even before the muscles are directed to move or before the first breathe is taken to supply the energy
source for speech. Most people may not realize it but the fact is saying a word or even a sound is
quite laboring on the body, especially when it must occur rapidly to even create a single sentence.
Before a word or even a sound is produced the respiratory and phonatory systems must be activated
and set into motion. Respiration which fuels the body is defined as the exchange of gas between an
organism and its environment (Seikel, page 35), while Phonation is defined to be the product of
vocal fold vibration which occurs within the larynx (Sekiel, page 165). In preparation to breathe, the
diaphragm must move inferiorly giving the lungs room to expand. This intake of air must travel a
great distance from either the nose or mouth, down through the larynx, and into the trachea, bronchi
and, finally, lungs. While simply breathing, the air will travel through the vocal folds which remain
in the abducted position. During speech production the vocal folds will adduct causing the air
traveling through them to create a rippling effect as the folds vibrate. It is important to note this is
merely the beginning stage at this point and that sounds produced at this point would resemble that
off

The Trochlear Nerve
The Trochlear Nerve (Cranial Nerve IV) is the longest and thinnest nerve emerging from the central
nervous system, more specifically the dorsal aspect of the Midbrain, its nucleus is located just below
the Oculomotor Nucleus (Cr. III) at the level of the inferior colliculus, its fibers arc around the
periaqueductal grey matter, decussate before exiting the midbrain on its dorsal aspect by piercing the
superior medullary vellum, goes around its dorsum, passing between the cerebral peduncles and the
temporal lobe; then it courses between the Superior and Posterior Cerebral Arteries (SCA, PCA),
pierces the dura just beneath the free edge of the Tentorium cerebelli behind the posterior clinoid
process, enters the cavernous sinus and runs through its lateral wall above the ophthalmic nerve and
below the oculomotor nerve, before exiting the cavernous sinus it positions above the oculomotor
nerve and enters the superior orbital fissure lateral to its common tendinous ring, passes above the
superior elevator palpebral(1,2,3) muscle attaching to the superior ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
V). The supraorbital is the direct continuation of the frontal nerve, while the supratrochlear, an
inferior smaller branch which is responsible for the sensation of the frontal periosteum, lower
forehead skin, upper eyelid and conjunctiva; in its intraorbital segment it passes above the pulley of
the superior oblique muscle (therefore its name), at this level it gives out a filament that joins the
infratrochlear branch of the nasocilliary nerve; then it exits the orbit at the medial end of the
supraorbital eyelid and pierces the musculoaponeurotic layer superior to the supraorbital notch and
ascends between the corrugator supercilli and frontalis muscle, innervating the before mentioned
structures

Maxillary Sinus Case Study
Pathologic processes seen; Depressed Nasal Bone fracture seen. Mucous or infection within the
maxillary sinus. Anatomical Structures that were seen; Orbital floor fracture, Frontal Bone, Frontal
Sinuses, Frontal lobe, Sphenoid bone, Ethmoid Sinuses, Sella Turcica, Clivus, Anterior arch of C–1,
Alantooccipital joint. Cervical Spine #1, 2, and 3, Tongue, Soft Tissues, Vomer, Mental Mandible,
Hard Palate, Maxillary, Odontoid Process Epiglottis, Alveolar process of Mandible, Esophagus,
maybe an earring. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pediatric Bilateral Mandibular Condyle Fracture Pathologic process. The first conclusion I came to
was that it was an image of a pediatric skull. The second to come to process was an abnormality that
I saw within the mandible condyles shown. Also the spine of a small child. These fractures usually
are a cause of trauma and mainly affect the Condylar Neck. They are classified by their location.
Around the condyle are capsules of ligaments that hold the condyle to the Temporomandibular Joint.
Mandibular Condyle Pediatric fractures have special protocols for management. . This is done with
either an open technique, where an incision is made, the fracture is found and is physically
manipulated into place, or closed technique where no incision is made. Anatomical structures that
were seen; Mandible Condyle, Mandible Ramus, Sphenoid Bone, Body, Lesser Wing, Greater Wing,
Pterygoid Plate, Supra Orbital Fissure, Foramen Ovale, and Spinosum, Occipital Bone, Foramen
Magnum, Temporal Bone, Optic Canal, Clavicle, Neck of Mandible Coronoid. Symptoms;
Deviation of mandible to the opposite side of fracture, Pre–auricular depression. Shortening of
height of mandibular ramus. Bite is misaligned. Pain. Vascular injury can result with particular
attention to the internal carotid and jugular

Muscles And Trauma Case Study: Chinese Delivery
Matt may have had to do simple movements in order to get his Chinese delivery in a matter of
seconds, but what he probably is oblivious to is the various muscles and joints needed to do in the
simple act of opening a door.
To begin, Matt first had to stand from his sitting position, in order to go and get his food from the
delivery person. With standing, it is necessary to be in control and maintain a steady posture, or one
would constantly be landing on their face. While sitting, Matt is using muscles such as Quadriceps,
Fibularis Longus, Latissimus Dorsi, and of course; his Gluteus Medius muscles. With that, we see
there are many muscles just involved in the process of being in a sitting positon. Moreover, is when
Matt has to physically ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Next, Matt has to push up using all of his strength. Muscle used in this process are the Hamstrings
which flex the knee for movement, the soleus, which provides power to the ankle, and the Tibilias
anterior, which inverts the ankle. Now, Matt is finally in standing position. In this position, Matt is
using his Gluteus Maximus, one of the strongest muscles in the human body, and this allows for
movement of the hip & thigh. Also, Matt is using his Hamstrings, Soleus, and Tibilas anterior, which
very also used in other positions in the process of standing from sitting position. With all of the
different muscles used in this process of standing from sitting position, there were also various
nerves that inverted these muscles. For the Quadriceps it would be the femoral nerve, the Fibularis
Longus with the Peroneus longus nerve, the Latissimus Dorsi with the Thoracodorsal nerve, the
Gluteus medius which uses the superior gluteal nerve, and the gluteus maximus which uses the
inferior gluteal nerve, the Internal oblique which uses the both the iliohypogastric nerve and the
ilioinguinal nerve. Also, the Trapezius which uses

Essay On Igg4-Related Disease
IgG4–related disease (IgG4–RD) is a newly recognized, multiorgan, fibro–inflammatory disease
characterized by mass forming lesion with dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltration with large numbers
of IgG4+ plasma cells, storiform fibrosis and sometimes obliterative phlebitis. IgG4–RD was first
described in 2001 by Japanese researchers in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis with high levels
of serum IgG.[1, 2]
IgG4–RD usually affects individuals of middle to old age, with an onset at 50–70 years, although
few paediatric cases have been described. Males are more commonly affected especially for IgG4–
related pancreatitis with an M:F ratio of 3:7. However, IgG4–related dacryoadenitis and sialadenitis
may occur more frequently among ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Enlargement of one or more of trigeminal nerve branches is another feature of IgG4–ROD. The
most commonly involved branches are the infraorbital nerve (ION) and the frontal nerve. Other
nerves may be involved such as perioptic nerves, paravertebral nerves and great auricular nerve. The
disease involves mainly the epineurium and the affected nerves are infilterated by masses of
lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils and large numbers of IgG+ plasma cells.[20–23]
EOM enlargement is not rare in IgG4–ROD especially in cases with enlarged orbital nerves. Single
or multiple muscles may be involved during the disease course in the following order of frequency:
inferior rectus, followed by superior rectus–levator complex, lateral rectus, medial rectus, inferior
oblique and superior oblique. Histopathologically, the muscle biopsy shows a mixed and dense
infiltration with polyclonal B– and T–cells with some fibrosis.[24, 25]
IgG4–ROD may also involve the lacrimal drainage apparatus.[26] Furthermore, sclera and
conjunctival affection and nongranulomatous anterior uveitis have also been reported. [27, 28]
There is a correlation between IgG4–RD and ocular adnexal xanthogranulomatous disease in which
a high

External Intercostals And Its Effect On Inhalation
With the production of each sound their first has to be air inhaled. This inhalation phase is ten
percent of the process. When producing the word /sit/ it is like the quiet breathing inhalation process
except it is quicker by about 1/10 because talking does not need as long of process. First, the quiet
breathing begins with air pressure being taken into the lungs to cause the diaphragm to contract. The
inhalation of air will cause the diaphragm to contract and flatten. The external intercostals will
expand the rib cage and cause it torque out. The effect of using the diaphragm and external
intercostals during inhalation is increasing thoracic and lung volume anteriorly to posteriorly. The
lung pressure will decrease because it is relative ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The buccinator muscle influences the sound by the lips against the teeth which produced
labiodentals and the vowel E sound. Both muscles pull the corners of the mouth laterally then a
smile, vowel E sound, and facial expression can all be produced. The zygomatic major is a muscle
that contributes to the sound production of /a/ because it pulls the corner of the mouth up and
laterally which produces facial expression specifically a smile. What all four of these muscle have in
common to produce the front vowel /i/ is they are all have the action of pulling the mouth laterally
which in return would shape up for vowel production. Lastly, the depressor anguli oris will pull the
corner of the mouth down to produce frowning, but also helped with lip compression with frowning
still and production of /i/

4 Cranial Nerves Lab
Introduction:
The purpose of this experiment is to evaluate the 4 cranial nerves that are used for vision and eye
movement based on their functions by performing several tests. With that being said, there are 12
cranial nerves in the body. The first cranial nerve is known as Olfactory Nerve I. This nerve is used
for smell. Next, is the nerve that is used for vision and that is Optic Nerve II. The third cranial nerve
is the Oculomotor Nerve III, which allows movement of the eye in several directions including up,
down, up and inward. In addition, this nerve controls the pupil. Next, is the Trochlear Nerve IV. This
nerve moves the eyes in a down and inward movement. The next nerve is responsible for the
sensory impulses to different parts of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The patient is instructed to tell the doctor when he/she can see the pen light while looking forward.
–The opthmalogist will then record the data and ask the patient to remain covering their right eye.
The doctor will then place the penlight about the patients head and ask them to tell him/her when
he/she sees the penlight.
–The doctor will do the same thing and place the penlight in the lower quadrant of the patients body
and ask him/her to state when the light is seen.
–The doctor will go through the same steps, but with the left eye is covered now.
–Results will be recorded.
The Oculomotor Nerve III is tested. This nerve allows the eyes to have certain movements as well as
controls the pupils.
1.Following the H letter:
–The doctor will stand directly in front of the patient.
–The doctor will instruct the patient to stare straight ahead and follow the letter H as he/she draws
the letter.
–The doctor will see if the patients eyes follow the letter and see if the eyes move smoothly during
the procedure.
–Results are recorded.
2.Eyelid position:
–The patient will stare directly ahead, and the doctor will look at the patients eye lids to see if they
are normal or droop.
–Results are recorded.
3.Pupil size and

Muscle Functions Of Muscle Function
Muscle Function
Masseter helps chew food by raising the mandible up and down
Latissimus dorsi extension of the arm, the adduction of the arm, and the rotation of the arm towards
the center of the body
Triceps brachii extension of the arm and forearm
Deltoids rotation of the arm towards and away from the body, and the extension, flexion, and
abduction of the arm
Trapezius extension of the cranium, adduction and elevation, and depression of the scapula
Extensor carpi radialis abduction and extension of the hand
Extensor carpi ulnaris extension and adduction of the hand
Serratus ventralis abduction of the scapula and rotation in an upward direction
Rectus abdominus enables the vertebral column to be flexed and the compression of the abdomen
Pectoralis minor enables the 3rd, 4th, and 5th ribs to be raised for inhalation of air and allows the
abduction of the scapula and its inferior movement
Pectoralis major arm to rotate towards the body and the flexion and extension of the arm
Sternohyoid pushes the hyoid bone down
Biceps femoris flexion of the leg and extension of the thigh
Gluteus maximus extension of the thigh and the rotation of the thigh away from the body
Gluteus medius enables the thigh to be abducted and to be rotated towards the center of the body
External oblique flexion of the vertebral column with a forward movement of the abdomen and
chest, and allows for the lateral flexion of the vertebral column and trunk rotation
Senitendinous enables leg to be flexed and

Cranial Nerves
Cranial Nerves The human body is a unique and fascinating entity. There is not much notice taken of
the features the human body is capable of. The brain is necessary to perform day–to–day actions,
such as the ability to speak, and see amongst us. This brain is made up of simple mater (Pia mater,
Arachnoid mater, Dura mater) and the cranial surface to protect the brain. We live our daily lives
without acknowledging the importance of this organ, the brain, unless you're a medical student of
course! Despite that people go on with their daily activities using the human natural senses. Looking
at the world through the eyes, watching for any danger around us; ears for hearing the sounds
detecting something that may call for danger, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second cranial nerve is optic nerve. Optic nerves main function is vision, one of the important
senses of the human body. Allowing oneself to see around them. The cell bodies of the optic nerve
are located in the Retina (ganglion cells). Optic nerve begins with unmyelinated axons of the
rentinal ganglion cells, which later become myelinated in the optic disc. CN II enters the cranium
via the optic canal. The retina has bipolar cells that are connected to the special sensory fibers (rods
and cone cells). When light hits the rod and cone cells, electrical impulse are relayed and transmitted
to the bipolar cells. That is when the bipolar cells transmit electrical activity to the CNS through the
optic nerve. Loosing the sense of vision can be very detrimental. Some of the dysfunctions that
occur with CN II are immediate monocular blindness (partial or complete), visual field deficits,
blurring, scotomata, and monocular diplopia. There can be many possible causes for these
dysfunctions to name a few, immediate loss of vision is due to injury to optic nerve due to ischemia
or death, delayed vision loss is due to infarction of the optic nerve or less frequently by hematoma
surrounding the nerve. Complete monocular blindness is usually due to non–organic disorders.
Blurring and scotomata are due to trauma to the cornea, vitreous tears, traumatically induced

Causes Of Visceral Pleura
The parietal pleura drains its lymphatic fluid into the internal thoracic chain anteriorly and
intercostal chains posteriorly, while the diaphragmatic pleura drains into the mediastinal, retrosternal
and coeliac axis nodes.
Should we move this under parietal pleura?
Importance of difference in drainage to that of lung in the behaviour of malignant mesothelioma.
Recognized in latest 8th TNM revision with no demarcation between N1 and N2 as per lung cancer,
just N1 for all ipsilateral nodal metastasis.
I am unsure how to make thir read better?
The visceral pleura is devoid of somatic innervation. Nerves of the visceral pleura originate from the
thoracolumbar sympathetic system and are supplied via the pulmonary plexus. The visceral ... Show
With a combination of sharp and blunt dissection, the parietal pleura is mobilized off important
structures, namely aorta, left subclavian artery, left common carotid artery, phrenic and vagus nerves
on the left and on the right, subclavian vessels, azygous vein, superior vena cava and phrenic nerve.
Resection of malignant solitary fibrous tumours, arising from the parietal pleura may require
resection of underlying chest wall if tumour invasion beyond the endothoracic fascia is suspected or
apparent.
Even in primary malignant disease of the pleura partial thickness resection over the diaphragm
???????????????? as there is a potential plane between the parietal pleura and the diaphragmatic
muscle fibres.
Do we actually perform partial thickness resections in malignant disease or should we get rid of this
sentence all together?
Again when removing a malignant pleural tumour it may be possible to dissect a plane between the
pericardium and mediastinal pleura if there is direct invasion then a part of pericardium must be
resected en bloc
The parietal pleura receives its blood supply from systemic arteries. These include intercostal
arteries, bronchial arteries, branches of the internal mammary and subclavian artery. Drainage is

mostly through the bronchial veins or directly into the vena cavae. The visceral pleural is supplied
by the bronchial arteries and the pulmonary circulation. Its venous drainage

Muscles: A Case Study
3. While performing the off–centre attitude in parallel different groups of muscles contract to
produce movement needed to execute this balance.
Beginning from the lower half of the body there are primary muscles that contract to produce
dorsiflexion of the calcaneus: the tibialis anterior and pernoneous tertius are the agonists and the
peroneous longus and peroneous brevis are the antagonists of this action. Although, when
dorsiflexion reverses to plantaflexion the roles of agonist and antagonist also reverse. Therefore the
peroneous longus and peroneous brevis are now the agonists and the tibialis anterior and pernoneous
tertius are the antagonists of this reversed action.
Upwards, is the knee in flexion caused by a separate group of muscles ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Connected to the scapula is the shoulder: the deltoid anterior, deltoid lateral, pectoralis major and
bicep brachi contract to create forward flexion at one of these shoulder joints. Parallel the deltoid,
infraspinatus and teresminor are contracted to cause extension of the shoulder joint. Travelling along
each arm the triceps brachi and aneconeus muscles are contracted to extend the elbow joint. The
radio–carpal joint in extension uses the extensor carpi radialis longus, abductor pollicis and flexor
carpi radialis to perform the neutral positioning of the radio–carpel and extension of the phalanges
Engaging different muscles create different movements of the body and different actions at joints;
using muscles correctly when performing the off–centre attitude in parallel will make certain the
skill is correct.
4. My main somatotype is the mesomorph and I also fit into the ectomorph category. I have a solid,
muscled athletic appearance and my shoulders are broader then my hips. I am sturdy, tightly strung,
my connective tissue is tight and the strong stretch reflex makes it difficult for flexibility. However
my cardiovascular system is not efficient so my hands and feet are frequently cold; this is a typical
characteristic of an

Case Study: Identifying The Major Muscles In The Body
Question 1
I chose to identify the major muscles located in the body, list the insertions and origins of these
muscles, and explain exercises or movements along with these muscles. Along with these
descriptions I will talk about my own personal findings with the exercises.
I will start with the pectoral muscles. The insertion is the groove in the humerous and the origin is
the surface of the clavicle. Workouts for this muscle group would consist of barbell chest press, also
incline and decline chest press. I found this wourkout to be highly effective with the barbell. I found
it to be more productive for me with bar than the dumbbell because ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A couple of muscle groups associated with the gluteus are the gluteus maximus, and the gluteus
minimus. Exercises for the gluteus maximus would be squats while exercises that would isolate the
minimus would be leg lifts with resistance bands. My experience with both of these were great.
While and after doing squats you could really feel the the muscles being workedout from it while
doing the leg lifts had a drifferent sensation. The leg lifts with the resistance band felt like I was
hitting a whole new muscle because while preforming this exercise the resistance band really helped
isolate the gluteus minimus. The next set of muscles are the abdominals. The origin is the superior
surface of the pubis around the symphysis and the insertion is the inferior surfaces of the costal
cartilages. The workout chosen for this muscle group was the sit up. While preforming the exercise
at a slow speed (4 sec from point to point) you can really feel the resistance placed upon your
abdominals in a wide range this workout was excellent for this muscle group and I highly
recommend it for most clients as long as it is within their parameters. The next

The Day Of Our Dissection Process
On the first day of our dissection process, the group before us also had the right portion of the back,
which includes the following muscles: Trapezius, Latissimus dorsi, Triangle of auscultation, Lumbar
triangle, Blood vessels and nerves, posterior triangle of neck, Rhomboid major, Rhomboid minor,
Levator scapulae, Serratus posterior superior and inferior, Splenius capitis, Semispinalis, erector
spinae, and Multifidus. Once it was our turn for the dissection process of the cadaver, the previous
group had already taken off the majority of the dermis, as a result caused the removal of fragments
on some of the superficial muscles. The adipose tissue had a yellow pigment which was located
towards the superior side of the back, going towards ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Locating the Erector Spinae
Day two of the cadaver project, we were able to identify the trapezius. As mentioned before, on the
first day of our dissection, we mainly pointed out the sections which we were going to dissect and
then engaged in some layer dissecting. There was an abundance of adipose tissue that was present
and it was kind of a challenge at first to spot the muscles we were assigned to dissect because of the
excess amount of fat. Furthermore, after the first day visiting the cadaver, we then dissected and
exposed the latissimus dorsi and trapezius region. There were about three or four layers of adipose
tissue remaining on the desired region which had to be removed. On the other hand, the most
difficult part of dissecting that day was not removing the layers themselves, but rather doing so in a
attentive manner as to not cut into the latissimus dorsi and the trapezius region and mess up the
muscle flap for future dissecting days. It wasn't much that we had to cut through, but the fact that it
had to do be done so precisely was what have made this dissecting day particularly challenging.
Furthermore, our group went through about two layers of adipose near the lumbar region before we
were able to spot the target muscles. To get to the target region however, we had to cut through the
last layer of adipose before fully exposing the latissimus dorsi and trapezius muscles. We grabbed
the forceps and the

Literature Summary Of Thorax
Review of literature
Thorax is a composed of many integrated systems including the muscles, bones and other soft
tissues organ systems, the biomechanics of which, impart the thorax a high mechanical resistance to
injury, mainly due to distinctive elastic properties of the rib and spine system supported by muscles.
So, understanding the complex mechanics of the thorax is critical for understanding the vast
multiplex of injuries sustained in various different circumstances.
Anatomy
The skeleton of the thoracic wall is formed by
the spinal column and 12 thoracic vertebrae
the sternum
12 paired ribs and costal cartilages
The sternum
It is a dagger–shaped bone, which forms the anterior part of the thoracic cage and consists of three
parts.
The manubrium
The body
The xiphoid process
The ribs
The ribs run in an oblique, inferior direction from their posterior articulation to their anterior
articulation. For example, rib 2 articulates with the T2 vertebra posteriorly but with the sternal angle
at the T4 vertebral level anteriorly.
There are three types of ribs
1) True ribs –
1st to 7th ribs which attach directly to the sternum through their own costal cartilages.

2) False ribs –
8th to 10th ribs which are connected to the cartilage of the rib above them
3) Floating ribs –
11th and 12th rib which do not connect even indirectly with the sternum
Ribs can be further classified as –
1) Typical ribs – 3rd to 9th.
A typical rib has a head, neck,

Integumentary System Research Paper
Comparing and Contrasting the Organ Systems
By
Tiffany Steele
The Integumentary System is the largest organ system that will defend the body from things such as
damage to the skin, hair, nails, and scales. The skin is the first line of protection against infection
and temperature change. The variety of functions of the Integumentary System include waterproof,
cushion and protect the deeper tissues, expel wastes, and control the body's temperature. The
Integumentary system has sensory receptors to identify pain, sensation, pressure and temperature.
This system includes two layers of skin. Epidermis is the top layer of skin made up of epithelial
cells and the epidermis is composed of four to five layers of stratum. The dermis is located ... Show
The endocrine system functions involve the production of chemical secretions which aid in the
body's metabolic activity. The endocrine system secretes hormones that control metabolic processes,
growth of the body and sexual development. They also regulate the use and storage of energy in the
body, and regulate the fluid, salt, and sugar levels in the body. The eight glands that help aid the
endocrine system are hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal
glands, reproductive glands, pancreas and pineal gland. These glands can produce, secrete, and store
many hormones.
The collaboration with these systems aids in sustaining the energy levels within the body. It
influences the growth and development as well containing homeostasis. When one or the other
system stops working can cause diseases and disorders. The reproductive system helps in controlling
the creation of gametes. The skeletal system helps in the growth of bones. The musculoskeletal
system helps with the muscle metabolism. The endocrine system helps control water in the kidneys.
The respiratory system helps control the rate of

The Brain and Cranial Nerves Essay examples
The Brain and Cranial Nerves
One of the most complex and fascinating things in the human body is the brain. The body is
"capable of almost everything, but it would not be possible, without the brain receiving information,
and analyzing the information."
The brain is aware of its surroundings, via input from the spinal cord and cranial nerves. Cranial
nerves with sensory functions allow us to smell and see. Nerves with both motor and sensory
functions are responsible for everything from tasting and chewing, to breathing and the heating of
your heart. Many of the little things we take for granted are also made possible by cranial nerves.
Solving ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because virtually no glucose is stored in the brain, the supply of glucose also must be continuous. If
the blood entering the brain has a low level of glucose, mental confusion, dizziness, convulsions,
and loss of consciousness may occur.
The blood brain barrier protects brain cells from harmful substances, as well as, pathogens, by
preventing passage of many substances from blood into brain tissue.
Tight junctions seal together the enclothelial cells of brain capillaries, which also are surrounded by
a thick basement membrain. The process of many astrocyties pressing up against the capillaries is
known as the Astrocyties Process. This process selectively passes some substances from the blood to
the neurons, at the same time, inhibiting the passage of others.
A few water soluble substances, like glucose, cross the brain blood barrier by active transport. Other
substances like creatinine, vrea, and most ions, cross very slowly. Other substances and protions,
including most antibiotic drugs, do not pass at all from the blood into brain tissue. Trauma, certain
toxins, and inflammation, can all cause a breakdown of the Brain blood barrier.
The cranium and the Cranial Meniges surround and protect the brain. The Cranial meninges are
continuous with the Spical meninges. Both have the same basic

Corneal Edema Essay
The cornea is most significantly affected by the active metabolic pump in the endothelium. This
layer of cells in the posterior of the cornea maintain the fluid pump to keep the cornea dry and clear
through the metabolic pump which is activated by temperature and the sodium potassium ATPase
enzyme. The cell density of this basement membrane is vital as it is 7500 cells/mm2 and decreases
with age (Michael 2014). If this cell density reaches low levels of approximately 300–500
cells/mm2 then a corneal edema develops since the endothelium cannot maintain the pumping of the
fluid and eventually floods the cornea which could be the cause of the corneal edema in the corneal
epithelial layer (Michael 2014).
The main theory for the corneal edema of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The oculomotor nerve controls the levator palpabrae superioris, superior rectus muscle, inferior
rectus muscle and the inferior oblique muscle. Damage to the cranial nerve III would damage the
short ciliary nerves which controls the iris. The only ocular muscle which is controlled by the
trochlear nerve is the superior oblique muscle which will remain unaffected by the stroke or the

A&P Lab
Evaluate how the name of a muscle can distinguish its location, action, shape, and function. Select
five different muscles to make this distinction. Descriptive terms are used to name skeletal muscles.
Some names give the location in the body. The temporalis muscle is attached to the temporal bone in
the skull. The brachialis muscle is attached to the humerus bone, but brachial refers to the main
artery in the arm. Some muscles are named for their origins and insertions, like the genioglossus
muscle, for example, originates at the chin (geneion) and inserts in the tongue (glossus). Some
muscles are named for the arrangement of the fascicle groups. For example the rectus abdominus is
the straight muscle that is in the adbominus. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
scapula Mandible and skin of the cheek Depresses mandible; tenses skin of neck Facial nerve
Sternocleido–mastoid clavicular head attaches to sternal end of clavicle; sternal head attaches to
manubrium clavicular head attaches to sternal end of clavicle; sternal head attaches to manubrium
Together, they flex the neck; alone, one side bends head toward shoulder and turns face to opposite
side Accessory nerve (N XI) and cervical spinal nerves (C2–C3) of cervical plexus Splenius Spinous
processes and ligaments connecting inferior cervical and superior thoracic vertebrae Mastoid
process, occipital bone of skull, and superior cervical vertebrae Together, the two sides extend neck;
alone, each rotates and laterally flexes neck to that side Cervical spinal nerves Scalenes Transverse
and costal processes of cervical vertebrae Superior surfaces of first two ribs Elevate ribs or flex neck
Cervical spinal nerves External Coastals Inferior border of each rib Superior border of more inferior
rib Elevate ribs Intercostal nerves (branches of thoracic spinal nerves) External Oblique External
and inferior borders of ribs 5–12 Linea alba and iliac crest Compresses abdomen, depresses ribs,
flexes or bends spine Intercostal, iliohypogastric, and ilioinguinal nerves Diaphragm Xiphoid
process, cartilages of ribs 4–10, and anterior surfaces of lumbar vertebrae Central tendinous sheet
Contraction expands thoracic cavity, compresses abdominopelvic cavity Phrenic

Describe The Process Of Doing Squats
The process of doing squats involves a process of using muscles in bottom half of the torso. There
are primary muscles in doing squats which are the gluteus maximus, quadriceps, and hamstrings.
The gluteus maximus is the largest muscle in the body and covers each buttock. The origin of this
muscle is the sacrum, coccyx, and ilium. The insertion is the posterior surface of femur and fascia of
the thigh which helps to extend the thigh at the hip. The gluteus maximus helps to straighten the
limb at the hip when a person walks, runs, climbs, or squats. In the quadriceps femoris group there
are four muscles called the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius.
The rectus femoris muscle occupies the middle of the thigh ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The next quadriceps muscle is vastus lateralis which is the largest part of the quadriceps on the
lateral side of the femur and the origin is the greater trochanter and posterior surface of the femur.
Another, muscle is the vastus medialis which is on the medial side of the femur. Lastly, the vastus
intermedius is on the anterior and lateral surfaces of femur. The insertion of these muscles is the
patella. All these muscles helps extends leg at the knee. The last primary muscles are the hamstring
group which contain the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and sartorius. The
biceps femoris has two heads, one attached to the ischium and the other attached to the femur. This
muscle's origin is the ischial tuberosity and linea aspera of femur, while the insertion is the head of
fibula and lateral condyle of tibia. This muscle flexes and rotates the leg laterally and extends the
thigh. The semitendinosus is another muscle in the hamstring, it's a long, bandlike muscle on the
back and medial side of the thigh, connecting ischium to the tibia. It flexes and rotates the leg
medially and extends the thigh. The semimembranosus is the third hamstring muscle and is medially
located in the back of the

Zoe's Eye Case Study
This case study is to identify the issues occurring with Zoe's eye. In lab there were test that were
done to see the function of cranial nerves. There are a 12 pairs of cranial nerves that are responsible
for doing different things. The first nerves is the olfactory nerve. The other cranial nerves in order
are optic nerve, oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, trigeminal nerve, abducens nerve, facial nerve,
vestibulocochlear nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, accessory nerve and hypoglossal
nerve. Many cranial nerves deal with vision one of these is the optic nerve. The nerve that carries
sensory information from the eyes to the brain would be the optic nerve. The cranial nerves that
carry motor commands from the brain to the eye would be oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve and
the abducens nerve. The muscles that the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The function of the optic nerve is to carry afferent impulse from the eye to the brain for vision. This
is how to identify different things being looked at. The other three nerves which are motor mainly
responsible for eye movements and focus. The oculomotor nerve helps direct the eyeball, which is
done by the medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique muscles. The levator
pappebrea helps raises upper eyelids. Motor fibers of the sphincter pupillae, which are the muscles
of the iris cause the pupil to contract. The ciliate muscles controls the shape of the lens for visual
focusing. The trochlear nerves function is to provide movement of the eye. The last nerve is the
abducens nerve which controls the movement of the latercu rectus muscle in the eye. Knowing the
function of the nerves that control the eye will allow the finding out the issues that is occurring with
Zoe's eye. From Zoe's examination, it was learned that she has misalignment of the eyes which
causing problems focusing. If Zoe's is having problems forcing then her oculomotor nerve could be

The Effect Of The Abdominal Drawing On Forward Steps
Article Analysis
Madokoro, S., Miaki, H., & Yamazaki, T. (2014). The effect of the abdominal drawing–in
manoeuvre during forward steps. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 26(6), 889–893.
Performance of the ADIM with forward steps had a positive influence on abdominal thickness and
kinematics of hip and pelvis joints. The ADIM, a neuromuscular control exercise, increases function
of the TrA and internal oblique (IO) to create improved trunk stability. The objective "was to
examine the influence of the ADIM on forward steps as a gait exercise."
A convenience sample of 20 healthy male volunteers from a university was obtained. At the time of
testing, these participants did not have any known lower back pain or neuromuscular disease. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During neutral standing, participants were asked to stand quietly and maintain gaze at a marker set
in front of them. For forward step without ADIM, each participant was first asked to walk around
comfortably to sense his or her normal step length. After assessing their normal step length, they
were asked to take a forward step that was comparable. Last, the proper performance of the ADIM
was practiced. "Subjects were instructed to take in a deep breath, draw their belly button up and in
towards the spine as they exhale and to hold this position." Confirmation of the proper performance
of the ADIM was measured using ultrasound. Skin markers were placed on the visualized fascial
planes for reproducibility. Participants performed each of the three postures and data was collected.
The results found "EO thickness increased in forward (right) step (p<0.05).
In conclusion, during forward steps of gait with ADIM, there was increased bilateral IO and TrA
thickness and increased hip extension. Increased hip extension during forward step with ADIM may
have been caused by the increased stability provided by IO and TrA, causing motion restriction at
the spine and pelvis, or there was increased gluteus maximus activation. Also, the ADIM potentially
caused bilateral activation of the IO and TrA and decreased contralateral pelvic rotation during
forward steps with ADIM. Some limitations of this study included the participant's characteristics,
the convenience of

Oculomotor Nerve Essay
The oculomotor nerve, or CN III, is the third cranial nerve. It is responsible for controlling eye
movement, the pupil and the movement of the upper eyelid (Jaffee & Stewart, 2016). The
oculomotor nerve originates at the two nuclei, the oculomotor nucleus and the Edinger–Westphal
nucleus that are at superior colliculus level of the midbrain, travels through the brain and exits
through the superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone (Jaffee & Stewart, 2016).
The nerve consists of two different motor fibers: the somatic motor component and the
parasympathetic motor component. The somatic motor component controls the movement of four
extrinsic muscles and the parasympathetic motor component controls the sphincter pupillae and
ciliary muscles (McKinley, O'Loughlin, & Bidle, 2017, p. 44). CN III can be divided into two major
branches: the superior division and inferior division (Jaffee & Stewart, 2016). The superior branch is
composed of motor fibers that innervate the levator palpebrae superioris and the superior ... Show
A damaged CN III can result in external strabismus, the inability to focus on objects and the pupil
will not respond to changes in the intensity of light (McKinley, O'Loughlin, & Bidle, 2017, p. 44).
There are several different tests that can be performed to test the function of the nerve.
When examining the eyes for oculomotor nerve damage, observe if the eyelid droops (McKinley,
O'Loughlin, & Bidle, 2017, p. 44). Another simple way to test the health of the oculomotor nerve is
to instruct the patient to keep their head completely still and have only their eyes follow your finger.
While standing in front of the patient, draw two large, connecting H's with your finger ("Cranial
Nerve," 2013). The pupillary sphincter muscle can also be tested by placing a hand vertically against
the nose and shining a pen torch in each eye to see if the light reflex is functioning ("Cranial Nerve,"

Abdomen Anatomy Mcq

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Abdomen Anatomy Mcq

Similar to Abdomen Anatomy Mcq (16)

More from Lindsey Rivera

More from Lindsey Rivera (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Abdomen Anatomy Mcq