The contradiction between globalization and migration

1. Presented by: Margubur Rahaman
M.Phil,2019-2020

2. This Yesterday I went out and bought a shirt…..the shirt I
bought represents a triumph of international cooperation.
The cotton was grown in Egypt from seeds developed in
the United States; the artificial fibre in the thread comes
from Portugal and the material in the dyes from at least
six other countries; the collar linings come from Brazil,
and the machinery for the weaving, cutting and sewing
from Germany; the shirt itself was made up in
Malaysia……..(and was bought in the India).
Then I saw the Director of the shopping mall who
migrates from Britain, some workers from Bangladesh and
Security guard from Nepal, and the background music of
sopping mall was song of Robyn Rihanna (Barbadian
singer)

3. “Today, the number of people living outside their country
of birth is larger than at any other time in history.
International migrants would now constitute the world's
fifth most populous country if they all lived in the same
place” (UNFPA).
Globalisation and Migration is not new phenomena, It’s
exists from the oldest civilisation like Indus civilisation,
followed by era of imperialism, and finally era of Capitalism
and democratic society but the intensity, rate of
expansion, power of globalisation and migration is not
same over the time, some times it’s rise some times slow
down but after 2nd world war intensity of globalisation and
migration both became high over the time.

4.  Globalisation is the process of interaction and
integration among people, companies, and
governments worldwide. It compresses the
distance, fading the boundaries to a global
country, global market, global society and a global
city.
 Others hand, Migration refers Permanent or semi-
permanent change of residence of individuals or
group of people from one administrative boundary
to another. It can be Internal migration or
International migration.
 Globalisation plays a vital role to integrate and
interact among people to achieve top of the desire.

5.  A variety of reasons lie behind migration. People
may migrate in order to improve their economic
situation, or to escape civil strife, persecution, and
environmental disasters.
 Traditionally, the reasons encouraging an
individual to migrate were categorized as "push" or
"pull" factors.
 Globalization has introduced a third set of
motivations called "network" factors, which include
free flow of information, improved global
communication and faster and lower cost
transportation.

6.  Globalisation:Swedish journalist Thomas Larsson,
in his book The Race to the Top: The Real Story of
Globalization, states that globalization-
 ……………..is the process of world shrinkage, of
distances getting shorter, things moving closer. It
pertains to the increasing ease with which
somebody on one side of the world can interact, to
mutual benefit, with somebody on the other side of
the world.

8. The number of migrants in
the world 1960–2015
Source :UNPF,2012
Trends of intensity of
Globalisation

9. 1990 2017
Source: Geospatial Information Section, United Nations

10. 0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015
Migrants(millions)
Trends of Migration
world
Developed
Developing
Europe
Africa
Asia
North America
Source:UN 2006b; 2015c

11. Table: Countries hosting the largest numbers of international migrants,
millions
Country 2000Country 2015
USA 34.81USA 46.43
Russia 11.9Germany 12.01
Germany 8.99Russia 11.64
India 6.41Saudi Arabia 10.19
France 6.28UK 8.54
Canada 5.51UAE 8.1
Ukraine 5.23Canada 7.84
Saudi Arabia 5.26France 7.78
United Kingdom 4.43Australia 6.76
Australia 4.39Spain 5.85
Source: UN 2006b, 2015c.

13. Stephen Castles wrote in his paper, the nine fundamental
contradictions that are typical of our time due to
globalisation .
 I believe that these categories are useful in analysing
globalization, and the problems it creates.
 Second, I will focus on just one aspect of global change
– the recent rapid growth in international migration –
and use it to illustrate each contradiction.
 Why give migration such prominence?
 Because it plays a key part in most contemporary social
transformations.
 Migration is both a result of global change, and a
powerful force for further change in migrant-sending
and receiving societies.

14.  countries of emigration, families and local communities
experience deep and enduring changes. Emigration is one
aspect of the dissolution of traditional economic and social
structures resulting from globalization. Whole countries may
develop ‘cultures of emigration’, (Italy, Philippines). Many
emigrants perceive their situation in terms of economic and
social exclusion: they are forced to leave their countries,
because there is no place for them any more.
 Similarly, in countries of immigration many communities are
drastically changed. Immigrant settlement may reshape the
national economy, transform cities and force the
reexamination of social and cultural values. The immigrants
may experience exclusion here too, through economic
disadvantage, denial of rights or discrimination. (newly
Industrial countries like Latin America, Africa)

15.  States of origin often oppose the emigration
‘brain drain’ and a loss of educational
investments, the governments of sending
countries encourage unskilled people to
leave, because this will bring remittances.
 Employers in receiving countries, by
contrast, are eager to welcome skilled
migrants. Governments of receiving
countries are increasingly unwilling to
admit unskilled migrant workers, but may
turn a blind eye to illegal entry if employers
need labour.

16.  Globalisation is the process of competition to
gain more benefits and power. And it’s result
the rich got richer, there are more poor people,
and the middle classes were eroded.
 Again, migration plays a key role. Virtually
every Western country now has new ethnic
minorities, which have arisen through the
migrations of the last fifty years. In some
cases, the descendants of immigrants may
remain non-citizens even if born in the country
of residence.
 Newly industrializing countries which import
labour are trying hard to prevent the
emergence of new minorities.

17.  Castle argues that ‘our societies are increasingly
structured around a bipolar opposition between the
Net and the Self’.
 He emphasizes the role of new information
technologies in creating global networks of wealth,
power and images. These networks can ‘selectively
switch on and off individuals, groups, regions and
even countries’ according to their relevance in
fulfilling instrumental goals.
 The conflict between the Net and the Self applies
on two separate levels with regard to migration.
Firstly, the rise of anti-immigration movements,
often of a racist character, is observable in many
countries.
 The other level is that of the new ethnic minorities
themselves. Their frequently marginalized and
discriminated position puts a premium on personal
and group identity.

18.  In communities of origin, the departure of
large numbers of working-age people may
disrupt agricultural and handicraft
production. Gender relations and family
structures undergo dramatic change.
 In receiving countries, there is frequently a
conflict between the central state, which
controls immigration policy with an eye to
macro-economic consequences, and regional
or local authorities, who generally are more
aware of possible social costs and tensions.

19.  Market forces cannot prevent environmental
degradation, because decisions of individual
market players do not take account of long term
aggregate effects.
 In certain areas migration flows are a direct result
of environmental degradation.
Deforestation,desertification, declining soil
fertility, droughts and floods all force people to
move.
 Immigration can also cause environnemental
strains, by encouraging uncontrolled urban
growth, or putting pressure on over used
resources.

20. Major net migration flow (duration 0–
9 years) in India, 2001
Level of urbanization
in India, 2001
Source : R.B Bhagat & S Mohanty(2009) ,Emerging pattern of urbanization and the contribution of migration in urban growth in India.

21.  Highly skilled migrants may have enough
market power to secure economic and social
rights, but unskilled migrant workers and
refugees do not. Far from an equalization of
wages, migration leads to new forms of
inequality between and within countries.

22.  Porous borders and the growth in ethno-
cultural diversity make cultural
homogenization impossible.
 Such people have multiple identities and
transcultural competencies. Many hold two
or more citizens.
 Cultural interchange and cross-cultural
marriages add to the hybridity of
consciousness. Cultural interchange and
cross-cultural marriages add to the
hybridity of consciousness.

23.  Sometimes local people migrates due to investment of Multi-
national Company. Land acquisition by Govt. to provide the
land to Foreign Company.
 China will block all efforts to internationalize the Rohingya
refugee crisis because it has ambitious investment and
infrastructure construction plans worth $7.3 billion in
Myanmar’s Rakhine state, three different experts.
Rakhine has witnessed large scale violence and alleged ethnic
cleansing resulting in mass migration of Rohingya Muslims to
neighbouring Bangladesh, especially since August this
year.(Times of India, 26 September,2017)
..

24. Globalisation promoting the rate of migration and
numerous place of destination. Migration will continue to
be a major, unstoppable factor of global life until the
different push and pull factors associated with migration,
including economic disparities between sending and
receiving states are eliminated. Even as governments have
attempted to limit cross-border flows of migration, the
smuggling of human beings and resulting populations of
undocumentary immigrants in both developed and
developing nations have assumed a growing importance.
The negative impacts of globalisation on migration or
pressing contradictions between migration and
globalisation, that we can reduce, by adopting various
migration related policy and programme, and maintaining
balance between globalisation and defence of human
rights has to be a right of way.

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Development. Between Past Orthodoxies and the Future of Globalization.
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Rodope.
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3. Bhagat, R. B. 2009. ‘Emerging Pattern Of Urbanization And The
Contribution Of Migration In Urban Growth In India’. Asian Population
Studies,Vol-5
4. Castells, M., 1996. The Rise of the Network Society. Oxford:Blackwells.
5. Dacanay, M. L. M., 1997.‘Citizenship in an era of globalisation: a view
from the Philippines’, paper presented at the Conference on Globalisation
and Citizenship, Melbourne: United Nations Research Institute for Social
Development and Swinburne University of Technology.
6.http://www.globalization101.org