This document discusses perception and defines it as the process of interpreting sensory input and giving meaning to sensations. It provides definitions of perception from various scholars and lists some key characteristics, including that perception involves sensation, memory, thought, and feelings. The document then discusses selective perception and the laws of gestalt organization, including proximity, similarity, closure, and common fate. It also covers perception of form, movement, space, and distance cues.

1. PERCEPTION

2. INTRODUCTION
Perception Is when we add meaning to sensation. It is an immediate
apprehension of an object or situation affecting any or all the sense
organs through sensation. It is a process by which we interpret our
sensory input. It is the experience of objects and events present in the
environment.

3. DEFINITIONS
• Eysenck (1972), “perception is a psychological function which enables the
organism to receive and process information.”
• Morris (1979), “all the processes involved in creating meaningful patterns out
of a jumble of sensory impressions fall under the general category of
perception”.
• According to boring (1942), “sensation refers to the action by a receptor
when it is stimulated and perception refers to the meaning given to the
sensation”.

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF PERCEPTION
Involves
sensation
Involves
memory and
thought
Innate Selective
Prone to
change
Accompanied
by feeling
Accompanied
by action
Signs and meaning

5. SELECTIVE PERCEPTION
• Also known as attention/ mental focus
• It captures only a small amount of visual evidence that under certain
conditions, the stimulus fails to be perceived in the first place.
• The behavior is based on the aspects of the stimulus percieved, while
the other aspects are ignored.
• The selection of the stimulus is based on learning and past
experiences.

6. LAWS OF PERCEPTION
Perception is highly organised. The process by which we structure the
input from our sensory receptors is called perceptual organization. They
were first studied by the gestalt psychologists, and hence are also
called the gestalt grouping principles. The laws of grouping are the
basic ways in which we group items together, perceptually.

7. THE LAW OF PROXIMITY
Objects which are near to each other in the space tend to be
perceived as a unit and vice versa .
It is also called as the minimum distance principle.

8. THE LAW OF
SIMILARITY
The objects similar to each other tend to
be seen as a unit, or the similar visual
elements are grouped together.

9. THE LAW OF
GOOD
CONTINUATION
We tend to perceive smooth, continous
lines, rather than discontinous
fragments.

10. THE LAW OF CLOSURE
• A figure with a gap will be
percieved as a closed,
intact figure, or the
missing parts are filled
(unconsciously)

11. LAWS OF
SYMMETRY
There’s a tendency to organize things to
make a balanced figure that includes all
parts.

12. LAW OF COMMON
FATE
Objects that move together are
perceived to be together.

13. LIMITATIONS OF THE GESTALT LAWS OF
ORGANIZATION
• Fail to explain why the grouping occurs
• Applied only on the 2D patterns
• can't be applied to all the stimuli

14. PERCEPTION OF FORM
CONTOUR PERCEPTION:
An object is seen clearly due to its contour.
It is the boundary between the figure and
the ground. It is a change in either
brightness or color.
When contours are seen without the
difference in brightness or color, it is called
the subjective contour.
CONTRAST PERCEPTION:
• It is a physiological and retinal
process related to colors. It
helps in defferentiating between
two stimuli. It occurs due due to
the change in the brightness.

15. FIGURE GROUND
DIFFERENCIATION
IN PERCEPTION
• We usually percieve a figure against a
background, and at times vive versa which
depends on
1. The perceiver
2. Relative strength of figure-ground.

16. PERCEPTION OF MOVEMENT
• Movement refers to any change in the position of an organism or
parts.
• It is determined by image displacement, which involves position shifts
of the image of a stimulus on the retina.
• This happens when something moves across our field of vision but we
don’t follow it with our eyes.

17. APPARENT MOVEMENT
• Stationary objects appear to move
• Also called phenomenal motion
• Eg: the phi- phenomenon- two lights are shone successively, in 150
millisecond.
• Our perception of speed depends on
1. Background
2. Size
3. Velocity

18. • AUTO KINETIC EFFECT: a stationary point of
lighting a completely darkened area will appear
to move when we fixate on it.
• the apparent movement is also called the
stroboscopic movement.
• Beta movement: when 2 stationary lights, set a
short distance apart are alternately flashed at a
certain rate the result is the perception of a
single spot of light, back and forth.

19. INDUCED MOVEMENT
• Perception of motion of a stationary stimulus object produced by the
real motion of another stimulus object.
• The affectd object is called target, and the moving object
“background”

20. PERCEPTION OF SPACE
• Space Perception is a process through which humans and other
organisms become aware of the relative positions of their own bodies
and objects around them.
• It is the perception of the objects in the space, w.r.t. direction, size,
distance and orientation.
• It tells us about (provides us with cues) the depth or distance of the
object.

21. THE DISTANCE CUES
• WE determine distance using the monocular (One eye) and the
binocular (two eye) cues.
• The eyes collect the data in a 2d form. However, it is represented in
the brain in 3d form.

22. THANK YOU