The document discusses challenges facing agriculture including increasing population, scarce natural resources, climate change, and rising energy prices. It notes agriculture provides livelihoods for many and is key to poverty reduction. Investing in irrigation increases yields and output. Recommendations include exploiting alternate energy sources, rational water and energy use, protecting natural habitats, and building soil organic matter through techniques like conservation tillage.

2. BY
MR. ALLAH DAD KHAN
FORMER DIRECTOR GENERAL AGRICULTURE EXTENSION
KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
ON 6TH
JANUARY 2013
AT PC HOTEL PESHAWAR
CELL= O332 9221298
Energy Conservation in
Agriculture Sector

3. The Challenges faced by agriculture in worldThe Challenges faced by agriculture in world
• World populationWorld population is projected to grow from 6.5is projected to grow from 6.5
billion in 2005 to nearly 9.2 billion by 2050. Thusbillion in 2005 to nearly 9.2 billion by 2050. Thus
global food production must nearly double by 2050.global food production must nearly double by 2050.
• Natural resources scarcityNatural resources scarcity: expand the land basis: expand the land basis
(4.2 billion ha available for rainfed production ) or(4.2 billion ha available for rainfed production ) or
tap into yet-unused yield enhancing resources.tap into yet-unused yield enhancing resources.
• Climate changeClimate change will cause a decline in yields and awill cause a decline in yields and a
higher occurrence of extreme climate events.higher occurrence of extreme climate events.
• Rapidly risingRapidly rising energyenergy prices and higher demand forprices and higher demand for
energy: agriculture will become increasinglyenergy: agriculture will become increasingly
important as a supplier to the energy market.important as a supplier to the energy market.

4. Central role of Agriculture in worldCentral role of Agriculture in world
• Agriculture provides the primary source of livelihoodAgriculture provides the primary source of livelihood
forfor 36 percent36 percent of the world’s total workforceof the world’s total workforce
• In sub-Saharan Africa,In sub-Saharan Africa, two-thirdstwo-thirds of the workingof the working
population make their living from agriculturepopulation make their living from agriculture
• Agriculture isAgriculture is key to poverty reductionkey to poverty reduction:: GDP growthGDP growth
generated in agriculture isgenerated in agriculture is four timesfour times more effective in benefitingmore effective in benefiting
the poorest than growth generated outside agriculturethe poorest than growth generated outside agriculture
• Increased farm production improves farmers’Increased farm production improves farmers’
incomes thusincomes thus stimulating demandstimulating demand for the goods andfor the goods and
services offered by the small-scale enterprise sectorservices offered by the small-scale enterprise sector

5. Investing in Water for Agriculture in worldInvesting in Water for Agriculture in world
• By 2025:By 2025:
- two-thirdtwo-thirdss of the world population could be under “stressof the world population could be under “stress
conditions”conditions”
- 1800 million1800 million people will live in countries with “absolute scarcity”people will live in countries with “absolute scarcity”
• Irrigation:Irrigation:
- increases yieldsincreases yields
- stabilizes outputstabilizes output
- enables crop diversificationenables crop diversification
- reduces riskreduces risk
- increases farm incomesincreases farm incomes
- Increases employmentIncreases employment
• Irrigation has aIrrigation has a multiplier effectmultiplier effect on non-farm incomes and iton non-farm incomes and it
contributes to food security and poverty alleviation.contributes to food security and poverty alleviation.
• Irrigation has goodIrrigation has good distributional effectsdistributional effects
Water for agriculture needs to increase 60% to feed an additionalWater for agriculture needs to increase 60% to feed an additional
2 billion people by 20302 billion people by 2030

6. Food Need In world
To meet the basic food needs of our expanding
human population, a productive, sustainable
agricultural system must become a major priority.
From analyses of various agricultural systems, we
can assess the use of all forms of energy and learn
how to preserve essential land, water, and biological
resources for future generations.

8. Land Mass
8
• 93% of the farmers in the country are small and
medium having 61% of the cultivated area
• Large farmers are 7% holding 39% of the cultivated
area
• Small farmers have up to 5.0 hectares of
landholdings.
• Medium farmers have more than 5.0 hectares and
up to 10.0 hectares of landholdings.
• Large farmers more than 20 hectares .

9. Natural Resources
9
Minerals, coal, land, water, forest and wild
life , natural gas,oil, petroleum , air etc

10. Land Resources
 Total land area = 197 million acres (79.61 million ha )
 Cultivable Area = 79 million acres (31.9 million ha) or 40 %
 Cultivated Area = 21.59 million ha or 27 %
 Annual cropped area = 56.64 million acres (22.93 million ha)
or 29 %
 Water supply = Out of this two-thirds is irrigated and
one third depends on rain (called Barani),
 The canal irrigated system covers 81 per cent of the irrigated
area While the rest depends on tubewells, open wells and
flood irrigation called sailaba.

11. Agricultural land capability of
1 Very good Agriculture Land 30.7 %
2 Good Agricultural Land 42.9 %
3 Moderate Agricultural Land 5.7 %
4 Poor Agricultural Land 3.5 %
5 Agriculture Non Productive Land 15.5 %
6 Miscellaneous 1.7 %
Total 100 %

12. Present Agriculture Situation in in
 Agriculture is the mainstay of the country's economy
 Contributing 24% towards GDP ( in 1947 per capita income $100 and
Population 30 million in 2010 per capita income 1000 $ and Population 170
million)
 Back bone for the economy( Livelihood for 68.5 % rural population of country
 Providing employment to 47% 0f total work force )
 Base for foreign trade ( Earning 35% of the country total export earning )
 Ranks 7th
in Wheat production in World 1st
one is China .(2009)
 Ranks 11th
in Rice production in World 1st
one is China . (2009)
 Ranks 4th
in Cotton production in World 1st
one is China . ( 2009)
 Ranks 7th
in Date Palm production in World 1st
one is Iraq. (2009)
 Ranks 5th
in Sugarcane production in World 1st
one is Brazil (2009)
 Ranks 4th
in Onion dry production in World 1st
one is China . ( 2009)
 Ranks 7th
in fresh vegetables production in World 1st
one is China. (2009)

13. Energy Conservation In Agriculture Sector
 The agricultural sector is amongst the major energy
consuming sectors after the industrial sector. The two
main energy sources using a substantial amount of
High Speed Diesel and electricity. farm tractors ,
agricultural tube wells , cultivation, irrigation,
harvesting and processing agro-products using a
substantial amount of High Speed Diesel and
electricity.
 The agricultural sector alone accounts for about 11.5 %
share of the total electricity consumption in the
country .

14. Electricity Consumption by sectors 2007-08( % age of total
73400GWh) in
Domestic 45.9 %
Industrial 28.2 %
Agriculture 11.5 %
Commercial 7.6 %
Bulk Supplies 5.9 %
Street lights , ornaments and
Others
0.9 %
Total 100 %
Source: Pakistan Energy Book
2008

15. Agriculture Machinery ( Source Agriculture Census – 2004 report)
Machinery 2004
1. Tractors And Implements
Tractors 401663 numbers
Cultivator 369866
Mould Board Plough 40050
Disc Harrow 23764
Disc Plough 29218
Ridger 71338
Trollys 242655
SeedDrill/Planter 70810
Sprayer 21759
Thresher 137270
Reaper 5341
Lazer Leveller 2785
2. Tube wells 912656

16. Major Energy Losses In Pumping System
Major energy losses in pumping systems occur due to wrong
selection of pumps, faulty installation and use of inefficient
piping system. The pump rectification work comprises of
corrective measures for faulty installation, replacement of
inefficient piping with new rigid low friction piping and low
head foot valves. The cost of rectification, which Rs. 2000 -
3000 per pump is paid back within 6-8 months from the
saving of electricity or diesel that is achieved due to the
rectification.

17. Tips for Energy Conservation in Agricultural Pump
1. Selection of right capacity of pumps according to the irrigation requirement.
2. Matching of pump set with source of water - canal or well.
3. Matching of motor with appropriate size pump.
4. Proper installation of the pump system - shaft alignment, coupling of motor and pump.
5. Use of efficient transmission system. Maintain right tension and alignment of transmission
belts.
6. Use of low friction rigid PVC pipes and foot valves.
7. Avoid use unnecessary bends and throttle valves.
8. Use bends in place of elbows.
9. The suction depth of 6 metres is recommended as optimum for centrifugal pumps. The delivery
line should be kept at minimum require height according to requirement.
10. Periodically check pump system and carryout corrective measures - like lubrication, alignment,
tuning of engines and replacement of worn-out parts.
11. Over irrigation can harm the crops and waste vital water resource. Irrigate according to
established norms for different crop.
12. Use drip irrigation for specific crops like vegetable, fruits, tobacco, etc. Drip systems can
conserve upto 80% water and reduce pumping energy requirement.
13. Service your tube well/pumping station regularly
14. For diesel-powered irrigation pumps, be sure to match the engine output horsepower with the
horsepower demanded by the pump

18. Losses of fuel in Agriculture through tractor

19. Tips for Fuel Saving in tractors
 Use the appropriate-sized tractor for the load. Engineers say fuel efficiency
declines dramatically if you're using excess tractor horsepower for a job. Fuel
efficiency also suffers if a tractor is too small for the job and becomes
overloaded.
 Gear up and throttle down. If you find yourself using a high-horsepower
tractor to pull a light load, you can save fuel by running in a higher gear but
at a lower engine speed.
 Stay on top of general tractor maintenance. Keeping air and fuel systems
clean and performing regular maintenance can help fuel efficiency.
 Paint on-farm fuel tanks a light color, to reduce evaporation losses. To
discourage thieves, mark tanks with the words "Red Diesel." Diesel fuel for
off-road use is dyed red to indicate it is exempt from highway tax. Further
discourage thieves by installing motion-sensor lights and quality locks.
 Minimize the time spent driving tractors or other field equipment on the
road. Use lighter, more fuel-efficient vehicles to carry crops to storage or to
service vehicles in the field
 Follow the instruction in as contained in Manual of operation

20. Irrigation Water Conservation Technology
1. Water Management/Lininig of water courses/ irrigation
channels/ remodeling
2. Drip Irrigation
3. Sprinkler Irrigation
4. Hydro flume irrigation
5. Rainwater Harvesting
6. Organic farming/ICM/IPM
7. Irrigation Scheduling
8. Cover crops
9. Small dams

21. Drip Irrigation
Drip irrigation, also known as trickle
irrigation or microirrigation, is an irrigation
method which saves water and fertilizer by
allowing waterto drip slowly to the roots of plants,
either onto the soil surface or directly onto the
root zone, through a network of valves, pipes,
tubing, andemitters.

22. Sprinkler Irrigation
 Sprinkler irrigation is a method of applying irrigation water which is
similar to natural rainfall. Water is distributed through a system of
pipes usually by pumping. It is then sprayed into the air through
sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the
ground. The pump supply system, sprinklers and operating conditions
must be designed to enable a uniform application of water.

23. Hydroflume Irrigation

24. Rain Water harvesting

25. Zero /Notill
Zero tillage (also known as no-till or direct
seeding) is a method of plowing or tilling a
field in which the soil is disturbed as little as
possible by, essentially, not plowing the field.
The crop is planted directly into a seedbed
which has not been tilled since the harvest of
the previous crop.
Zero tillage means there is no activity on
field, the moisture level present in soil is
maintained. Seeds of new crops germinate
with the help of the ambient moisture
in the soil

26. Biodiesel
Biodiesel refers to a vegetable
oil- or animal fat-based
diesel fuel consisting of
long-chain alkyl (methyl,
propyl or
ethyl) esters.
Biodiesel is typically
made by chemically
reacting lipids (e.g.,
vegetable oil, animal fat
(tallow)) with an alcohol.

27. Green Fuel

28. Bio Ethanol
BioEthanol, which is produced
from agricultural crops, sugar cane
or bio-mass, are governed by the
same law of physics as those
using gasolin
The biofuels are therefore
considered to be "CO2 neutral",
not adding to the carbon dioxid
e level in the atmospheree

29. Wind Energy

30. Windbreaks: Low-tech, high value
Windbreaks are among the oldest
and best tools for energy conservation
on farms and ranches. In addition
to providing an array of other
placed windbreaks can reduce energy .

31. Solar Energy

32. Bio Gas
 The methane digester is a plant
 to produce methane in the form
 of biogas from plant and animal
 waste. Such systems are common in
 certain countries, such as India, but
 sorely neglected in others, although
 the raw material is available
 everywhere

33. Natural resource management
Natural resources, especially those of soil, water, plant and
animal diversity, vegetation cover, renewable energy
sources, climate, and ecosystem services are fundamental
for the structure and function of agricultural systems and
for social and environmental sustainability, in support of
life on earth.

34. Lazer land leveling

35. Resource Conservation
Inputs Out put
Irrigation Water Saving ( 40-50 %) Increase in yield of crops
Fertilizers Saving ( 40-50 %) Better quality produce
Herbicides/Insecticides saving( 25-
30%)
Increase income
Land Saving ( 5-10%in field) Better profitability
Labor Saving ( 30-40%) Low soil ailments
Energy Saving ( 20-25%)

36. Case Study
• When the soviet union collapsed in 1991, one of the
results was that the small island nation of Cuba was
suddenly cut off from its largest trading partner, and its
imports of petroleum suddenly dropped by more than
half. One of the first things to collapse was Cuba's
agricultural sector. Cuba adapted to the suddenly limited
resources by increasing urban agriculture and decreasing
transportation distances, by decreasing the size of farms
and increasing labour by humans and animals over large
machinery, and by going organic. Cuba went from a
farming system that was almost entirely conventional
modern agriculture, with inputs of fertilizers and
pesticides that actually surpassed .

37. Recommendation
 Channel new and additional funding for energy mitigation,
adaptation and technology transfer directly to the agricultural sector.
Alternate source of energy to be exploited
 Protect natural habitats by avoiding deforestation and land clearing
by sustainably improving yields on existing arable land.
 Rationale use of energy and water use be promoted.
 Protect the integrity of watersheds, wetlands and pasturelands to
preserve ecosystem services and biodiversity
 Build up soil organic matter and prevent erosion by applying
techniques such as conservation tillage, nutrient management and
the use of reclamation varieties

38. Recommendation contd
 Foster energy-efficiency improvements and emissions
reductions in nitrogen fertilizer production by helping
producers of all sizes to adopt best practice techniques.
 Recognize and support the development of synergies
between resilience and mitigation through the inclusion of
improved farm management practices in research
programmes
 Invest in infrastructure-building and related training
programmes.
 Localize the application of agronomic knowledge, pest
identification and meteorological information. No till,
improved machinery.
 Enhance capacity building to implement sustainable land
management policies and programmes.