Lesson designed for A-Level Geography (Edexcel) Unit 3 – Globalisation

1. The increased scale and pace of
migration
By the end of this lesson you will
have:
• Re-capped the global shift to Asia
• Learnt that the growth of
megacities has led to increased
economic migration
• Understood that migration to a
global hub is twofold (elite
migrants and low skilled migrants)

3. Globalisation – Enquiry Question 2
• What are the impacts of globalisation for countries,
different groups of people and cultures and the
physical environment?
3.5 The scale and pace of
economic migration has
increased as the world has
become more interconnected,
Creating consequences for
people and the physical
environment.
A. Rural-urban migration (push and pull factors), and/or natural increase, is
responsible for the growth of megacities (Mumbai, Karachi); rapid urban
growth creates social and environmental challenges.
B. International migration has increased in global hub cities and regions,
deepening interdependence between regions (elite migration – Russian
oligarchs to London and mass low-wage economic migration (India to UAE, the
Philippines to Saudi Arabia).
C. Migration has economic, social, political and environmental costs and
benefits for both hosts and source locations.

4. Starter Re-Cap
• 1. Define global shift
• 2. Give a social externality of the global shift of manufacturing work
to Asia for both the developed AND the developing country
• 3. Give an environmental impact of the global shift on the developing
country

5. The increasing scale of Migration
• The increasing scale of internal and international migrants has
accelerated with the pace of globalisation
• Rural – urban migration and megacity growth – by 2050 ¾ of us will
be city dwellers
• Megacities are homes to 10million people or more
• Examples of megacities are:
• Mexico city / Mumbai / Rio De Janeiro

6. Megacity growth
• A mega city is a city with a population of over 10million
• Examples are Mumbai and Karachi
• People move to megacities through rural-urban migration (rural push
and urban pull)
• People move largely for economic reasons
• Centripetal migration leads most people moving towards a central
point i.e. the slums of Mumbai or the plains of Sao Paulo

7. Migration Theory
Push factors – poor weather, high house prices that
generate income to pay for the move, perceptions
of rising crime.
Intervening obstacles – not speaking Spanish, red
tape of obtaining visas and other legal
requirements, family pressure to stay, distance.
Pull factors – better weather, lower house prices
and living costs, more relaxed life style, many Brits
already live there, Spain part of EU.

9. Different types of migrant
Are the following an internal migrant / economic migrant / refugee?
1) Borg Strom has left Sweden to look for work in Berlin.
2) Farzad Tehrani has fled Iran with his family as he fears torture by police because of his
political views.
3) Betty Smith moves to the Costa del Sol from Hull for the weather.
4) Sheila Roo leaves Sydney as she is granted a work permit in Ireland.
5) A Ghanaian man pays for midnight transport across the Mediterranean to Italy, where he
hopes to find work.
6) Gwyn ap Llewellyn from Llandwybelfri moves to Amsterdam to run a bicycle shop.
7) Andrzej Kowalczyk travels from Latvia on the ferry to Newcastle where he hopes to find work
in the shipyards.

10. Causes of Rural-Urban Migration
• In pairs, using your knowledge from the table 13.4 on page 185 and
the Mumbai and Karachi case study on page 187 and answer the
following exam style question:
• Explain why globalisation results in megacity growth in some parts
of the world (4)

11. Exam Practise
• Explain why globalisation results in megacity growth in some parts of the
world (4)
• Globalisation is the increased networking of countries and areas within a
country. One way in which megacities can grow is through shrinking world
technologies where rural dwellers are gaining general knowledge of the
outside world and its opportunities. For example, people moving to
Mumbai (home to 22million residents) may hear about job opportunities
on their radio. Furthermore, urban pull factors such as ‘hotspots’ can lead
to megacity growth. In Shanghai as high rise flats are constructed with
bars, nightclubs and restaurants, people decide to live in the city to benefit
from such commodities. Additionally, rural pushes such as agricultural
modernisation which pushes people out of jobs can lead them to
centripetal migration (such as movement to municipal dumps such as the
floodplains of Sao Paulo).

12. Exam Practise
• Explain two ways in which the global shift has led to the growth of
megacities (4)
• The global shift has led to an increase of job opportunities in
developing countries. This encourages megacity growth as residents
move to cities such as Mumbai in search of employment.
• TNC investment into developing countries has led to improved
infrastructure in city settings. This encourages megacity growth as it
makes cities such as Karachi more accessible and encourages inward
migration.

13. Social and Environmental Challenges of
megacity growth
• The consequences of the growth of megacities is largely sustainability.
• Environmental sustainability eg water pollution and smog and
pressure on town planning
• Social Sustainability eg lack of adequate housing and social unrest. In
North African countries unemployment exceeds 25%
• Can urban population boom be sustainable in the future? Money,
resources and planning is required.

14. Global Hubs
• Read page 188/9 on global hubs.

15. Gimme’ 5
• 1. Define a global hub
• 2. Give two examples of global hubs and their global influence
• 3. How is a global hub different to a megacity?
• 4. What 2 human resources can make a hub global?
• 5. What 2 physical resources can make a hub global?

16. International Migration to global hubs
• In pairs, you will get given a case study either on
• Elite international migrants
• Low-waged international migrants
• Internal migrants
• Make notes on your case study to feedback to the class - use your
blank world map to plot the routes of your migrants and their global
hubs

17. Interdependency through migration
• Over time
international migrants
make places
interdependent
• The countries will
firstly become
economically
dependent (as learnt in
previous lessons)
• From this, social
dependency follows
largely through
migration
• Remittances become
relied upon

18. Costs and Benefits to Source and Host Region
Country Economic Social Political Environmental
Host Benefits
Host Costs
Source Benefits
Source Costs
TASK: Complete this table in small group – use the textbook to help you and remember to add examples

19. Plenary
• Complete the question sheet for 3.5 in your workbooks
• Extension: Use the question cards at the back of your workbooks to
test the person next to you

20. The increased scale and pace of
migration
By the end of this lesson you will
have:
• Re-capped the global shift to Asia
• Learnt that the growth of
megacities has led to increased
economic migration
• Understood that migration to a
global hub is twofold (elite
migrants and low skilled migrants)