Teaching with Visual Symbols

1. LESSON 13

2. TEACHING WITH
VISUAL SYMBOLS

3. INTRODUCTION:
 From an experience of real-world experience we
proceed to a world of symbols. Here, we don’t see real
things but symbols include drawings, cartoons, strings
drawings, diagrams, formulas, charts, graphs, maps,
globes. For the sake of mastery and clarity. Let us divide
this lesson into seven (7) parts.

4. 1. The research finding shows that those reporting themselves “very happy’’ has
if anything, declined-slightly between 1957 and 1998 from 35 to 33 percent,
twice as rich to figure 10 below. ( After reading this finding, refer to figure 10
below).
Figure 10: Happiness Data

5. • II. Self-Esteem scores among Canadians and Japanese- A research team led by
Steven Heine (1999) found scores on a North American Self-Esteem inventory are
higher among Anglo-Canadians than Japanese who have never left japan. As
Japanese and other Asians experience Canada’s culture, their self-esteem becomes
Westernized.

6. WHICH EASIER TO
UNDERSTAND?
THE WORDS OR
THE GRAPH?
• ABSTRACTION:
Your experience of the words and the
graphs convinces you that a graph is
easier to understand than the words of
a paragraph. A graph is “worth a
thousands words”. A graph and any
symbol for that matter such as,
drawings, cartoons, strip-drawings,
diagrams, maps are worth a thousands
words.

7.  A. DRAWINGS:
A drawing may not be real thing but better to have a concrete
visual aid than nothing. To avoid confusion, it is good that our
drawing correctly represents the real thing.
One essential skill that a teacher ought to possess in order to have
understand is drawing.
It’s help you a lot if you are capable of doing simple free hand
sketching.

9. Here are some examples of stick drawings:

10.  B. CARTOONS
Another useful visual symbols that can brings novelty to our
teaching is the cartoon.
The perfect cartoon needs no caption. The less the artist depends
on words, the more effective the symbolism. The symbolism
conveys the message.

12.  SOURCES OF CARTOONS
• They appear of ten in news papers and magazines. In class, you can give it to the
individual student’s for individual study or project it by an opaque projector.
• Sketching Cartoons – where to develop your skill at sketching for cartoons? (see
figures below).
- Start with a simple shapes and add details. Notes changes in expression.
- Side views start with same basic shapes.
- Most cartoons figures are about four heads tall keep them simple.

13. Figure 12: Simple Sketching

14.  C. STRIP DRAWINGS
these are commonly called COMICS or COMICS STRIP Dale (1969) asserts that a
more accurate term is strip drawings. Make use strips that are educational and
Entertaining at the same time.
Here are the examples:

15. WHERE TO USE STRIP DRAWING IN INSTRUCTION
• They can serve as motivation and a starter of your lesson, it can also
be given as an activity for student’s to express insights gained at the
conclusion of a lesson.
• You can obtain from Newspaper,
Magazines and books.

16. D. DIAGRAMS
•It is “ any line drawing that shows
arrangement and relations as of parts to the
whole, relative values origins and
development, chronological fluctuations,
distribution. etc.” (Dale, 1969).

17. • See figures below:
CONCLUSIONS ABOUT
HEREDITY
ENVIRONMENT
INTERACTION
INTELLIGENCE
SHARED AND NON-SHARED
HEREDITY ENVIRONMENT EXPERIENCES
CORRELATIONS
HEREDITY ENVIRONMENT
INTERACTION
Source: John W. Santrock (2002) Life-Span Dev’t, New York USA: McGraw
Hill Co.

18. TYPES OF DIAGRAM

19. • AFFINITY DIAGRAM – used to cluster complex apparently unrelated data into
natural and meaningful groups.
WORK ENVIRONMENT
SUPPORTIVE
MANAGEMENT
PROVIDE ADEQUATE
EQUIPMENT
PROVIDE CLEAN &
CHEERFUL
ENVIRONMENT
GOOD INSTRUCTION
POSITIVE SUPERVISOR
REWARDS
RECOGNITION
QUICK AND
APPROPRIATE
REWARDS
GIVE RECOGNITION
WHERE DUE
OPPURTUNITY FOR
ADVANCEMENT
ADVOCATE SALARY
BENIFITS
PROVIDE TRAINING
GOOD BENEFITS
ORGANIZATION
PHILOSOPHY
COMMUNICATE
ORGANIZATIONAL
GOALS
GIVE GOOD, CLEAR
DIRECTIONS
DOUBLE GOALS
FOCUS ON OUR
MISSION
REMOVE RED TAPE
FOCUS ON THE
FUTURE NOT THE
PAST
JOB FOCUSORGANIZATION
PHILOSOPHY
INTERESTING WORK
PROVIDE CHALLENGING
EXPERIENCES
MAKE WORK
MEANINGFUL
GIVE RESPONSIBILITY
EFFECTIVE
RESPONSIBILITY
OPPURTUNITY TO SHOW
SKILLS

20. INTERPERSONAL
ENVIRONMNENT
LET US THINK FOR
OURSELVES
DON’T HUSSLE
BE HUMAN
CLEAR COMMUNICATION
WELCOME NEW IDEAS
BE FAIR
PROVIDE GOOD
EXAMPLES
SHOW PERSONAL
INTEREST
POWER PUT DOWNS
FIGURE 15: Affinity Diagram of
keeping Employees motivated
Source: Raymond F. Latta and Carolyn
Downey(1994) tools for achieving TQE,
California USA.

21. • TREE DIAGRAM – used to chart out, in increasing detail, the various task that must be
accomplished to complete a project or achieve a specific objective.

22. • FISHBONE DIAGRAM – it is also called cause and effect diagram. It
is a structured from of brainstorming that graphically show the
relationships of possible causes and sub causes directly related to
an identified effect / problem. It is most commonly used to
work-related problems.

23. Poor District
Attendance
( EFFECT )
Philosophically believe
Not all the students should
be in school
No sympathy for
Students behind
Law expectations
Force some
Students out
No patience with
Those unable to handle
concepts
Too tired
Babysitting
Does not value school
Problem with teacher
Fear of failure
working
Substance abuse
Substance abuse
Family does not value
Education
Home demands
No family support
Child abuse
Member of gang
Curriculum does not
Meet students need
Poor home
Communication system
System too
dehumanizing
Meets needs of average
student
Lack timely follow-up
And follow-through
System
( causes )
Outside Influences
( causes )
Student
( causes )
Staff
( causes )
Figure 17: Fishbone
Diagram of the
causes Contributing
to poor Student
Attendance in School
District.

24. E. CHARTS
• A chart is a diagrammatic representation of relationships among individuals within an
organization. We can have a :
1. Time Chart
2. Tree or Stream chart
3. Flow Chart
4. Organizational Chart
5. Comparison and Contrast Chart
6. Pareto Chart and
7. Run Chart or Trend Chart

25. Examples of Time Chart
• TIME CHART – is a tabular time chart that presents data in ordinal sequence. Here is an example.
TIME PERIOD AVERAGE LIFE
Prehistoric Times Expectancy (in years)
Ancient Greece 18
Middle Ages, England 20
1620, Massachusetts Bay 33
Colony 35
19th century , England 41
1900, USA 47
1915, USA 54
1964, USA 70
1998, USA 77c
Figure 18: Average Human
Life Expectancy at Birth
from Prehistoric to
Contemporary Times.

26. • TREE OR STREAM CHART
• Depicts development, growth and change by beginning with a single course
(the trunk) which spreads out into many branches; or by beginning with the
many tributaries which then converge into a single channel.

27. The Genealogical tree is an
example.
Figure 19: Genealogical Tree

28. • FLOW CHART
• Is a visual way of charting or
showing a process from beginning
to end. It is a means of analyzing a
process. By outlining every step in a
process, you can begin to find
inefficiencies or problems. ( latta,
1994 ).

29. • ORGANIZATIONAL CHART – Shows how one part organization relates to other
parts of the organization.

30. • COMPARISON AND CONTRAST CHART

32. • PARETO CHART – Is a type of bar chart, prioritize in descending order of
magnitude of importance from left to right.

33. • GANNT CHART – Is an activity time chart.

35.  F. GRAPHS
• 1. PIE OR CIRCLE GRAPH
Distributed
Operation, Maintenance and Auxilliary Capital Outlay General Control Interest Instruction
8.8 %
3.4 %
6.8 %
19.1
%
61.9 %
Figure 25: The Cost of Education

36. II. BAR GRAPH – Used to comparing the magnitude of similar items at different
ties or seeing relative sizes of the parts of the whole.

38. III. PICTORIAL GRAPH - Makes use of picture symbols.

39. IV. GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS – You met several graphic organizers in your subject,
principles of teaching here is another graphic organizers, an information organizer

40. G. MAPS
- A MAP IS A ‘’REPRESENTATION OF THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH OR
SOME PART OF IT’’

41. KINDS OF MAP

42. PHYSICAL MAP
 COMBINES IN A SINGLE PROJECTION DATA LIKE
ALTITUDE, TEMPERATURE, RAINFALL,
PRECIPITATION, VEGETATION, AND SOIL.

43. RELIEF MAP
 HAS THREE DIMENSIONAL
REPRESENTATIONS AND
SHOWS CONTOURS OF THE
PHYSICAL DATA OF THE
EARTH OR PART OF THE
EARTH.

44. COMMERCIAL OR
ECONOMIC MAP
 ALSO CALLEDE PRODUCT OR
INDUSTRIAL MAP SINCE THEY
SHOW LAND AREAS IN
RELATION TO THE ECONOMY.

45. POLITICAL MAP
 GIVES DETAILED
INFORMATION ABOUT
CONTRY, PROVINCES, CITIES
AND TOWNS, ROADS, AND
HIGHWAYS. OCEANS, RIVERS
AND LAKES ARE THE MAIN
FEATURES OF MOST
POLITICAL MAPS.

46. THANK YOU !!!