Perceptual organization involves grouping sensory information into meaningful figures based on principles like proximity, similarity, continuity, and closure. It allows us to interpret two-dimensional retinal images as three-dimensional objects and scenes. Some key types of perceptual constancy are size, brightness, and shape constancy, which allow us to perceive objects as having consistent qualities despite changes in retinal images due to variables like distance.

1.  Types of Perceptual constancy:
(a) Size constancy
(b) Brightness constancy
(a) Shape constancy

2.  Friend at shorter distance -- big retinal
image
 Friend at longer distance – small retinal
image

3. • In spite of the apparent change in the
retinal image, we recognize our friend
with accurate size and we do not assume
that his size has been changed.

6. “The way you think about or
understand someone or something”.

7. There are four types of
Perception:
Object Perception.
Depth and Space
Perception.
Perception of Movement.

8. “Form perception
allows us to see a two
dimensional image as a
three dimensional image”.

9. Organization is the basic
characteristics of every
perceptual act. We achieve
the sensory information in
the form of figures. This
process is known as the
Perceptual organization.

10. Perceptual organization is based on
two things:
Figure
Ground

11. An object which is
selected and attracted by
the individual and
becomes the center of
his
attention is called figure.

12. The other objects in
the field which are not
attended and are not
the focus of his
attention are called
ground

15.  Law of nearness or proximity
 Law of similarity or likeness
 Law of continuity
 Law of closure

16.  Object near each other tend to be grouped
together.
 The circles on the left appear to be grouped
together in vertical columns, while those on
the right appear to be grouped in horizontal
rows.

17.  Items that are similar appear to be grouped
together.
 In the image below, most people see vertical
columns of circles and squares.

19.  Lines are seen as following the smoothest
path.
 In the image below, the top branch is seen
as continuing the first segment of the line.
This allows us to see things as flowing
smoothly without breaking lines up into
multiple parts.

20.  Objects grouped together are seen as a
whole.
 We tend to ignore gaps and complete
contour lines. In the image below, there are
no triangles or circles, but our minds fill in
the missing information to create familiar
shapes and images.

22. “Perceptions are
stronger than
believes but
these are always