2. THORAX
The thorax (or chest) is the region of the body
between the neck and the abdomen.
flattened in front and behind but rounded at the sides
The framework of the walls of the thorax, which is
referred to as the thoracic cage, is formed by the
vertebral column behind, the ribs and intercostal
spaces on either side, and the sternum and
costal cartilages in front.
Inferiorly it is separated from the abdomen by the
diaphragm.
The thoracic cage protects the lungs and heart and
affords attachment for the muscles of the thorax,
upper extremity, abdomen, and back.
5. There are 12 pairs of ribs, all of which are attached
posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
True ribs: The upper seven pairs are attached
anteriorly to the sternum by their costal cartilages.
False ribs: The 8th, 9th, and 10th pairs of ribs are
attached anteriorly to each other and to the 7th rib by
means of their costal cartilages and small synovial
joints
Floating ribs: The 11th and 12th pairs have no
anterior attachment.
6.
7. General Functions of Respiratory System:
System which is involved in Exchange of Gases
O2 and CO2 exchange between blood and air
speech and vocalization
sense of smell
helps control acid base balance of body
breathing movements help promote blood and lymph
flow
8. The Respiratory Tract
Consists of a conducting zone:
◦ from nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles
Consists of a respiratory zone:
from respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
12. LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
Lower respiratory tract (within thorax)
Trachea
Bronchi and their smaller branches
Lungs, which contain the terminal air sacs (alveoli)
13. NOSE
MAIN ROUTE OF AIR ENTRY
DIVIDED IN TWO CAVITIES VIA
SEPTUM
ant hyalin caritlage
roof ethmoid bone
floor palate
14.
15.
16. Pharynx
commonly called the throat
Passageway connecting nasal cavity to the larynx
and oral cavity to esophagus
divided into three regions based on location and
anatomy—
Nasopharynx behind nose to level of soft palate includes uvula
tonsils (adenoids) auditory tube (eustachian tube) drains here
Oropharynx behind mouth from soft palate to level of
hyoid bone palatine and lingual tonsils
Laryngopharynx from hyoid bone to esophagus/larynx
18. Larynx
The larynx is a cartilage box (voice box) of nine separate cartilages, eight of which are
composed of hyaline cartilage connective tissue.
The epiglottis (the ninth cartilage of the larynx) is composed of elastic cartilage
connective tissue
19. 9 cartilages (3 large, 6 small)
epiglottis –covers glottis when swallowing
thyroid cartilage largest cartilage of larynx
testosterone stimulates the growth of the laryngeal
prominence so it becomes larger in males than in
females = adam’s apple
cricoid cartilage smaller cartilage below thyroid
connects larynx to trachea
two muscular folds within larynx: upper: (false) vocal
cords (=vestibular folds) close glottis during
swallowing lower: (true) vocal cords
Phonation, swallowing and breathing
C4-C6
20. 3 odd-and median cartilages: the
thyroid, cricoid and epiglottis
cartilages.
4 pair cartilages: corniculate
cartilages of Santorini,
the cuneiform cartilages of
Wrisberg,
the posterior sesamoid cartilages
arytenoid cartilages.
The laryngeal cartilages consist of
the single thyroid, cricoid and
epiglottis, and pairs of arytenoid,
corniculate and cuneiform
cartilages
21.
22. The larynx is innervated by branches of the vagus
nerve (CN X).
• Sensory – For the laryngopharynx, the internal
laryngeal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
supplies sensation above the vocal chords
(supraglottis/glottis) and the recurrent laryngeal
nerve supplies sensation below the vocal chords
(subglottis).
• Motor – All intrinsic muscles are supplied by the
recurrent laryngeal nerve, except for the cricothyroid
which is supplied by the external laryngeal nerve.
The cricothyroid muscle tenses the vocal folds.
23. • Arteries
Superior and inferior laryngeal arteries (from the
superior and inferior thyroid arteries) accompany the
internal and recurrent laryngeal nerves, respectively.
• Vein – Venous drainage is by corresponding veins.
24.
25.
26.
27. Trachea
A flexible tube also called windpipe.
Extends through the mediastinum and lies anterior to the
esophagus and inferior to the larynx..
Anterior and lateral walls of the trachea supported by 15
to 20 C-shaped tracheal cartilages.
Cartilage rings reinforce and provide rigidity to the
tracheal wall to ensure that the trachea remains open at
all times
Posterior part of tube lined by trachealis muscle.
At the level of the sternal angle,
the trachea bifurcates into two smaller tubes, called the
right and left primary bronchi.
Each primary bronchus projects laterally toward each
lung.
28.
29.
30. Lungs
Each lung has a conical shape. Its wide, concave
base rests upon the muscular diaphragm.
Its superior region called the apex projects
superiorly to a point that is slightly superior and
posterior to the clavicle.
Both lungs are bordered by the thoracic wall
anteriorly, laterally, and posteriorly, and supported by
the rib cage.
Toward the midline, the lungs are separated from
each other by the mediastinum.
The relatively broad, rounded surface in contact with
the thoracic wall is called the costal surface of the
lung.
31. Left lung
divided into 2 lobes by oblique fissure
smaller than the right lung
cardiac notch accommodates the heart
Right
divided into 3 lobes by oblique and horizontal fissure
located more superiorly in the body due to liver on
right side