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Community Managed Sustainable Agriculture
1. Ramanjaneyulu, Centre for Sustainable
Community Managed Sustainable
Agriculture
…caring for those who feed the nation
2. Context
16 out of 3 crisis 2effected districts
More than 500 suicides in last 12 months (90 in adilabad
district alone during kharif season)
Serious indebtedness-
◦ 82 % indebted
◦ Avg: Rs. 23,965/family
Only 9.4 per cent of the farmers had access to information
from extension workers in 2002 with 30% accessing
information through private traders
Increasing Land Use Shift-
5 lakh acres of biofuels, thousands of acres in command areas
under subabul and aquaculture
20 lakh ha shifted from cultivation in last ten years
16 SEZs (of the 32 approaved)
Large scale migration
3. Size of the
Holdings
1956 1970-71 1995-96 2005-06
No. of Holdings
(Lakhs)
Area
(Lakh
Hectares)
No. of
Holdings
(Lakhs)
Area
(Lakh
Hectares)
No. of
Holdings
(Lakhs)
Area
(Lakh
Hectares)
No. of
Holdings
(Lakhs)
Area
(Lakh
Hectares)
Average
Size
(Hectares
)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (8) (9) (12) (13) (14)
Marginal
(< 1 hec.)
16.38
(38.58)
8.16
(7.89)
24.9
(46.00)
10.9
(8.00)
63.00
(59.4)
29.0
(20.2)
75.14
(61.59)
32.87
(22.69)
0.44
Small
(1 – 2 hecs.)
7.75
(18.25)
10.00
(9.67)
10.6
(19.60)
15.3
(11.30)
22.6
(21.3)
32.3
(22.5)
26.39
(21.91)
37.30
(25.75)
1.41
Semi-Medium (2
– 4 hecs.)
7.53
(17.73)
16.69
(16.69)
9.4
(17.40)
26.1
(19.20)
14.0
(13.2)
37.4
(26.0)
14.44
(11.99)
38.35
(26.47)
2.66
Medium
(4 – 10 hecs.)
7.11
(16.75)
29.04
(28.09)
6.9
(12.70)
47.9
(35.20)
5.6
(05.3)
32.3
(22.5)
4.87
(4.05)
27.59
(19.04)
5.66
Large
(> 10 hecs.)
3.69
(8.69)
39.48
(38.19)
2.4
(4.30)
35.7
26.30)
0.8
(00.8)
12.7
(8.9)
0.56
(0.47)
8.78
(6.06)
15.66
Total 42.46
(100.00)
103.37
(100.00)
54.2
(100.00)
135.9
(100.00)
106.0
(100.00)
143.7
(100.00)
120.44
(100.00)
144.89
(100.00)
--
Average Size
(Hecs)
- 2.43 - 2.51 - 1.36 -- 1.20 1.20
• Marginal farmers who account for about 25% of cultivated area contribute 23% of agricultural
GSDP of the State.
• Small farmers with 24% of cultivated land account for 23% of agricultural GSDP, whereas
large farmers cultivating 4.4% of area account for only 3.4% of output.
• small-marginal size accounts for 90 percent of the holdings and 66 percent of the area operated
by the SCs.
4. 1.1 1.14 1.4
1.84
2.6
5.5
9.42
2.13 2.05 2.27 2.55
3.05
4.13
5.74
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
< 0.01 0.01 – 0.40 0.41 – 1.00 1.01 – 2.00 2.01 – 4.00 2.01 – 10.00 > 10.00
MonthlyIncomeandExpenditureperFarmer
ousehold(2002-03)(Rs'000)(Hec.)
Size-Class of Land Possessed (Hecs.)
Size-Class of Landholdings and Average Monthly Income and Consumption Levels per
Farming Household in A.P (2002-03)
Income Expenditure
5. Agriculture Cost of Production for Small & Marginal Farmers in AP
Series1, seed,
1585, 11%
Series1,
pesticide,
2057, 14%
Series1,
fertiliser,
3070, 21%
Series1,
irrigation,
828, 6%
Series1,
interest, 446,
3%
Series1, land
rent, 1662,
12%
Series1,
labour, 3388,
24%
others
9%
Source: *NSS Report No. 497: Income, Expenditure and Productive
Assets of Farmer Households, 2003
Pesticides and Fertilizers account for >1/3rd of Total Cost of Production
6. Today agriculture is becoming highly
LINEAR,
• Is based on maximizing the output of a narrow range of
species leading to monoculture of crops and varieties
• Is based on capital depletion and massive additions of
external inputs (e.g. energy, water, chemicals)
• Views the farm as a factory with “inputs” (such as
pesticides, feed, fertilizer, and fuel) and “outputs” (grain,
cotton, chicken, and so forth)
• Never cared about the externalities
• Where as traditionally agriculture was highly CYCLIC
and INTEGRATED.
7. Support systems highly skewed
Research system and extension system
promoting only external input based agriculture-
technology driven
Subsidies only for external inputs
Price support announced for several crops but
procurement is only for few crops
Un-remunerative pricing systems
Regulatory systems and accountability systems
disfunctional
8. What is happening…
Heavy dependency on external inputs: Increasing coc, Eco
costs
Collapse of support systems
Inputs
Unfavorable markets-un-remunerative prices, low share in
consumer prices, tied-up sales
Decreasing govt. support/subsidies/credit
Land degradation, soil erosion, saline
Vicious cycle of indebtedness, losses
Unemployment, Poverty
Regulatory systems and accountability systems
dysfunctional
Ecological Crisis
Economic Crisis
Policy Crisis
Production
practices
Market and prices
Policy Support
9. Pesticides poisoning past, present and future
• Acute poisoning effects
• Agriculture workers killed
• Chronic poisoning effects
• Children growth effected
• Effect on reproductive health
• Pesticides increased costs of cultivations
• Rs. 1000 to 15000/acre
• Ecological Disturbances
• Beneficials killed, pest shifts
• Pest resistances, pest resurgences
• Poisoning of resources
• Soils
• Water
• Milk
10. GM crops and foods
Key issues
• Relevance of GM crops
• Biosafety issues
• IPRs andMarket monopoly
• Conflicts of interests and scandals
Studies on NPM vs/Bt cotton
Documentary evidences on Violations of
regulations in field trials,
Illegal GM food crop field trials
First reports on Bronze wilt, Tobacco Streak Virus,
Mealybug
Evidences on sheep death
Studies on Environmental Risk Assessment and
Socio Economic Impacts
http://www.indiagminfo.org
11. Ever-growing…
Years 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09
Fertiliser Subsidy 18299 25952 40338
119772*
(estimated)
Years 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09
Fertiliser Subsidy 18299 25952 40338 119772* (estimated)
*Source : Department of Fertilisers, Min of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Govt of India
The New Indian Express, July 8, 2008
12. Subsidizing pollution
Products 2007-08 2008-09 (RE) 2009-10 (BE)
Urea
(Indegenous)
16.45 19.52 9.78
Urea (Imported) 6.61 10.98 5.95
P & K Fertilisers 16.94 65.35 34.25
Total 39.99 95.85 49.98
Source Fertiliser Statistics, FAI
• Factor productivity of Chemical fertilisers come down
• Leached nutrients (>40% ) pollute the groundwater and river waters
cleaning up needs high energy
• GHG emissions from fertiliser manufacture and use in India reached nearly
100 million tonnes of CO2-eq in 2006/07, which represents about 6 percent
of total Indian GHG emissions
• In AP 30 % of soil are reported to be saline
• Shift in crops and varieties can result in high nutrient use (Shift to
commercial crops/Hybrids/GM)
13. Fertilizers and pollution
Factor productivity of Chemical fertilisers come
down
Leached nutrients (>40% ) pollute the
groundwater and river waters cleaning up needs
high energy
In AP 30 % of soil are reported to be saline
Shift in crops and varieties can result in high
nutrient use
Shift to commercial crops
GM cotton needs 50 % more fertilizer-ANGRAU
Recent study from IARI (Sarkar. et.al,2008*) says Bt
cotton may constrain N availability and reduce soil
microbial activity
The global greenhouse gas emissions from fertiliser manufacture and use in India
reached nearly 100 million tonnes of CO2-eq in 2006/07,
which represents about 6 percent of total Indian greenhouse gas emissions
14. Lift Irrigation Schemes in AP
Today 3,000 mega watts power is supplied freely to agriculture for 29 lakh pump sets
• 47 lakh ha would be brought under irrigation by 2012
• It needs 12,682 Megawatt power
• Seven and half horse power motor will be used for every 10
acres and five lakh such motors have to be installed in the
next four years
• Needs 37.5 lakh HP electricity (2775 mega watt)
• Major lift irrigation schemes needs 6407 mega watt
• Minor lift irrigation schemes needs 500 mega watt
• To produce and supply one mega watt power
• Rs. 4 cr to create infrastructure to produce
• Rs. 4.5 cr for transmission and distribution
• Annual costs
• Per acre Rs. 11,000/year for supplying 30 days in two
seasons
• Maintaining costs ???
15. Increasing tenancy
The A.P. (Andhra Area) Tenancy Act of 1956 and its amendment in 1974
(Act 39 of 1974 which came into force in 1980) are known to be too rigid,
which have driven the entire leasing operations as informal oral
arrangements
To remedy the situation, the Land Revenue Act of 1999, also stipulated that
the names of the tenants should be recorded in the revenue records.
The lease should be 33% of the output in case of irrigated and 24% in
rainfed areas.
Till now none of these measures are implemented and tenancy remains
informal.
hence, the tenant farmers are not eligible for any government support in
the form of credit, subsidies, insurance or crop compensations in case of
failure.
16. The incidence of indebtedness among farming households is the highest in Andhra
Pradesh (A.P) with 82 percent, compared to 48.6 percent for All India.
The share of non-institutional sources in outstanding debt is the highest in A.P at 68.5
percent compared to 42.4 percent for All India.
The share of non-institutional sources in the total debt of small-marginal farmers is
the highest in the State at 76.20 percent compared to 49.50 percent for All India.
The share of the State in the total non-institutional debt of the country as a whole is a
whopping 22.32 percent.
It is the only State with “moneylender” as the single largest source of debt at 53.40
percent compared to the All India average of 25.70 percent.
The share of “bank loans” (CBs + RRBs) in the total outstanding loans of farmers is the
lowest in the State at 20 percent compared to 35.60 percent for All India.
The share of “cooperative loans” in the total outstanding loans of farmers is one of the
lowest in the State at 10 percent compared to 19.60 percent for All India.
While in many states ‘financial exclusion’ of small-marginal farmers is a major
problem, in Andhra Pradesh ‘financial inclusion’ – in a big way inclusion in non-
institutional finance – is a major problem assuming a serious crisis.
17. Decline in support to small
1985 1990 1995 2003 2006
49.60% 58.70% 52.00% 23.60% 13.30%
• 75% decline in the share in amount of small Agri. loans (Rs.25,000 and less)
compared to share in 1990) ( percent)
• during the same period, share of Agri advances of Rs.1 Crore and above
increased by a whopping 400%.
No. of A/Cs Amount
Small loans unto
RS.25,000
1,78,00,000 22,979
Loans Rs 1 crore and
above
7,300 50,969
March2006 –amount of agri loans (Rs.in Crores)
Sources of loans Less than 0.4 0.41-1.00 1.01-2.00 Above 2.00
Institutional 42.4 52.8 57.6 66.8
Non-Institutional 57.6 47.2 42.4 33.2
18. Community Managed Sustainable Agriculture
Institutional approach for Economic and Ecological
Sustainability of Farming based livelihoods
Promote locally adapted and proven successful practices
Built a sustainable institutional model for learning and
management
Value addition and collective Marketing
Federated Community Managed Institutions
Converging all government schemes at the villages level to
maximize the reach and benefit
Farmers organised into cooperatives/Producer
companies
Farmer Field School (for Learning and capacity building)
PGS groups for Quality Management
19. Backyard Biotechnology
Soil application Spraying on crops
Composts
Crop residue/
animal waste
Digested
vermicompost
Leaves and other
plant material
Green manuring
• Insitu
• Collection and applicationAerobic: NADEP
Anaerobic: Compost
Solutions/Extracts
• Aqueous or other
suitable solvent
• Chilli-garlic extract
• Neem extracts
Decoctions
• Boiled in water and
filtered
• Nux vomica dec
• Tobacco dec
Fermented solutions
• Fermented products
• Microbial solutions
• Panchagavya,
Amruthajalam,
buttermilk
25. Yenabavi -Organic Village
• Entire village (55 households’ 228 acres) organic for last five
years
• Most of the inputs internalised into farming
• Land Productivity increased, crop yields maintained
• In SRI paddy 44 bags were also recorded
• Recently awarded Krishi Gaurav Award by Baba Ramdev’s
Patanjali Trust for their role in promoting organic farming
• More than 30 thousand farmers visited the village in last
three years
28. Sahaja Aharam Mutually Aided Marketing Cooperative FederationDistrict Name of the Cooperative Village, Mandal Facilitating
Organisatio
n
Producer Cooperatives
1 Warangal Yenabavi Organic Farmers’ Mutually
Aided Cooperative Society Ltd
Yenabavi,
Lingalaganapur
CROPS,
Jangoan
2 Swayamkrushi Organic Farmers’
Mutually Aided Cooperative Society Ltd
Parvathagiri MARI,
Warangal
2 Nalgonda Bommalaramaram Organic Farmers
Mutually Aided Cooperative Society Ltd
Chowdaripalli,
Bommalaramaram
PEACE,
Nalgonda
3 Ananthpur Kadiri Swasakthi Organic Farmers and
Forest Producers Mutually Aided
Cooperative Society Ltd
Kadiri REDS, Kadiri
4 Guntur Abyudaya Sustainable Agriculture
Farmers Mutually Aided Cooperative Trift
and Marketing Society Limited
Koyavaripalem,
Pattipadu
Rakshana,
Chirala
5 Khamma
m
Punukula Organic Farmers Mutually
Aided Cooperative Society Ltd
Punukula,
Palvoncha
SECURE,
Palvoncha
6 Mahaboo
bnagar
Nallamalla Agriculture Products
Marketing Mutually Aided Cooperative
Society Limited
Venkatagiri,
Balmoor
CONARE,
Achampet
Consumer Cooperative
29. Sahaja Aharam Cooperatives
Producer Co-op-1
Farmer Group B
Consumer Co-op
• Healthy food
• Affordable Price
• Max share to farmers Organic Store
Mobile Store
Direct to Home
Producer Co-op-2
Other farmers and
farmers groups
Farmer Group A
Farmer Group C
Sahaja Aharam
Cooperative Federation
• Capacity building
• Institutional building
• Value Chain Fund
• Brand building
• Qualtiy Management
• Fair Trade
Market place
Direct to
resellers
Whole sale to
traders
Bulk buyers
Organic Store
Processing units
Seed market
Yet to estiblish
30. Credit needs
Production credit not accessible: tenant farmers/
Farmers holding capacity is very less
Lack of infrastructure (ware house/processing
units/machinery…)
Coops can make production plans converging all
credit needs for production.
Rolling credit for three years would be ideal
Cash Credit limit for supporting marketing
New credit and insurance instruments needed
31. Financial support
Subsidy recasting to support
internalised inputs
Labour
Common infrastructure
Newer models of Insurance systems
Coupled with risk reducing practices
NPM in crops
Preventive health care in animals
Micro insurance –first 30 DAS/Dry spells/price fluctuation
etc
Disaster preparedness
Drought/floods
32. NPM Scaling up in Andhra Pradesh
2004-05 started with 225 acres in one
dist and reached 7 lakh acres in
2007-08 in 18 dist. today the prog
covers 20 lakh acres in 18 dist
World Bank says this is a good tool
for poverty eradication
With 50 % development expenditure
one can double the incomes of the
2004
2009
2006
33. Program strategies
Building a Institutional Basis
Five villages are grouped into a cluster
Clusters are managed by Federation of Women/Farmers
group at Block level
Monthly Reviewing at Block, District and State level
Continuous technical support in the village
Best practicing farmer in the village identified as village
activist
Weekly group meetings (FFS) in the fields for reviewing,
researching, trouble shooting and capacity building
Paid cluster activist for 5 villages
Technical support by experienced N.G.Os, C.R.Ps and
Govt staff
Variety of resource material prepared
34. …aiming to reach 100 lakh acres across crops in all districts of AP in by 2014
225 25000
200000
700000
1300000
2000000
100 15000
80000
300000
600000
1000000
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
Acerag
e
Farmers and area covered under CMSA
pilot
CSA handholding support
NGOs technical support at field level
SHG groups ind. handling
RKVY funds
Rs. 167 Cr.
for 5 yr
35. Area under different crops (2007-08)
60000
250000
12000
200000
50000
5000
15000
3000
6000
5000
3000
5000
70000
16000
Crops (acres) cotton
paddy
chillies
groundnut
redgram
vegetables
castor
sesame
other pulses
chickpea
millets
sunflower
maize
others
36.
37. Distinguished visitors
Dr. V L Chopra,
Member Planning Commission
Jairam Ramesh,
Honble Minister for
Commerce
T. Nandakumar
Secretary Agriculture
GOI
38. More information
Visit us at
http://www.csa-india.org
http://www.takingroots.in
http://www.sahajaaharam.in
http://www.indiagminfo.org
http://www.agrariancrisis.in
Ph. 09000699702
ramoo@csa-india.org
