This document provides a review of key concepts from chapters in an Art Appreciation course, covering topics like drawing, painting, prints, photography, graphic design, sculpture, and crafts. It defines important terms for different media and techniques. The most common drawing materials are listed as pencil and charcoal. In painting, the primary media discussed are encaustic, fresco, tempera, oil, watercolor, gouache and acrylic. The four basic printmaking methods are relief, intaglio, lithography and screenprinting. Photography, film, and video are grouped as camera arts. Graphic design focuses on communication through layout and typography. Sculpture techniques include modeling, carving, casting and

1. Final Exam ReviewArt Appreciation 2010

2. ART 1101Chapter 6Drawing

3. Drawing SurfacesPaperCave wallsPotteryPapyrusParchmentSilkDigital realmsWalls

4. Most common drawing surface?Most long-lasting drawing surface?Rendering?Graphite?Media?Techniques ?

5. Drawing materialsPencil *- also called graphiteMetalpoint*- a wire scratches across surfaceCharcoal *-made from burned woodPastel *- color media, comes in crayon forBrush and Ink *Most common drawing media used in asiaMixed mediaUsing more than one media in an artwork

6. This is contour line drawing, its basically an outline, all of the lines are of the same thickness.

7. This is a line variation drawing, it is basically an outline, it uses thinner lines to show where the light would hit the subject and thicker lines to show where shadow would be.

8. A rendered drawing:it has value changes from light to dark

9. This is a stippled drawing, it uses dots to show value changes from dark to light by making the dots closer together or farther apart.

10. This is a cross-hatched drawing.It is a rendered drawing, it shows value changes from dark to light.

11. Art AppreciationChapter 7Painting

12. painting terms*Pigment – powdered colorVehicle – a liquid that holds pigment togetherBinder – helps the paint to stick to the surface*Support – the painting surfacePrimer – a preliminary coating to prepare the surface for paintingGesso – mixture of white pigment and glue used to seal a surface to prepare for painting*Medium – has multiple meanings in art1. the material used to make art (oil, charcoal, clay, glass)2. standard category of art (sculpture, painting, ceramics)3. a liquid used to make paint, also used to thin paint (linseed oil)

13. Painting mediaEncausticFrescoTemperaOilWatercolorGouacheAcrylicMixed media

14. EncausticPigment is mixed with waxOnce the painting is complete, the artist brings the heat source close to the surface to fuse the colors (burning in)Used in ancient Greece and in Roman-Egyptian portraiture

15. Fayum mummy portrait,encausticYoung Woman with a Gold Pectoral,Roman Egypt, 2nd century

16. FrescoPigment is mixed with water and applied to plaster, usually a wallTrue fresco is applied to wet lime plasterUsed for large scale murals since ancient times

17. TemperaSometimes called egg temperaThe vehicle for it is an emulsion; can be oil, fat, wax, resin, casein, but most famously egg yolkRetains the brilliance of its colors for centuries

18. oilPigment compounded with oil, usually linseed oilAllowed artists to switch from painting on wood panels to canvasPaint can be used in various thicknessesGlazes - thin, translucent veils of colorImpasto – very thick paint, often strait from the tubeDries VERY slowly

19. Starry Night, detailImpasto – A technique where paint is applied so thick that it looks like frosting on a cake

20. Sfumato– a way of layering glazes of oil paints to produce a translucent, smoky effect

21. Girl Arranging Her Hair, Berthe Morisot, 1885-86, oil on canvasbroken color - a technique where the painting is made up of individual strokes rather than a smooth blended field of color

22. La Grande Odalisque, Ingres, 1814, oil on canvas

23. Grisaille – painting technique where a monochromatic underpainting utilizing the desired value changes is produced before adding colored glazes in layers to float over itThis is a computerized grisaille version of the Ingres masterpiece

24. Linda Nochlin – art historian (p. 173)Wrote “Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?” 1971, ArtNewsHer work is thought to be the impetus for the Feminist Art movement in the 1970s.

25. WatercolorPigment using gum arabic as a binderThe most common support is paper

26. GouacheWatercolor with an inert white pigment addedGouache is opaque (watercolor is transparent)Pronounced go – osh

27. Acrylic Paint made from synthetic plastic resinA more proper name would be polymer paints

28. CollageAn innovation of Picasso and Braque, after Cubism; they called it “synthetic cubism”Collage is a french word meaning “pasting” or “gluing”

29. Art AppreciationChapter 8Prints

30. 4 basic methodsReliefIntaglioLithographyScreenprinting

31. What is a print?Courtesy of momahttp://www.moma.org/interactives/projects/2001/whatisaprint/print.html

32. ReliefThe background image is cut awayThe raised areas hold ink WoodcutWood engraving

33. Edvard Munch, woodcut

34. Hiroshige from his series The Fifty-Three Stations of the Tōkaidō.**European artists at the end of the 19th century were highly influenced by Japanese woodcut prints

35. Wood engravingUses the end grain of the boardUses harder woodMore highly detailedQuick video showing fine detailhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UzZ26udfPs0&feature=player_embedded

36. intaglioRefers to 5 techniquesEngravingDrypointMezzotintEtchingAquatint*Opposite of relief, the ink goes into the grooves on the surface.*Artist makes lines or grooves into a metal plate using a sharp tool or acid

37. Intaglio demohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SNKn4PORGBIMC Escher Mezzotinthttp://www.mcescher.com/Film/Eschermezotintprint.mpgLithography demohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHw5_1HopscScreenprinting demohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wogKeYH2wEE

38. engravingBegan from the practice of incising designs into armor

39. EtchingThe entire plate is covered with a ground, like beeswax or asphaltThe artist draws through the ground on the plate using an etching needleThe entire plate is dipped into acidAcid eats away the linesThe ground is removedThe plate is inked and printed

40. etching

41. lithographyLithography artists draw onto smooth limestone surface using a greasy materialIt works based on the idea that oil and water do not mix

42. La Goulue, Toulouse-Lautrec, lithograph poster,use multiple stones to reproduce images in color

43. Alphonse Mucha, Fruit, 1897, lithogrph

44. Nestle’s Food for Infants, Mucha, lithograph, 1897

45. Hand with Reflecting Sphere,Escher, 1935, lithograph

46. ScreenprintingThe artist uses a screenAlso called SerigraphyThey block out certain areas that are not meant to be printedPlace the screen over paper and force ink thru the screen using a squegee

47. Chapter 9Camera Arts

48. 3 types of camera art: photography, film, and videoDaguerreotype – first photographic process, uses a camera obscura and a copper plate coated with silver iodide, required a very long exposure timeLandscape photography was popular because it showed places that most people couldn’t get toPhotojournalism – recording newsworthy eventsThe first important conflict to be documented in photography was the American Civil War.Pure photography – did not crop or manipulate images in any wayAnsel Adams – landscape photographerAlfred Stieglitz – pure photographerDorothea Lange – photojournalistCharlie Chaplin - filmaker

49. Film is an illusion of motion in a still image, 24 frames per second.An auteur is an “author” of a film. Orson Welles, Citizen Kane, 1941. Considered to be one of the greatest American film of all time.Animation means “bringing to life”Video art is about mass communication

50. Chapter 10Graphic design and illustration

51. Graphic designthe goal is communication of a specific messageUsually trying to sell something or give directions

52. How old is graphic design art?Graphic art began with Written languagesSymbolsIndustrial Revolution, 18th-19th centuriesIncreased commercial applicationsPrior, most products were local After, mass manufacturing

53. symbolsMost basic level of communicationLetters are symbolsΩ ЖΦШМEven arrows had to be developed -> Δ

54. typographyThe arrangement and appearance of letters

55. layoutBlueprint for the composition of an extended work such as a book or magazine

56. posters/adsColor lithography (19th century) brought about eye-catching postersColor wasn’t practical in magazines or newspapersHenri de Toulouse-LautrecFlat simplified forms influenced by Japanese printsImmediately collector’s items

57. Toulouse-Lautrec

58. illustrationAn image created to accompany wordsBooks - PoemsMagazines - Newspapers

59. Norman Rockwelldid about 6 covers a year for The Saturday evening Post for over 40 yrs.He did 322 covers for TSEP

60. Chapter 11Sculpture and Installation

61. SculptureSculpture is 3D, the third dimension is depthInstallation incorporates the entire exhibit space

62. 4 basic methods for making sculptureModelingAdditive processAssemblingAdditive processCarvingSubtractive processCastingLiquid is poured into a mold to hardenModelingThe most direct sculpture methodThe pliable material is shaped and formed with hands and tools

63. CastingVery indirect method of forming sculptureLiquid is poured into a mold made of the original

64. Ife, bronze casting from Yoruba, 13th century

65. lost-wax castingBe able to describe the process!!Textbook, pg 254http://www.andresteadsculpture.com/casting.php

66. carvingA directtechniqueSculptor begins with a block of material

67. assemblingAssemblage – Various individual parts can be placed on or near each otherSometimes this art is called “found object”

68. SculptureLow relief – the subject projects very slightly from the backgroundA coin, carved doors, an Egyptian tomb wallHigh relief – the subject projects much more boldly from the backgroundProjects at least half its depthsculpture “in the round” – the viewer can walk completely around the sculpture, the view from all sides is interestingSometimes there is still a front and back

69. earthworkMaybe …Name a famous earthworkThe serpent moundCahokia moundsSpiral JettyThe Nasca Lines

70. Spiral Jetty, Robert Smithson, Great Salt Lake, Utah, 1970 - present

71. Chapter 12Crafts

72. ESSAY QUESTIONSomething along the lines of comparing and contrasting the terms art & craftDo you consider craft a fine art, make the argument that it is or isn’tUse specific examples like Voulkos and Chicago, see the last several slides for more craft/art information3 paragraph+ essay with an intro a body and a conclusion

73. CRAFTMost crafts have roots in the middle ages, when a craftsman had a trade – potter, glassblower, woodworker, weaver.The word “craft” alludes to expert work done by hand.“Craft” and “Art” originally had the same meaning. During the Renaissance, painting, sculpture and architecture were elevated to a different level.Thus much of art history before the Renaissance includes craft.

74. Craft vs ArtWestern cultures (Europe & US) have Fine Art and Craft in separate categories.Often the dividing line is function.Many other cultures around the world attribute artistic meaning to craft objects.Often fine art objects like sculpture have a spiritual function.There is no definite division between art and craft, nor should there be.Labels are a convenience for talking about art.

75. Traditional Materials of CraftCeramics GlassMetalWoodFiber

76. Maria Martinez, BlackwareA ceramic artistCeramic art can be formed by hand-building, wheel-throwing or casting

77. Magdalene Odundo, Vessel Series II asymmetrical, no.1, 2005, red clay, carbonized and multi-firedBodily terms are used to describe vesselsMouthNeckShoulderBodyFoot

78. Chinese Longquan celadon, Song Dynasty, 13th centuryceladon glaze was invented in China to mimic Jade

79. GlassCan be formed in many waysBlown glassFused glass, fired in a kilnVarious types of moldsCuttingsandblasting

80. Dale Chihuly

81. MetalTypes of metalsCopper - SilverBrass - GoldBronze - SteelNickel - IronCan be shaped in many waysCasting - ForgingCutting - HammeringSoldering Can be decorated in many waysCloissoneChasing & Repoussé

82. Modern Chinese cloisonné enamelUnderstand that it is made by attaching metal wires to a piece of metal which is filled in with enamel then fired.

83. Detail showing cloisons before enameling. Wire is soldered to the piece to separate each color

84. This slide shows a girl meticulously adding frit to areas, the piece will be kiln fired, then ground and polished.

85. Lidded copper-body cloisonné enamel vase with a dragon motif, Probably from Nagoya, it is dated to 1880-1890

86. Chasing and repoussé - high reliefUnderstand that the metal is shaped by tools and hammering on either side of the metal.

87. The underside of the ginko leaf relief

88. FiberAlso known as textilesConstruction methods are unique to itselfWeaving – the general method for all textilesWarp – held taut Weft – is interwoven through the warpTapestry – a type of weaving

89. The Hunt of the Unicorn, 1475-1500A series of 7 tapestry panels from the 15th century

90. The Hunters Enter the Woods

91. Gee’s Bend Quilts A rural community near Selma, AlabamaWas once the site of cotton plantationsThe unique quilting style has been practiced for at least 6 generations

92. Women of Gee's Bend, Alabama, quilting, 2005

93. Jade and LacquerJade – a mineral stone of either nephrite or jadeiteColor from white to brown to greenFound mostly in the East, Central Asia & Central AmericaPrized in China for 6000 yrsLacquer – made from the sap of a tree that originally only grew in China, it is brushed over wood in very thin coatsHardens to a smooth glasslike finishDemands patience, can take 30 coats to build up a substantial layer, must fully dry between coats

94. Blurring the Boundaries between Art and CraftTaking something functional and making it nonfunctional gives it a whole new meaningVoulkos’s Pottery broke this barrierUsing craft methods to make Fine Art elevates the notion of craftChicago’s The Dinner Party used traditional “womens work” in multiple ways to create a fine art installation.

95. Peter Voulkos,Noodle, 1996,stoneware sculpture

96. Peter Voulkos plates, 1981

97. Peter Voulkos is on the left.

98. The Dinner Party, Judy Chicago, 1979http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/place_settings/webtour/The table has 39 place settings to honor influential women in history.An additional 999 important women’s names are written on the tile floor.

100. Mary Wollstonecraft and Sojourner Truth place settings

101. The Virginia Woolf setting

102. Judy Chicago with her masterpiece.

103. Blurring the lines between high brow and low brow art:High artPaintingSculptureFine photographyLow artPotteryComic booksAdvertisements

104. End of Final Exam Review200 pointsMultiple choiceMatching1 Long Essay question1 Listing Question1 Short Answer Question