The document summarizes the human movement, respiratory, circulatory, and digestive systems. It describes the key organs in each system, such as muscles, bones, and joints in the movement system. It explains how each system functions, for example how gas exchange occurs in the lungs and oxygenated blood is transported by the circulatory system. It also lists some common abnormalities and disorders that can affect each bodily system.

1. System In Human Life
Created By :
Aditya Chandra
Defi Rachmasari F.
Ericha Mutia P.
Putri Wulandary
Yurie Sundari
8a

2. Map Concept

3. MOVEMENT
SMOOT STRIATE
HEART
H D
MUSCLE STIFF JOINT
CARTILAGE
BONE MOVEMENT JOINT MOVING JOINT
HARDBONE
FIXED JOINT
BY:ADT

4. Movement System
The Movement organs consists of
muscles, bones, and joints. Muscle is an
active movement organs, since it is the one
that moves the bones, so the whola
movement organs can move. For example,
foot consists of muscles an bones.
The bone connection is called joint. Same
joint are tied by joint connecting tissue.

5. A. Muscle
Muscle is a tissue whose sella are arranged longitudinally and
has the ability to cause tension whisch is parallel to longitudinal
axist. Threes muscle tyoes, namely heart, smooth, and muscles.
Striated muscle which is found in skeleton is called skeleton
muscle.
Smooth Muscle Heart Muscle Striated Muscle

6. B. Bone
Bone which is found in moving organs is called passive
moving organ. The muscle does active movement by
contraction. They are 2 types of bones: hard and cartilage
bones. Hard bone function to give strength to the moving
organs. It consists of living bone cells called osteocytes.
Amonf the cells, there is intercellular space which consists
of protein, phosphorus, calcium, and collagen. Caretilage
consists of cartilage cells which are called chondrocytes.
Each chondrocyte is in a small space called lacuna. Between
the chondrocytes, there is a matrix which contains collagen .
As they get older, the skeleton bones slowly develop into hard
bones.

7. Example Picture of Hard and
cartilage bones :
Hard Bone Cartilage Bone

8. Cells of hard bone Cells of cartilage
(osteocytes) (chondrocytes)
In a lacuna In a lacuna

9. C. Joints
The connection between two or more bones is called a
joints. Three types of joint :
1. Fixed joint : joint between two or more bones which
cannot be moved at all. Example : skull bones.

10. 2. Stiff joint : joint between two ore more
bones which can be slightlymoved. Example :
Tarsym and Sternum.
3. Moving join : joint between two or mores
bones which can be freely moved. Example :
gliding, hinge, saddle, ball and socket, and
washered joint.

11. Gliding Joint Hinge Joint Saddle Joint
Ball and socket Joint Washered Joint

12. The Way Muscle Works
The muscle movement is done by two muscle
which work in turn, either in antagonist or
sysnergistic ways. If one muscle contracts, the
other one relaxes, or versa, in order to
produce the opposite movement. The bending
movement is called flexiont movement , while
straight movement is called extension
movement. Several movement of organs :
reflextion, flexion, extension adducation, and
abducation.

13. Abnormality In movement System
1. Discolation : Incorrect location or position. Example : the
position of upper end og ulna does not exactly place on the
lower and of humerus.
2. Sprained : bruised ligament or joint binder which causes pain
due to too forceful pulling of the ligament.
3. Arthritis : joint inflammation. Some causes of arthritis are
deases in joint connective tissue.
4. Polio : disease caused by polio virus.
5. Fracture : an accident can cause bones broken, cracked, or
brusied.

14. Picture of Abnormality In movement System

17. DIGESTIVE
GLAND
MICRONUTRIENT
FOOD DEGESTIVE
MACRONUTRIENT
ANUS TRACT
LARGE
INTESTINE
SMALL
INTESTINE
VENTRICLE ESOPHAGUS MOUTH

25. RESPIRATORY
THORACIC
RESPIRATORY KINDS
ABDOMINAL
ORGANS
NOSE PHARYNX TRACHEA BRONCHUS LUNGS

26. Respiratory Sistem
All living organism needs energy to do all activities.
Ernergy is obstained from foods that we eat everyday. After
having digestive process, nutriens are absorbed by body and
transported by blood throughout the body’s cells. Nutrient
conversion into energy by using oxygen (O²) occurs within our
body’s cells. To be able to gather and absorb oxygen and
discharge CO₂ and H₂O as respiratory waste which is called
respiratory system.

27. Respiratory System Organs
Human Respiratory organs comprise of several
parts :
a. nasal opening and nasal cavity
b. throat (pharynx)
c. windpipe
d. branch of trachea (bronchus) and
e. right and left lungs (pulmo)

28. a. Nose
Nose is the external part of respiratory organ connecting directly
with free air.
The main functions of nose are as follows :
1) Filters the inhaled air
if foreign material within the inhaled air enters our lungs, they willl
disturb our respiratory system. Fortunately, our nose is equipped will
tight hair to filter the air.
2) Adapts the inhaled temperature
Nasal opening is lined with mucous membrane rich of blood vessels
that warms the nasal opening and warm the air that passing through
as well. It causes adaption of air temperature before entering the
lungs

29. b. Trachea
Trachea or windpipe branches to the right and
left of lungs called bronchus. Moreever, bronchus
tract forms smaller branches to lung tissues and
terminates in alveoli. The function of trachea is to
transport and to filter air the enters the lungs from
the nose.
Mucous membrane of throat produces mucous
and it is hairy. The hair plays the role to detect
whether there is foreign material that will enter the
lungs or not. Voicebox (larynx) is connected directly
to digestive tract.

30. c. lungs
Lungs are located in chest cavity and consist of
right lung left lung. The lung is separated by heart. Our
lungs have cone shaped structure. The front surface is
close to the rib cages and the rear surface is close to
the back bone.
lungs are composed of some lobes. Right lungs
consists of three lobes, whereas left lung consists of
two lobes. Every lobe consists of smaller segments
(lobule). Small bronchiole tube enters each lobule.
Bronchiole continues branching into smaller and
thinner branches. The terminal branch of bronchiole is
a small sack cluster or alveolar sack (alveoli)

31. The way human breathes
Breathing is an effort to intake air from outside the
body into the lungs (inspiration) and discharge the
reminder (expiration). Breath frequency depends on
the activity, sex, age and environmental temperature.
In normal condition, someone has breath frequency
between 15-20 times per minute.
Human respiratory system is regulated by two
types of muscles, external intercostal muscles and
diaphgram muscles. Therefore, there are two types of
breathing, thoratic and abdominal breathing.

32. A. Thoratic breathing
1) Inspiration (inhalation)
When external intercontinental muscles contract, then ribcage lifts up and
chest cavity expands. Diaphgram position in inhalation and exhalation. It leads to
the declining of chest pressure and drawing the air into the lungs.
2) Expiration (Exhalation)
When external intercostal muscles relax, the ribcage turns back to the first
position and thoracic cavity flatterns, which forces air out of the lungs.
b. Abdominal Breathing
1) Inspiration (inhalation)
When diaphragm muscles contract, it is pulled towards abdominal cavity.
Diaphgram becomes more flattened and makes the thoracic cavity expand. It
leads to the declining of chest pressure and drawwing the air into the lungs.
2) Expiration (Exhalation)
Diaphragm muscles loose and curve back toward the thoracic cavity that
makes the thoracic cavity flatten. It causes the air forces out of the lungs.

33. Gas exchange process
Pulmanory antery transports the blood from
heart to lungs. The blood vesels carry
deoxygenated (dirty) blodd that contains a lot of
metabolic waste, which is carbon dioxide. The
vessels branch and form very thin beds (capillary
vessels) in air sack of lungs (alveoli). Capillary
vessel is very narrow so the stream moves very
slowly. Alveoli and capillary vessels are only
separated by a very thin alveoli membrane to
allow the gases to diffuses.

34. Lung Capasity
The amount of air contained in the lung is
about 4,5-5,5 liters and it is called total lung
capacity. From the air volume, about 1 liter of
them is yhe air that cannot be expired from
lungs even thought we breathe it out hard.
The air is called residual volume. During
relax or normal condition, the air breathed
into the lungs is about 0.5 liter. The air is
called normal breathing (tidal volume)

35. Abnormalities and Disorders of
Respiratory System
A disorder in respiratory system possibly occurs due to the abnormal
structure on respiratory organs cause by disease or poisonus gases.
Respiratory system disordes caused by infection are as follow.
a. Bronchus is an inflammation of mucus membrane in bronchi. The
symptom include cough followed by fever and pain the chest.
b. TBC (tuberculosis) is a lung infection caused by Mycobacterium
tuberculosis.
c. Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the pharynx caused by certain
bacterial or viral infection. The symptom may include pain when
swallowing or sore throat
d. Tonsillitis is an inflammation of tonsist caused by bacteria. The
symptoms may include sore throat, fever, and pain on muscles.
e. Diphtheria is an infection caused by bacteria Corynebacterium
diphteriae. it can cause heart complication followed by fever and
sometimes cab cause paralysis.

36. What kind of respiratory ilness that
caused by noninfection causes
Respiratory illnesses that caused by noninfectious
causes are as follows.
a. Asthma is a respiratory that caused by the disturbance of
respiratory muscle work. Asthma can be caused by allergic
or physical pressure. The sympton of this disease is signed
by difficulty in breathing that is shown by shortness of
breath.
b. lung or larynx cancer often occurs on heavy smoker.
c. Emphysema is a respiratory ilness caused by swollen lung
that leads to shortness breath
d. Rhinitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of
the nose. It results in the swollen nose and generates of
excessive amounts of mucous.

38. CIRCULATORY
LEUCOCYTE
THROMBOCYTE
BLOOD
ERITHROCYTE
CIRCULATORY
ORGANS
HEART
BLOOD VESSEL

41. Heart is necessary to pump the blood throughout the
body and located slightly on the left side in chest cavity.
The heart size is almost the same as our fists.
1. Heart Structure
Heart muscle is similar
with skeletal muscle, but it has
branch structure. Human
heart is divided into four
chambers, two atrium
chambers and two ventricle
chamber

43. In Large circulatory system, blood is pumped
away from heart through arcus aorta
throughout the body. Then, blood from tissue
is carried back toward heart through superior
and inferior vena cava.

44. In small circulatory system, blood is pumped
out from heart towards lungs through
pulmonary artery. The blood is deoxygenated
blood, which comes from the body that is
carried back to the heart through veins.

45. Blood is a transportation device of important
substances in the body. It is a special tissue
composed of liquid matrix of plasma and
blood cells.

46. The composition of plasma is mostly water
(90%) and other 10% are protein, amino acid,
sugar, vitamin, mineral salt, enzyme, hormone
and antibodies.

47. Erythrocyte has biconcave-shaped structure
and has no nucleus. The platelets have a large
amount of hemoglobin . It has a plasma life a
about 120 days before it is degraded by liver

48. White blood cell ( leukocyte ) is produced in red
marrow, lymphoid tissue, and lymphatic gland.
White blood cell can be classified in to types,
granular cell and agranular cell. Granular cell
consist of neutrophil, basophil, and eosinophil.
Agranular cell consist oflimphocyte and
monocyte. The function of leukocyte is to
defend the body against infection disease by
“eating” the agent causing disease and it is
called phagocytosis.

49. Thrombocyte cells have irregular
shape, smaller than other blood
cells, and no nucleus. The special
Function of the cell is for blood
formation. If the number of
thrombocyte is under the normal
range, the blood has difficulty to
coagulate if injury occurs.

50. a. Anemia : a blood deficiency disease
b. Leukemia : a blood cancer signed by very large amount of white
blood cells because production can’t be controlled.
c. Varicose vein : a vein enlargement. It is suffered mostly by adult
or elderly person.
d. Sclerosis : a hardening of arteries. It cause disturbance of
bloodstream.
e. Hypertension : condition in which a person has high blood
pressure.
f. Hypotension : an abnormally low blood pressure signed by
systolic/diastolic pressure under 100/80 mmHg.
g. Hemophilia : a blood disorder in which the ability of blood to clot
is impaired at injury.

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