Talk given to Edinburgh College of Art Design Informatics group on 7th November 2013. The talk focused on giving a very brief intro to participatory design, and then talked through three case studies of participatory design with older citizens.
2. outline of talk
What is meant by participatory and
experience-centered design?
Case study 1: Banking for Eighty Somethings
Case study 2: Discovering assistive technology
Case study 3: NetCarers
Method reflections
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3. what do I mean by
participatory and
experience-centred
design?
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4. a simple definition
‘Participatory Design (PD) represents [an] approach towards
computer systems design in which the people destined to use the
system play a critical role in designing it.’
- Schuler & Namioka, 1993, p.xi
… but it is often a lot more complicated than this!
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5. warning: terminological overload!
The original term for Participatory Design
use in Scandinavia in the 1970s-late
1980s
co-operative design
Participatory design (with a big P)
participatory design (with a little p)
co-design (collaborative design)
co-creation
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A view of end-user involvement in design
to destabilise power structures and
empower workers/users
A view of end-user involvement in design
to inform more approximately designed
systems and provide grounded insight
A balanced and integrative approach to
broad stakeholder and user involvement in
design
As per co-design, but with core principle
that all people (and not just designers) are
creative and create their own systems
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6. one time, in Scandinavia…
Participatory Design
Co-Operative Design
a concern with the politics of system design
no technology is ‘neutral’
dislocation and deskilling of workers
exertion of the management's control over their workforce
- Kensing & Blomberg, 1998
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8. questioning and alternatives
‘we must use our curiosity and creativity to question solutions
[…] we must use the insight to help ordinary users raise similar
questions to the specific technologies proposed to them. This
is an agenda that has many levels – from questioning wellestablished human-computer interaction paradigms, via
questioning IT strategies on a societal level, to helping users in
particular organisations participate in technological
development. The latter is what we often call participatory
design, but I would claim that it does not come without the
former.’
- Bødker, 2003, p.88
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9. traditions and transcendence
a fundamental tension in all ‘user-focused’ systems design is
balancing an understanding and incorporation of existing
traditions with providing opportunities for individuals to
transcend and break existing boundaries
- Ehn, 1989
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18. ageing populations
Ageing demographics - ‘Very’ old fastest growing age group worldwide
By 2050, over 65s will outnumber all children under the age of 14 worldwide
1/7th of all UK government public spending is on pensions
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19. the challenge for interaction and service design
Most human-computer interaction and interaction design research on the
topic of ageing focuses on age-related functional decline, OR on negative
perceptions of ageing:
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Memory
Attention
Visual acuity
Dexterity
Hearing
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Social Isolation
Safety
Risks
Disease and
Health Conditions
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Fun
Enjoyment
Pleasure
Valuing Expertise
?
See: http://www.nngroup.com/reports/accessibility/beyond_ALT_text.pdf
See: Vines et al. (in press – but I can send you an unpublished copy)
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22. Materiality of finances; record keeping;
localism; sharing with those they trust...
… pretty much all banking and payments policy
in the UK goes against these values
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23. questionable concepts
a collection of cards provided to
participants in a pack to take home
with them after a workshop
each card has a pictorial illustration
of an idea – the idea relates to
insights from the biographies or
invisible design discussions
the idea is ‘questionable’ – i.e., not
entirely practical, feasible, and may
in some respects go against the
values of participants
The card also includes a set of
questions related to the ideas for
participants to answer
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28. questionable concepts
“If this actually came to pass it would
be just a way for the banks and
financial institutions to make more
money for the “fatcats” and the
shareholders and to exploit the man in
the street”- Rita, 83
““hide it in code among telephone
numbers in my diary.” - Agatha, 81
“I like the idea on the front of an iPad
type wallet … But you could also, I feel,
have a card that you could put into a
computer or a screen and you would
call up your accounts, and see them.”
- Dolores, 81
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31. Great changes to healthcare provision in the
United Kingdom and access to adaptations and aids:
- including the way in which people can access information
- and how people ‘pay’ for these devices and technologies
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32. lived experience of pre assistive living
consumer generated review site
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A website that archives assistive
products, gadgets and services
for consumers to search and
subsequently rate on
predetermined scales, provide
reviews and allow
manufacturers and retailers to
respond.
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33. invisible design
short films, usually a dialogue
between two characters, about a
new technology one of the
characters is using
used in group workshops to prompt
discussion
the technology is in the scene but
never ‘seen’ (hence invisible)
created to promote discussion
about the experiences and context
of use of the technology, and not
physical qualities of the interface or
system
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36. lived experiences of discovering ALT
mixed perceptions of where professional expertise lies
resentment of advice
using peers as sources of expertise
dealing with a crisis of a body in transition – discovering
what is out there to help you is also self-discovery
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37. identifying needs, barriers and opportunities
product postcards
Pre-paid postcards packaged
with products and services that
ask owners to respond to a
series of simple questions after
a set period of time using their
new purchase.
vica voce
Small simple recording devices
to share spontaneous tips and
recommendations occurring
from word of mouth and
fleeting conversations with
friends and strangers.
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39. Reduction in state funding for professional carers to
visit peoples homes:
- greater emphasis on “rewarding” volunteer carers who help people living in their
community
- how people ‘pay’ for these will also be changing – spending credits for care
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45. some references
Bødker, S. 2003. A for Alternatives. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems . 15, 1, 87-89.
Briggs, P., Mark Blythe, John Vines, Stephen Lindsay, Paul Dunphy, James Nicholson, David Green, Jim Kitson,
Andrew Monk, and Patrick Olivier. 2012. Invisible design: exploring insights and ideas through ambiguous film
scenarios. In Proceedings of the Designing Interactive Systems Conference (DIS '12). ACM, New York, NY, USA,
534-543.
Ehn, P. 1989. Work oriented design of computer artefacts. Stockholm, Arbetslivscentrum.
Ehn, P., and Kyng, M. 1992. Cardboard Computers: Mocking-it-up or Hands-on the Future. In: Design at Work .
Lawrence Erlbaum, 169-196.
Gaver, W., Mark Blythe, Andy Boucher, Nadine Jarvis, John Bowers, and Peter Wright. 2010. The prayer
companion: openness and specificity, materiality and spirituality. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on
Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '10). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2055-2064.
Gaver, W., Andy Boucher, John Bowers, Mark Blythe, Nadine Jarvis, David Cameron, Tobie Kerridge, Alex Wilkie,
Robert Phillips, and Peter Wright. 2011. The photostroller: supporting diverse care home residents in engaging
with the world. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '11).
ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1757-1766.
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www.johnvines.eu
John Vines
46. some references
Lindsay, S., Katie Brittain, Daniel Jackson, Cassim Ladha, Karim Ladha, and Patrick Olivier. 2012. Empathy,
participatory design and people with dementia. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in
Computing Systems (CHI '12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 521-530.
Lindsay, S., Daniel Jackson, Guy Schofield, and Patrick Olivier. 2012. Engaging older people using participatory
design. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '12).
Kensing, F., and Madsen, K.H. 1991. Generating visions: Future workshops and metaphorical design. In J.
Greenbaum & M. Kyng (eds.), Design at work: Cooperative design of computer systems. Hillsdale NJ US:
Erlbaum
Kensing, F., and Blomberg, J. 1998. Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, 7 (3-4), 167-185.
Muller, M. J. 1991. PICTIVE—an exploration in participatory design. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on
Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '91), Scott P. Robertson, Gary M. Olson, and Judith S. Olson (Eds.).
ACM, New York, NY, USA, 225-231.
Muller, M J. 2002. Participatory design: the third space in HCI. In The human-computer interaction handbook,
Julie A. Jacko and Andrew Sears (Eds.). L. Erlbaum Associates Inc., Hillsdale, NJ, USA 1051-1068.
Schuler, D., and Namioka, A. 1993. Participatory design: Principles and practices. Lawrence Erlbaum, New
Jersey, USA.
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www.johnvines.eu
John Vines
47. some references
Vines, J., Mark Blythe, Stephen Lindsay, Paul Dunphy, Andrew Monk, and Patrick Olivier. 2012. Questionable
concepts: critique as resource for designing with eighty somethings. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference
on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1169-1178.
Vines, J., Mark Blythe, Paul Dunphy, Vasillis Vlachokyriakos, Isaac Teece, Andrew Monk, and Patrick Olivier.
2012. Cheque mates: participatory design of digital payments with eighty somethings. In Proceedings of the
SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '12). ACM, New York, NY, USA,
1189-1198.
Vines, J., Mark Blythe, Paul Dunphy, and Andrew Monk. 2011. Eighty something: banking for the older old. In
Proceedings of the 25th BCS Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (BCS-HCI '11). British Computer
Society, Swinton, UK, UK, 64-73.
Wallace, J., Wright, P., McCarthy, J., Green, D., Thomas, J., and Olivier, P. A design-led inquiry into Personhood
in Dementia. 2013. In proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI
’13), ACM, New York, NY, USA.
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John Vines