this slide is mainly useful for the course of animal nutrition and mainly focus on the classification of feed ingredients

1. Welcome to you all
Kapur bhusal
Animal nutrition divisions

2. Animal Nutrition and fodders productions
practical course outline
• Identification of feed ingredients
• Samplings of feed ingredients for chemical analysis
• Identification of common fodders /forages /legumes
• Preparation of standard solution and proximate
analysis of feeds and fodders/forages

3. Contd
• Preaparation of herbarium .nursery bed preparation
and management of fodders trees
• Determining the nutritive value of fodders/forages
• Practice of making hay /silage dried grasses and leaf
meal
• Visit to feed factory /govermant /private farms

4. 1. Identification of feed ingredients
Objectives
• To identify the different types of feed ingredients and their
sources
• To know nutrient content status and their sources

5. Feed ingredients
Definition- any component of a diet ( ration) that
serves some useful function
Functions
- Provide source of nutrients and energy*
- Combined to produce rations
- Modify characteristics of diet*
* Denotes a primary functions

6. Eight sources of feed ingredients
1. Dry roughages
2. Pasture and range grasses
3. Ensiled roughages
4. High energy concentrates
5. Protein sources
6. Minerals
7. Vitamins
8. additives

7. 1. Dry Roughages
• Bulky feed that has low weight per unit volume
• High crude fiber content, low protein and fat
• digestibility
• A feed is classified as a roughage if it contains
• >18% crude fiber and <70% total digestible
• Nutrients
Dry Roughage Examples
• Hay: legume ( alfalfa), grass legume, nonlegume
• Straw and chaff
• Corn cobs
• Cottenseed hulls
• Sugarcane byproducts
• Paper and wood byproducts

8. 2. Pasture and Range Grasses
• Grazed plants
• Dormant plants
• Growing plants
• Soilage or greenchop
• Cannery and food crop residues

9. 3. Silages and Haylages
• Fermented, high moisture feed made from the entire plant,
stored in silos
- corn, sorghum
- Grass, grass-legume, legume

10. 4. High Energy Concentrate
• Cereal grains ( milling byproducts of cereal grains)
• Beet and citrus pulp
• Molasses
• Animal, marine, vegetable fats
• Roots and tubers

11. 5. Protein Supplements
• Contain > 20% crude protein
• Animal, avian, marine source
• Milk and by-products
• Legume seeds
• Brewery and distillery by-products
• Urea, ammonia

12. 6. Mineral supplements
• Number of minerals for optimal growth and reproduction
• The macrominerals include
calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chlorine and sulfuphur
• Seven of the 10 microminerals have established requirements,
including iron, manganese, copper, zinc, selenium, cobalt and iodine

13. 7. Vitamin supplements
• Must be added by sources that animal is able to absorb
• Vitamin concentration in plants and animal tissues varies
greatly
• Plants: vitamin concentration affected by
harvesting, processing and storing
• Animals: liver and kidney are good sources of
most vitamins

14. 8. Additives
• Non-nutritive ingredients added to stimulate growth or performance or
improve the efficiency of feed
• Added in very small quantities
• Antibiotics, antifungals, antimicrobials Probiotics, buffers Colors, flavors
Hormones, enzymes

15. Classification of feed ingredients
• Cereals grains
• Protein meals
• Fats and oils
• Minerals and vitamins
• Feed additives

16. Cereals grains
• “cereal gains” includes cereal grains, cereal by-products and distillers dry
grains with solubles (DDGS)
• Cereal grains are used mainly to satisfy the energy requirement of feed
• The dominant feed grain is corn, although different grains are used in
various countries and regions of the world
• The amounts and types of cereal grains included in feed diets will depend
largely on their current costs
• ME value and key nutrient composition of cereal grains

17. Ingredient
Protein
(%)
ME
(kcal/kg)
Wheat 13.0 3153
Corn 8.5 3300
Sorghum 9.0 3263
Barley 11.5 2795
Rye 12.5 2734
Triticale 15.4 3110
Oats 12.0 2756

18. Protein meals
• Protein is provided from both vegetable and animal sources, such as oilseed
meals, legumes and abattoir and fish processing by-products
• Vegetable protein sources
• Vegetable protein sources usually come as meal or cake, the by-product of
oilseed crops
• The main oilseed crops include soybean, rapeseed/canola, sunflower, palm
kernel, copra, linseed peanut and sesame seed
• After the oil is extracted, the remaining residue is used as feed ingredient
Many oilseeds and legumes contain anti-nutritive factors

19. ME values and Nutrient composition of
vegetable protein sources
Ingredient
Protein
(%)
ME (kcal/kg)
Soybean meal 48.0 2557
Canola meal 37.5 2000
Cottonseed meal 41.0 2350
Sunflower meal 46.8 2205
Peas 23.5 2550
Lupins 34.5 3000

20. Animal protein sources
• The main animal protein sources used in diets are meat meal, meat and
bone meal, fish meal, poultry by-product meal, blood meal and feather
meal
Ingredient
Protein
(%)
ME
(kcal/kg)
Meat meal 50.0 2500
Fish meal 60.0 2720
Poultry by-product meal 60.0 2950
Blood meal 80.0 2690
Feather meal 85.0 3016

21. Fats and oils
• Fats and oils, collectedly termed lipids, are regularly used in poultry feed to
satisfy the energy need of the animal as lipids have more than twice the
amount of ME compared with carbohydrates or proteins per kg weight
• Lipids are also an important carrier for fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and
K) as wells for the provision of an essential fatty acid, linoleic acid, in the
diet
• A variety of fats and oils are used in feed, including lipids of animal origins
(usually fats, i.e., tallow, lard, except fish oil) and lipids of vegetable origin
(usually oils, i.e., soy oil, canola/rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, linseed oil,
palm oil, cottonseed oil)

22. Lipid source and digestibility of lipids
Digestibility (%)
Tallow 73.6
Soy oil 85.0
Tallow-soy blend 75.4
Poultry fat 82.1
Palm oil 77.2

23. 6. Mineral supplements
• Number of minerals for optimal growth and reproduction
• The macrominerals include
calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chlorine and sulfuphur
• Seven of the 10 microminerals have established requirements,
including iron, manganese, copper, zinc, selenium, cobalt and iodine

24. 7. Vitamin supplements
• Must be added by sources that animal is able to absorb
• Vitamin concentration in plants and animal tissues varies
greatly
• Plants: vitamin concentration affected by
harvesting, processing and storing
• Animals: liver and kidney are good sources of
most vitamins

25. 8. Additives
• Non-nutritive ingredients added to stimulate growth or performance or
improve the efficiency of feed
• Added in very small quantities
• Antibiotics, antifungals, antimicrobials Probiotics, buffers Colors, flavors
Hormones, enzymes

26. Conclusion