The history and reasons for migration over time

1. Globalisation and the
Increase in Migration

2. starter
• What do you think I mean by the following
terms:
• Migration
• Identity
• Sovereignty
• How do you think the concepts of
migration impacts on a countries identity?

3. Learning Objectives
• Definition of migration
• Understand the types of migrants
• Assess the reasons for migration
• 2 Case studies highlighting views on
migration

4. • IMF defines Globalisation as
“The growing economic interdependence of
countries worldwide…”
• This can also apply to people and not just
goods and services
• It is globalisation that has created
opportunities for people to migrate as well
as incentives and pressures that help to
explain the movement of people
• A migrant is defines as “Someone who
moves their permanent residence from
one country to another for at least a year”.

5. Types of migrant
• Economic migrant: Someone moving for
better employment opportunities or more
money.

6. Refugee
• People who leave their home because
they have suffered or fear they will suffer
persecution due to their:
• Race
• Religion
• Nationality
• Political Opinions
• They seek asylum in other countries and
can be granted Asylum seeker status

7. Irregular migrant
• Someone who enters a country illegally
without a valid visa or permit or who as
overstayed the duration of a visa or its
been cancelled

8. Changes
• Globalisation has changed the economic
system creating push and pull factors
required to drive migration
• The two trends:
– Rural to urban migration within emerging
economies and developing countries
– International migration between interconnected
countries.

10. Biggest movements
• Have generally always occurred within
emerging economies such as rural to
urban migration in China
• Largest reginal movement = SE Asia to
the Middle East (Oil and construction)
• Between countries = Mexico to USA
• Circulation of people = Sub-Saharan
countries
• Biggest issues = the press telling us it is
only an EU issue.

11. Case Study: Rural To Urban:
China
• The International Labour
Organisation said that since 1979
China has experienced the largest
internal migration ever recorded
• 229.8 million rural migrant workers
• 70% employed in the eastern
areas working in large or middle
sized cities in manufacturing or
construction
• Global shift in manufacturing
CREATES new labour markets

12. Why
Push Factors:
Less jobs in agriculture
due to mechanisation
Pull Factors:
Higher wages
Better Q of L

13. Issues
• All Chinese births are registered by the Hukou system
• Rural citizens do not have an urban Hukou and
therefore can’t easily relocate to cities
• Creating a floating pop’n
• Often denied access to:
– Health care
– Housing
– Education
• Despite this the pull factors often are too great
estimated by 2025 a further 250 million will leave their
rural homes taking china’s urban pop’n to over 1 billion

14. Same issues in different countries
• The same problems with rural to urban
migration exist across the globe as the
wage differential grows.
• The DRC (Democratic Republic of Congo)
suffer the same issues due to massive
rural poverty, conflict and lack of food
• The DRC rural to urban migration is
overwhelming driven by push factors

15. Lee’s Model 1966

16. • Does not isolate push/pull factors
• Looks at attributes for each place
• Decisions based on personal factors
reliant on
1. Age
2. Gender
3. Marital Status
4. Education
5. Socio-economic class
• Some are positive factors some are
seen as negative others as neutral all
this influences personal decision making
process

17. For instance
• Where would you want to live in the world?
• What would cause you to leave?
• Why wouldn’t you leave?
• Many of these factors depend on the individual
and can rely on a vast array of factors but
each person makes internalised choices
• One person’s push factor could be another's
pull factor.
• E.g.
• Hate Manchester v Love Manchester

18. Intervening Obstacles
• Lee’s model introduces a refinement to
push pull factors
• Intervening Obstacles Both real or
perceived
• International boundaries, language,
anxieties etc.

19. International Migration
• Around 3-4% of global pop’n live outside their country of
birth
• This varies greatly between countries due to:
– Migration policies
– Levels of engagement in global economy
– Internal economic growth

20. Case Study: Singapore
• 5th most globalised state in the world
• Attracts large international flows of migrants
• Est. 1819 as a British trading colony and attracted
workers from the mainland China, Malaysia and India
• When it gained independence it introduced stricter laws

21. Modern Singapore
• As one of the 4 tiger Economies it attracted a fresh wave of
migrants as a result the population can be divided into two types
• Citizens and permanent residents
– People who have residency including naturalised citizens
• Temporary immigrants (non-residents)
– Students and certain workers
• Non-resident pop’n has increased dramatically accounting for
25.7% of the total with nearly half of these coming from Malaysia

22. Issues
• Most of non-residents are low-skilled working in construction, services
or manufacturing
• Some in bars and tourist spots
• Termination of employment means termination of visa and non-
residents must leave within 7 days
• They are screened for HIV/AIDS
• Can’t marry residents
• Females found to be pregnant are forced home without exception
• Skilled labour from the west have less restrictive visas and can apply
for residency after 2yrs.
• Singaporeans often seek work aboard and nearly 200,00 live
overseas
• Many are highly skilled and students sponsored by the Govt are
forced to return after completion.

23. Questions
• Explain why migration rates differ between
countries (6)
• Explain why migration policies can be
seen as counter-productive (6)