Visual Symbols are representations of direct reality, which comes in the form of signs and symbols. The following is a detailed discussion on the different kinds of visual symbols, which are drawings, sketches, cartoon, comics or strip drawing, diagrams, charts and graphs, maps and posters.

2. Objectives: Identify the different visual
symbol and give the strengths and
weaknesses of each. Construct samples
of each and be able to use them in a
mock demonstration teaching.

3. Rules of Thumbs in Using
Visual
1. Visual must be directly relevant to the audio content.
2. Redundancy between visual and audio must be avoided. If words
are displays , views must be given time to read it.
3. Visual displays should be big enough to be seen by the farthest
pupil.
4. Visual displays must be attractive.
5. Visual displays must be aesthetically presented to maintain good
taste.

4. KINDS OF VISUAL SYMBOL

5. 1.Cartoons

6. Cartoons tell stories metaphorically through pictures, which need no
captions. Symbolism conveys messages, less words more symbolism
the better. The cartoon presents a certain issue or concern which
could be either for or against it.
It is a pictorial representation or caricature of a person, idea, situation
or issue that is designed to influence public opinion. Therefore
cartoons must be presented in a challenging manner. For better
understanding they should be drawn around a single idea.

9. Suggestion for the use of Cartoons

10. A. Appropriateness to experience level. The age and the experience or
maturity of the target learners must be taken into consideration.
B. Simplicity – contains only the essential features. The cartoon must
not contain so many details.
C. Brevity of captions if ever but they may not be given any. Short and
direct captions are used when necessary only.
D. Use of clear symbols. Use symbols that are conventional, like; the
dove to mean death; the turtle to mean slow or sluggishness and
others.
E. Adequateness of size. The cartoon should be big enough to be
seen and appreciated.
Cartoons could be used for motivation, for follow-up activity and for
evaluation purposes.

11. 2. Posters

12. Combination of bold
designs and color primarily
intended to catch attention
on a significant fact, idea or
message. Simply stated, a
poster is a picture with
appropriate caption.

13. Characteristics of a good poster

14. 1. It must be bold and simple but dramatizes features.
2. It must be appropriate to the grade level and to the subject and purpose
and purposes.
3. It must have only limited text, few words are generally used and key
words are made to standout by means of type size or position.
4. It must be attractive, pleasing to the eyes.
5. Design and color must be given consideration.
Composition, color and technique are principal elements in effective
poster preparation. It requires a center of interest. Color provides meaning
and expression as well as beauty.
6. It must have elements of dynamism and shock.

15. • Posters are best used for motivation and for creative
experience as depicting ideas, concepts and
generalizations to summarize a celebration or a unit.

17. 3. Drawings and Sketches

18. These are crude and simple lines, which are effective in showing what
needs to be shown with sufficient clarity, to make the meaning vivid to
learners or students.
They are drawings with no illusion of depth but a smart teacher can use
them in a very effective way in explaining and showing ideas and
concepts.

21. 4. Diagrams

22. Diagrams are simplified drawings designed to show
interrelationship primarily by means of lines and symbols. They
are used to explain rather than to represent. It is a drawing that
shows arrangement and relationship, as parts to a whole, relative
values, origins and developments, chronological flow, fluctuations
and distributions.
The diagram is used to condense visual summaries of facts; the
ideas rely heavily on symbolic means. However it must be
remembered that it is more effective if it has a strong foundation
because it works better for summarizing rather then introducing a
lesson. It can be used singly but it is better if it is used
simultaneously with other materials.

23. Any line drawing that shows arrangement and relations as of
parts to the whole, relative values, origins and development,
chronological fluctuations, distribution, etc.” -Dale 1969 The
diagram is used to Condense Visual summaries of facts; the
ideas rely heavily on symbolic means. However it must be
remembered that is more effective if it has a strong foundation
because it works better for summarizing rather than introducing a
lesson. It can be used singly but it is better if it used
simultaneously with other materials.

24. TYPES OF DIAGRAM

25. 1. AFFINITY DIAGRAM - Used to cluster complex apparently unrelated data into natural
and meaningful groups.

26. 2. TREE DIAGRAM Used to chart out, in increasing detail, the various
task that must b accomplished to complete a project or achieve a
specific objective.

27. 3. FISHBONE DIAGRAM It is also called cause and-effect diagram. It is a structured form of
brainstorming that graphically shows the relationship of possible causes and sub causes
directly related to an identified effect/problem. It is most commonly used to analyze work-
related problems.

28. 5. Charts

29. Graphic or pictorial representations
of a large mass of information or show
progression thru time and space of
people or events, ideas and objects.

30. KINFS OF CHART AND
EXAMPLES

31. 1. Data chart – contains items of information of all
sorts especially quantitative data.

32. 2. Pictorial chart – use relevant pictures to present data or
information on quantifiable data over a specific period or condition

33. 4. Diagrammatic chart
A plan, sketch, drawing, or outline designed to demonstrate or explain
how something works or to clarify thee
relationship between the parts of a whole.

34. 5. Multiple leaf chart – internal working parts of a machine

35. 6. Phantom view chart – shows hidden parts of a machine without
obliterating the outer parts

36. 7. Development or progress chart – profile of a place or a person

37. 8. Table chart – bus trips

38. 9. Time and tabular chart – presidents and their term of office

39. 10. Stream or tree chart – family tree

40. 11. Flow or organizational chart – school personnel chart, life
cycle of a frog or the water cycle

41. 6. GRAHPS

42. Graphs present quantitative data for easier
analysis and interpretation. It shows
comparative relationship of data involved in
size, trends and growth. Graphs are best
used in developing and in summarizing a unit.

43. KINDS OF GRAPHS

44. 1. Line graph – is the most accurate of all graphs used in plotting
trends of relationships between two series of data. It is used
when there is a considerable number of data to be plotted and if
these data are continuous

45. 2. Bar graphs – simplest of all graphs to read. They are represented
either by vertical or horizontal bars. The lengths of the bars represent
an amount or percentage data. It is best when number of values to be
compared is small

46. 3. Circle or pie graph – the sections of which are used to represent
component parts of a whole. They always present total amounts, their
parts or segments are calculated in percentage or fractional parts of a
whole.

47. 4. Area or Solid graphs – use for the simplest quantitative
comparison thru the use of geometric shapes. It is used to
compare two or three related totals.

48. 5. Pictorial Statistics or pictograph – it makes use of related pictures
in showing quantitative data. Pictures give realism and interest so it is
widely used specially in the elementary grades.

49. Principles of Pictographing
1. Simplicity – picture used must be simple
2. Comparison of relationship must be
strikingly seen
3. Approximates rather than precise amounts
are represented
4. Pictorial symbols used must be self
explanatory rather than by the size.

50. 7. Strip Drawing
or Comic Strip

51. Strip drawings are recommended for their story value in
adaptation of the classics. They are affective in instruction
not only because they are simple, clear and easy to read but
because they deal with materials that has been made
personal.
Comics is a form of cartooning in which the same cast of
characters form a story in sequence of closely related
drawings, designed to entertain the readers. They are usually
enjoyed by elementary pupils as well as secondary students
because of their simplicity, attractiveness, color and relevant
plot. The uses of super heroes or fantasy themes add
interest to the learners. Thus the use of the comic strip in
facilitating instruction must be used to the maximum.

52. Values derived from the strip drawings
1. Increases interest in the subject
2. Individualizes and personalizes instruction
for certain types of pupils
3. Serves as a valuable practice in reading
4. Widens reading interest

53. Reasons for using comics strip
1. It is easy to read so it encourages reading
2. It builds vocabulary
3. It satisfies the collectors’ interest in
acquiring copies
4. It provides excitement
5. It is inexpensive
6. It satisfies the children’s idea of art

54. 8. Maps

55. Maps are usually shown on flat
surface and are used to represent the
surface of the earth or some parts of it,
showing the relative size and position
according to scale or projection and
position represented.

56. Maps according to content

57. A. Physical map – also called relief maps, they are
the best because of their three dimensional
representation; which includes geographical outline
of land and water. Commercial or economic maps-
also known as product or industrial map since they
show land area in relation to the economy.

59. B. Political map – shows national boundaries down
to the smallest division

60. Maps according to form

61. A. Chalkboard outline map

62. B. Student outline maps

63. C. Projected maps

64. D. Wall maps (decorative maps)

65. E. Atlas – collection of maps

66. F. Sand table map

67. G. Pictorial maps

68. Standards in Judging
maps

69. 1.Visibility – details are clearly seen and read
2. Detail – less detailed maps are better
3. Scale – marks are clear, dependable and easily
interpreted
4. Symbols – not too many to be remembered
5. Color – should be used as an aid to reading it
6. Accuracy – in terms of its specific purposes
7. Grade level relevance
8. Print – is legible or readable
9. Durability – can stand several use

70. Purposes for which maps are being
used

71. 1. To enable students to understand both
relative and exact position of political units,
land masses and political area.
2. To furnish information concerning areas,
distances, directions, shapes, size and
relationships
3. To provide orientation and means of
visualizing large and remote areas
4. To clarify materials
5. To provide visual basis or comparison and
contrast

72. 6. To provide means of regional synthesis
7. To provide interest and stimulation to learn more about people,
geographical influences and places
8. To enable students to trace movements, migration and distribution
of people, vegetation, animal life and culture
9. To serve as one method of study for recording purposes
10. To provide an ‘object test’ means for certain types of
measurements
11. To furnish means of self-expression in unit and project study.

73. Points to remember in utilizing
maps for teaching

74. 1. Make sure that the pupils or students
comprehend the purpose of the map
2. Promote or develop positive emotional
attitude
3. Allow ample time for pupils’ first look
4. Make sure they understand map
symbolism.