This document discusses matter and energy. It defines matter as anything that has mass and takes up space. It describes the general properties of matter, including mass and volume, as well as specific properties like color and hardness that are unique to different types of matter. It also discusses physical and chemical changes, where physical changes alter the size, shape or state of matter but do not create new substances, while chemical changes create new substances through chemical reactions. The document then covers different forms of energy including light, nuclear, chemical, thermal, electrical, and mechanical energy. It explains renewable energy sources like the sun, wind and flowing water, as well as non-renewable sources like fossil fuels and nuclear fuels.

1. Matter
and
energy
CEIP ALMIRANTE LAULHÉ (San Fernando)

2. Matter
Matter is everything around us
that has mass and takes up
space, for example, rocks,
living things and water.
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3. Properties of matter
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Matter has general and specific properties.
● General properties are common to all matter.
For example, all bodies have mass and
volume.
● Specific properties are different for each type of
matter. For example, each type of matter has a
particular colour, hardness,
flexibility and density.

4. Properties of matter
Mass
Is the amount of matter
in an object.
For example, there is
more matter in a table
than in a pencil, so the
table has more mass.
Mass is not always
related to the size of
the object. A pineapple
can have more mass
than a pillow that is
larger in size.
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5. Properties of matter
Volume
Is the amount of space
that an object ocuppies.
Bigger objects have more
volume than smaller
objects.
For example, a football
has more volume than
a tennis ball.
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6. Properties of matter
Density
Refers to the
concentration of matter
in a particular volume.
Objects of the same size
can have very different
densities.
We calculate the
density of an object by
dividing its mass by its
volume.
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D = M
V

7. Physical changes
Can be changes to the
size, shape, colour or state
of matter, but they do not
produce new substances.
After a physical change,
matter is still made up of
the same substance(s).
Changes of matter
Chemical changes
Happen when the original
matter transforms into
other new substances.
These changes involve
chemical reactions in
which atoms react and
group together differently.
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8. Physical changes: changes of state
Matter exists in three different states: solid, liquid and
gaseous. Heating or cooling can cause changes of
state.
When heating matter:
✗ Melting happens when a solid turns into a liquid.
✗ Vaporization occurs when a liquid turns into a gas.
✗ Sublimation happens when a solid turns into a gas.
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9. Physical changes: changes of state
When cooling matter:
✗ Condensation happens when a gas turns into a liquid,
for example,vapour from a hot shower.
✗ Solidification occurs when a liquid turns into a solid,
for example, when water becomes ice cubes in the
freezer.
✗ Reverse sublimation happens when a gas turns into
a solid, for example, when frost forms on a car.
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10. Diagram of changes of state
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SOLID LIQUID GAS
heating
cooling

11. Now it’s your turn!
1. A plastic object has a mass of 18 g. and a volume of 20 cm3.
Calculate the density.
2. Name the changes of state.
- a wet floor that is drying. ______________
- frost formed on a leaf. _______________
- an ice-covered pond. ______________
- a steamed-up mirror after a hot shower. ______________
3. Draw in your notebook the diagram of changes of state.
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12. chemical changes: chemical reactions
Chemical reactions usually involve the production of gas,
light or heat, and a colour change. They cannot be
reversed (the original matter cannot be recovered).
✗ Oxidation happens when some metal substances,
such as iron, combine with oxygen and water. As a
result, rust is produced.
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13. chemical changes: chemical reactions
✗ Combustion occurs when substances are burned. This
type of reaction also needs oxygen and produces
gases, light and heat.
For example, burning wood produces light, heat,
smoke and ashes.
✗ Fermentation is a chemical reaction that happens in
some living things, such as yeast and bacteria. Some
types of fermentation are used to produce yoghurt,
wine or bread.
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(watch video)

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Forms of energy
Energy can exist in different forms.
● Light energy is emitted by
light sources, such as stars,
light bulbs or candles.
● Nuclear energy is
released when the
atoms of some
elements, such as
uranium and plutonium,
join together or split
apart.
● Chemical energy is
stored in food,plants,
batteries, fuel and
explosives.

15. Forms of energy
● Thermal energy is
released by objects as
heat. The higher the
temperature of an
object, the greater its
thermal energy.
● Electrical energy is
produced by the
movement of charged
particles. It can be easily
transformed into other
forms of energy, such as
thermal energy or light
energy.
● Mechanical energy is
the energy of an object
due to its motion and
position.

16. Energy sources
Energy sources are the natural resources from which
energy is obtained. Energy from many different energy
sources is transformed into electrical energy.
Energy sources can be renewable or non-renewable.
✗ Renewable energy sources will never run out.
✗ Non-renewable energy sources will run out one day.
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17. These are the main renewable energy
sources that can be transformed into
electrical energy:
The Sun emits energy as light and
heat. Solar panels trap this energy.
Wind has mechanical energy. Wind
turbines transform mechanical energy.
Flowing water has mechanical energy,
known as hydraulic energy.
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18. There are two main types:
Fossil fuels include coal, petroleum
and natural gas.
Nuclear fuels include uranium and
plutonium.
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19. Now it’s your turn!
1. Which of the following involve chemical changes? Write CH (chemical)
or PH(physical).Then, identify the type of chemical reaction.
● a rusted bicycle ● a lighted candle ● bread
● a snowflake ● a broken mirror ● yoghurt
2. How many chemical changes do you know? Write them.
3. Which chemical change doesn’t need oxygen?
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20. Now it’s your turn!
4. Choose the two cleanest forms of energy and write about them.
5. Complete.
The ________ emits energy as light and heat.
Flowing ________ has ____________ energy.
_______ turbines transform mechanical energy.
Fossil fuels include ________ , _________ and __________ .
__________ fuels include uranium and plutonium.
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