Two-dimensional art uses length and width but no depth. It includes drawing, painting, printmaking, mixed media, and camera arts. Drawing is the most basic art form and can use dry media like graphite, charcoal, pastels or liquid media like pen and ink. Painting classifications include fresco, tempera, oil, acrylic, and watercolor which use different pigments, binders, and techniques. Two-dimensional art provides a variety of options for artists to creatively express themselves.

1. Two-DimensionalFine Art Media “Art” can refer to highly developed skill or the mastery of a medium.

2. Fine Art Media > Two-Dimensional Art Medium or media (pl.) – the material and tools used by an artist to create art. Technique is the method and procedure used with an art medium. Craftsmanship is the skill with which the media and techniques are employed.

4. Painting- Printmaking- Mixed Media - Camera Arts

5. Fine Art Media > Two-Dimensional Art > Drawing The art of running an implement that leaves a mark over a surface. Most basic art form. M.C. Escher, Drawing

7. Plans or preparatory studies for future projects

9. 0 “Drawing . . . is the necessary beginning of everything in art, and not having it, one has nothing.”–Giorgio Vasari

10. 0 Fine Art Media > Two-Dimensional Art > Drawing The most common support is monochromatic paper or parchment. But drawing can be found on a large variety of different surfaces. Support - the surface on which to draw Monochromatic - one color Linear - made of lines

11. REMBRANDT VAN RIJN. Copy of Leonardo da Vinci’s Last Supper. Red chalk on paper. 14”x 18”

13. Pen & Ink

14. Brush & Ink

16. Two-dimensional > Drawing > Dry MediaMetalpoint Not used a lot anymore (not forgiving in mistakes) Process: thin wire of metal (usually silver) in a holding device leaving marks on a drawing surface specially coated with paint. Much like scratchboard. Use thin, delicate lines with hatching and cross-hatching

17. Silverpoint ALPHONSE LEGROS. Head of a Man (19th century). Silverpoint on white ground.

18. Two-dimensional > Drawing > Dry Media Graphite Pencils Cheap, readily available, easily erased. Most art begins with an idea and a pencil sketch. Made of powdered graphite (not lead) fired with clay, ranging in hardness from 6H to 8B, the softest, and encased in wood. A good assortment for freehand drawing includes: 8B, 6B, 4B, 2B, HB, H

19. Giorgio de Chirico. Solitude (1917) pencil on paper, 8” x 12.5” MOMA

20. PABLO PICASSO. Study for Guernica(1932). pencil on paper

21. Two-dimensional > Drawing > Dry MediaCharcoal Made from burnt wood. Great for value studies. Kathe Kollowitz Self- Portrait

22. Two-dimensional > Drawing > Dry MediaChalk and Pastels Pigment and non-greasy binders Smudges easily; requires a fixative. Blends better and can be overlaid to produce shaded effects Michelangelo. Studies for The Libyan Sybil

23. Chalk and Pastels Chalk and pastel are very similar to charcoal. The compositions of the media differ. Made of ground chalk mixed with powered pigments and a gum binder. Introduced to France in the 1400s. Comes in many natural and synthetic colors Ocher - dark yellow that comes from iron oxide in some clays. Umber - yellowish or reddish brown color that comes from earth containing oxides or manganese and iron. Sanguine - a “earthy” red color

24. Modeling with chalk on a mid-tone paper to obtain the illusion of volume through the use of shading and heightening Related terms: light, value, contrast, key, highlight, shading, shadow, modeling, mid-tone, heightening, chiaroscuro Cartoon – drawing done to scale for a painting Leonardo. Virgin and Child with St. Anne, cartoon, sanguine and heightened with white chalk

25. JEAN-BAPTISTE CARPEAUX. Portrait of a Woman (1874). Black chalk heightened with white, on buff paper. 77⁄8” x 57⁄8”.

26. EDGAR DEGAS. Woman at Her Toilette (1903). Pastel on paper. 30” x 301⁄2”.

27. Two-dimensional > Drawing > Dry MediaCrayons Strictly defined, the term crayon includes any drawing material in stick form (This can include charcoal, chalk, and pastel, plus wax implements.) Conté Crayons is one of the most popular commercially manufactured crayons (a little greasier than chalk - coming in red, black, and brown colors).

28. Two-dimensional > Drawing > Dry Media Crayons Oil pastels combine ground pigment and oil binder - adhere better to the drawing paper; wide variety of colors; more difficult to blend Wax crayons combine ground pigment with a wax binder – less apt to smudge; non-toxic for kids use.

29. Two-dimensional > Drawing > Liquid MediaPen and Ink Can have variety of line width depending on tip of pen and the pressure on the tip. Crow quill with ink well or fountain pen. Also, used for writing Asian calligraphy artists Favored by and readily available to Rembrandt Made thousands of pen and ink sketches

30. Rembrandt van Rijn. Jonah (c. 1660) pen and ink and wash on paper

32. Two-dimensional > Drawing > Liquid Media Brush and Ink Broader, more intense lines than pen and ink Historically used in Asia for calligraphy

33. Brush and Ink KATSUSHIKA HOKUSAI (1760–1849). Boy Playing Flute.Ink and brush on paper. 41⁄2” x 61⁄4”

34. Two-dimensional > Drawing > Liquid Media Brush & Ink Wash Watered down ink Broad, quick areas of value Used for spontaneity and immediacy. The brush can define volume and shadowing, from thin line to a broad sweep.

35. CLAUDE LORRAIN. Tiber above Rome (c. 1640). Brush and wash.

36. Brush and Wash LEONARDO DA VINCI. Study of Drapery (c. 1473). Brush, gray wash, heightened with white, on linen. 7” x 9”

37. Rembrandt van Rijn. Landscape (c. 1660) pen and ink and wash on paper

38. MIXED MEDIA HONORE DAUMIER. Counsel for the Defense (the Advocate) (1862-1865). Mixed Media (Pen and ink, charcoal, crayon, gouache,and watercolor) 20⅜" × 23¾".

39. Mixed Media

40. Two-dimensional > Drawing > Digital Drawing Computer-based drawing Can be erased and reworked easier More colors, brush and pen sizes, and drawing “canvas” available. Paint programs; i.e., Adobe Illustrator Prints to many different supports

41. Two-dimensional > Drawing > Digital DrawingArchitectural & Engineering Uses programs to create building and structure plans Several different programs available: AutoCad (85% engineering firms use), Cad Pipe (draws ductwork in 3-D), Pro-E (3-D drawing for assembly of industrial and manufacturing—easy to modify), MicroStation (often used by government—works with AutoCad program well)

42. Architectural Drawings

43. Architectural Drawings

45. Tempera - Oil- Acrylic - Watercolor

46. Two-dimensional > Wet MediaPainting Paint is a fluid substance made of pigment suspended in a liquid binder that is used to cover or decorate a surface. Painting is the process of applying paint to a surface using tools such as brushes, a roller, a painting knife, or a paint sprayer.

48. Binder - a liquid that holds the particles of pigment together without dissolving them.

49. Vehicle/solvent works as a paint thinner.

50. Support – the canvas, paper, wood panel, wall, or other surface that is painted on.

52. Wall-painting technique often used for large scale murals

53. Works are guided by a full-sized drawing called a cartoon.

55. GIOTTO. Lamentation (c. 1305). Fresco. 7’7” x 7’9”.

58. Encaustic Encaustic - One of the earliest methods of applying color to a surface. Uses a pigment in a wax vehicle that has been heated to a liquid state. Extremely durable Colors remain vibrant Surface will retain a hard luster Very old technique Used by the Egyptians and the Romans

59. Mummy Portrait of a Man (Egypto-Roman, Faiyum, c. 160–179 CE). Encaustic on wood.14” x 8”.

60. Fine Art Media > Two-dimensional Art > Painting > Encaustic Pigment mixed with wax and resin Must be heated to paint on easily. Paint hardens when cools.

61. KAY WALKINGSTICK. Solstice (1982). Acrylic and wax on canvas. 48” x 48” x 31⁄2”.

63. Bright colors that last longer than oil paint

64. Can be mixed with egg yolk to make it thicker, harder, and more permanent.

66. Advantages of Tempera Extremely durable Pure and brilliant colors Color did not become compromised by oxidation Consistency and fluidity allowed for precision Disadvantages: Dries quickly Hard to rework Can not provide subtle gradation of tone.

67. Tempera Terminology Gesso - A combination of powdered chalk and plaster and animal glue used as a ground in tempera. Gilding - the application of thinly hammered sheets of gold to a panel surface. (Commonly used in conjunction with tempera.) Egg Tempera - the egg mixture traditionally used as a binder in tempera.

68. GENTILE DA FABRIANO. Adoration of the Magi (1423). Tempera on wood panel9’101⁄8” x 9’3”.

69. FRANZ GERTSCH. Silvia (1998). Tempera on unprimed canvas. 9’61⁄4” x 9’ 21⁄4”.

70. Oil Paint

72. First used on wooden panels and then graduated to flexible stretched canvas.

73. Used on large, bold projects

74. Dries VERY slowly

75. Colors can be blended subtly and areas can be reworked easily

76. Sometimes takes weeks or months to dry

78. FOLLOWER OF REMBRANDT VAN RIJN. Head of St. Matthew (c. 1661). Oil on wood.97⁄8” x 73⁄4”.

79. Oil’s Advantages Slow drying lets you rework problem areas. Colors can be blended easily. Can creates nice delicate colors. The eventual use of canvas as a ground allowed paintings to get much bigger. Disadvantages Slow drying - Toxic solvents Cracking, yellowing, darkening with age

80. Oil Paint Alla Prima – Spontaneous painting approach (Italian for “all on the go”)

81. Oil Paint Impasto is the actual, thick, layered texture of the paint as applied by an artist. Vincent Van Gogh. The Woods

82. PABLO PICASSO. Family of Saltimbanques (1905). Oil on Canvas. 83” x 90”

83. Compare and Contrast The George Washingtons of Stuart and Lichtenstein

84. GILBERT STUART. George Washington (1796) (detail). Oil on canvas. 395⁄8” x 341⁄2” ROY LICHTENSTEIN. George Washington (1962). Oil on canvas. 51” x 38”.

85. ED PASCHKE. Anesthesio (1987). Oil on linen. 68” x 80”.

86. Acrylic Synthetic artist color, also called polymer Made of acrylic resin, polymerized through emulsions in water Can mimic the effects of oil, watercolor, tempera, and gouache paints. Dries quickly and permanently Keep brush in water while painting, so they do not dry out.

87. Acrylic Acrylic - is a mixture of pigment and a plastic vehicle that can be thinned with water. Advantages of acrylic paint over oil paint: No messy solvents – water cleanup. Can be used on a variety of surfaces. Surfaces don’t need special preparation. Stays flexible - no cracking No yellowing or darkening with age

88. HELEN OJI. Mount St. Helen’s (1980). Acrylic, Rhoplex, glitter on paper. 60” x 72”.

89. ROGER SHIMOMURA. Untitled (1984). Acrylic on canvas. 60” x 72”.

91. Mostly used on paper

92. Mainly used for small, intimate works

93. Transparency is the desired characteristic

94. White of the paper serves as the white – white paint not really needed.

96. Disadvantages and Advantages of Traditional Watercolor White is created by leaving the white of the paper. The artist must plan ahead. Corrections are not possible. Remains water-soluble. Portable Great for sketches and impressions. Or, can be a used as finished art work.

97. RALPH GOINGS. Rock Ola (1992). Watercolor on paper. 14” x 203⁄4”.

98. Watercolor Watercolor - defined now as any painting medium that employs water as a solvent. Aquarelle - Transparent washes of color are applied to a white absorbent surface. Egyptian artists used a form of watercolor painting. Also, used in the Middle Ages to color transcripts Gouache - watercolor mixed with a high concentration of vehicle and opaque ingredients such as chalk primarily used during the Byzantine and Romanesque eras of Christian art.

99. Gouache Watercolor with white inert pigment added Inert pigment – pigment that becomes colorless in paint. Allows colors to be completely opaque and will hide anything they are painted over. Similar to poster paint Dries very quickly and uniformly

100. DAVID HOCKNEY. Punchinello with Block, for Ravel’s L’Enfant et les Sortilèges (1980). Gouache on paper. 14” x 17”.

101. Drybrush Watercolor "I use a smaller brush, dip into the color, splay out the bristles, squeeze out a good deal of the moisture and color with my fingers so that only a very small amount of paint is left. Drybrush is layer upon layer — a definite weaving process." - Andrew Wyeth,Thomas Hoving

102. Spray Paint Is spray painting like prehistoric cave painting? It raises similar questions: Why do they do it? Is it art? Is it urban ritual? Will is speak in history to the trails of inner-city living?

103. CRASH (JOHN MATOS). Arcadia Revisited (1988). Spray paint on canvas. 961⁄4” x 68”.

104. Mixed Media Collage or papierscolles - Picasso and Braque were the first to incorporate pieces of newsprint, wallpaper, labels from wine bottles, and oilcloth into their paintings. Miriam Schapiro create what she calls “femmage” with is a version of collage using feminie imagery and materials

105. HOWARDENA PINDELL. Autobiography: Water / Ancestors, Middle Passage / Family Ghosts (1988). Acrylic, tempera, cattle markers, oil stick, paper, polymer photo-transfer, and vinyl tape on sewn canvas. 118” x 71”.

107. Attaching actual materials to the surface of a support

108. Objects can be paper, cloth, or anything

110. MIRIAM SCHAPIRO. Maid of Honour (1984). Acrylic and fabric on canvas. 60” x 50”.

111. Fine Art Media > Two-dimensional Art > Mixed Media >Collage Henri Matisse- famous painter who was diagnosed with cancer at age 78 - couldn’t paint anymore, so he made cut paper collages.

112. Fine Art Media > Two-dimensional Art > Mixed Media >Collage Matisse, cut paper

113. JUDY PFAFF. Voodoo (1981). Contact paper collage on Mylar. 98” x 60” (framed).

114. Printmaking Printmaking is an indirect means of creating art by transferring an image or design by contact with a matrix such as a block, plate, stone, or screen.

115. Printmaking There are four basic manual processes used in traditional printmaking. Reliefwood-cut, wood engraving, linoleum-cut Intagliodry point, engraving, etching, aquatint, mezzotint Planography lithography Stencil screenprint (silk-screen, serigraphy)

116. Printmaking Original Print vs. Reproduction? An original print is a work of art created through contact with a matrix such as a stone, block, plate, or screen that was created by the artist; it must have been printed manually by the artist or under the artist's direct supervision and was approved by the artist for quality and excellence. Printed reproductions of drawings or paintings, no matter how aesthetically pleasing, are not to be considered original prints.