Educational Technology

1. 13
Teaching with visual symbols
Visual symbols will be made meaningful if we can use them
as summaries of our own direct experiences or our own rich
indirect experiences….A little can stand for lot.

2.  INTRODUCTION
 From an experience of real world experience we proceed to a world of
symbols. Here we don’t see real things but symbols. Visual symbol
include drawings, cartoons, strip drawings, diagrams, formulas, charts,
graph, maps, globes. For the sake of the mastery and clarity, let us
divide this lesson into seven(7) parts.
 ACTIVITY
 Read these words. Analyze them for meaning without referring to the graph. When you have
done this, refer to the graphs below and study them.
1. believing that it is very important to be very well-off financially, and having seen their
affluence ratchet upward little by little over four decades, are Americans now happier?
The research finding shows that those reporting themselves “very happy” has, if anything,
declined slightly between 1957 and 1998 from 35 to 33 percent, twice as rich but no happier.
2. Self-esteem scores among Canadians and Japanese- a research team led by Steven
Heine(1999) found scores n a North American self-esteem inventory are higher among Anglo-
Canadians than Japanese who have never left Japan. As Japanese and other Asians experience
Canada’s culture, their self-esteem becomes Westernized.

3. ABSTRACTION
 Your experience of the words and the graphs convinces you that a graph is easier to understand than
the words of a paragraph. A graph is “worth a thousand words” a graph and any visual symbol for that
matter such as drawings, cartoons, strip drawing, diagrams, and maps are worth a thousand words.
They are more clearly understood than mere words. Let us learn more about each of them and find out
where they can be used in our lessons.
 DRAWINGS
 A drawing may not be the real thing but better to have a concrete visual aid than nothing. To avoid
confusion, It is good that or drawing correctly represent the real thing. One essential skill that a
teacher ought to possess in order to be understood is drawing. It helps you a lot if you are capable
of doing simple freehand sketching. You will find out that as you lecture, you need to illustrate on
the chalkboard. So better start learning how to draw. The only way to learn to do the sketching
yourself and devote some time to it. There is nothing so difficult that is not made easy when we
spend a least forty hours learning and mastering it.
B. CARTOONS
Another useful visual symbol that can bring novelty to our teaching is the cartoon. A first-rate
cartoon tells its story metaphorically. The perfect cartoon needs no caption. The less the artist
depends on words, the more effective he symbolism the symbolism convey message.

4. Source of cartoons
 SKETCHING CARTOONS
want t develop your skill at sketching for cartoons?
1.start with simple shape and add details. Note changes in expression.
2. side view starts with same basic shapes.
3. most cartoon figures are about four heads tail. Keep them simple.
where to use cartoon in instruction
you can also use this as a springboard for a lesson or a concluding activity.it depends on your
purpose.
K To 12 Curriculum standard and competencies
Go back to the K to 12 Curriculum Guide. which can be taught with the use o a cartoon? Come up
with a catoon for a particular lesson.

5.  STRIP DRAWINGS
these are commonly called comics or comic strip. Dale(1969) asserts that a more accurate term is strip drawing.
Make use of strips that are educational and entertaining at the same time.
 where to use strip drawing in instruction
These can serve as motivation and starter of yourlesson.it can also be given as an activity for students to express
insight gained at the conclusion of a lesson.
Source of strip drawing
you can obtain strip drawing from newspapers, magazines and books.
 K To 12 Curriculum standard and competencies
identify a competency where strip drawing is appropriate. Look for appropriate strip drawing.
D. DIAGRAMS
What is Diagram? It is “any line drawing that shows arrangement and relation as parts to the whole, relative values,
origins and development, chronological fluctuation, distribution, etc.”(Dale 1969)
If you can draw stick figures, you can easily draw the diagrams that need as you go along. To emphasize the key points in
your diagram, make use of color whether you use the chalkboard or the OPH and transparencies.

6. Types of a Diagram
 Affinity diagram
Used to cluster complex apparently unrelated data into natural and
meaningful groups.
 Tree diagram
Used to chart out, in increasing detail, the vaiou task that must be
accomplished to complete a project or specific objective.
 Fishbone diagram
It is also called cause-and-effect diagram. It is a structure from of
brainstorming that graphically shows the relationship of possible causes
and sub causes directly related to an identified effect / problem. It is
most commonly used to analyze work- related problems.

7.  E. CHARTS
A chart is a diagrammatic representation of relationship among individuals within an organization. We can
have a:
1.Time chart
2.Tree stream chart
3.Flow chart
4.Organizational chart
5. Comparison and contrast chart
6.Pareto chart and
7. Run chart or trend chart
Time chart
is a tabular time chart that present data in ordinal sequence.
Tree or stream chart
depicts development, growth and change by beginning with a single course ( the trunk) which spreads out
into many branches; or by beginning with the many tributaries which then coverage into a single channel. The
genealogical tree is an example.

8.  Flow Chart
is a visual way of charting or showing a process from beginning to end. It is a means
of analyzing a process. By outlining every step in a process, you can begin to find
inefficiencies or problem. (Latta, 1994)
 Organizational chart
shows how one part of the organization relates to other parts of the organization.
 Comparison and contrast chart
used to show similarities and between two things(people, places, events, ideas,
etc.). Key frame questions: what things are being compared? How are they similar? How
are they different?
 Pareto chart
is a type of bar chart, prioritized in descending order of magnitude or importance
from left t right. It shows at a glance which factors are occurring most.
 Gannt chart
is an activity time chart.

9. GRAPHS
There are several types of graphs.
 Pie/circle graph
Recommended for showing parts of whole.
 Bar graph
used in compering the magnitude of similar items at different ties or seeing relative
sizes of the parts of a whole.
 Graphic organizer
you met several graphic organizers in your subject, Principles of Teaching. Here is
another graphic organizer, an information organizer.

10.  Maps
a maps is “ representation of the surfaces of the earth or some part of it…”(Dale
1969)
Kinds of maps
 Physical map
combines in a single projection data like altitude, temperature, rainfall,
precipitation, vegetation, and soil.
 Relief map
has three dimensional representations and show contours of the physical data of
the earth or part of the earth.
 Commercial or economic map
also called product or industrial map since they show land areas in relation to
the economy.
 Political map
gives detailed information about country, provinces, cities, and towns, roads,
and highways. Oceans, rivers and lakes are the main features of the most political
maps.

11. Map language
 Scale
 shows how much of the actual earth’s surface is represented by a given
measurement map.
 Symbols
usually map has a legend that explains what each symbols means.
 Color
the different color of the map are part of the map language.
 Geographic grid
the entire system of these grid lines are called grid lines.

12. Project
In
Prof. Ed 4
Prepared by:
Honnelyn Magalang
Rose Jane Bangalisan
BEED PSED.2B Prepared for:
Mrs. Grace B. Abella
Instructor