Anatomy and Physiology of the brain

1. LET YOUR LIGHT SHINE
VAMSI KUMAR
DEP NO:-17-PML-014

2. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• The brain is the most
complex organ in the
human body. It
produces our every
thought, action,
memory, feeling and
experience of the
world. This jelly-like
mass of tissue,
weighing in at around
1.4 kilograms,
contains a staggering
one hundred billion
nerve cells, or

6. • MONKEY REFLEX IN
INFANTS.
• BUT WHY?

8. EVOLUTIONARY
DEVELOPMENT OF
BRAIN

23. CLASSIFICATION OF NEVOUS SYSTEM

28. OUR BRAIN IS VERY
SENSITIVE
ORGAN

30. • 1.MENINGES
• 2.CSF(cerebro spinal fluid)
• Remember our brain is like
Don
• And
• Prime
• it should be SAFELY
COVERED .

31. The brain is protected from damage by the
cranium but also needs protection from the hard
interior of the skull during sudden changes in
movement. The cranial meninges provide this
protection by securing the brain in position inside the
fluid-filled space created by the cerebrospinal fluid.
The cranial meninges have three layers: Just like
Don And Prime
1.outer DURAMATER
2.inner ARACHANOID MATER
3. PIAMATER

32. FLOW OF CEREBRO SPINAL FLUID

35. FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
IS

41. TRANSVERSE SECTION OF SPINAL CORD

49. Conditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment.

52. IMPORTANCE OF BABINSKI REFLEX
Babinski reflex is one of the normal reflexes in infants. Reflexes are responses that occur when the body
receives a certain stimulus.
The Babinski reflex occurs after the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked. The big toe then moves upward or
toward the top surface of the foot. The other toes fan out.
This reflex is normal in children up to 2 years old. It disappears as the child gets older. It may disappear as early
as 12 months.
Causes
When the Babinski reflex is present in a child older than 2 years or in an adult, it is often a sign of a central
nervous system disorder. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. Disorders may include:
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig disease)
Brain tumor or injury
Meningitis (infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)
Multiple sclerosis
Spinal cord injury, defect, or tumor

57. LET'S DISCUSS ABOUT BRAIN STEM

59. NAMES OF 12 PAIRS OF CRAINIAL NERVES

60. BRAIN STEM
• From ascending order
(bottom to Top)Brain stem
consists of
• 1.Medulla oblangata
• 2.Pons
• 3.Mid Brain

62. MEDULLA OBLANGATA
1.The medulla oblongata is the part of the brainstem that
connects to the spinal cord.
2.The medulla oblongata includes:
Nuclei that serve as relay stations along sensory
and motor pathways.
*A.NUCLEUS GRACILIS and NUCLEUS CUNETUS
which pass somatic sensory information from the spinal
cord to the thalamus
*B.OLIVARY NUCLEUS which are located deep to
prominent bulges along the ventrolateral surface of the
medulla called the olives. These nuclei relay information
from the spinal cord, diencephalon, cerebral cortex and
brain stem to the cerebellar cortex.
Autonomic nuclei that include:
A.CARDIOVASCULAR CENTER that adjust and control
heart functions and blood pressure.
B.RESPIRATORY RHYTHICITY CENTER that affects the
respiratory rate.
Nuceli of cranial nerves VIII to XII.

63. PONS VAROLLIE
• The pons is a prominent bulge of the anterior surface
of the brain stem.
• The pons is ventral to the anterior part of the 4th
ventricle and is attached to the cerebellum by the
middle cerebellar peduncles.
• The pons contains nuclei that relay signals from the
forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that
deal primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing,
bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye
movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and
posture.
• The pons contains:2 CENTERS
• A.PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER
• B.APNEUSTIC CENTER
• 1. Nuclei for Cranial nerves V, VI, VII and VIII
• 2. Nuclei involved with the control of respiration
• 3. Nuclei that process and transfer cerebral inputs to
the opposite side of the cerebellum by means of
transverse fibers.
• 4. Ascending and descending tracts.

65. what are pneumotaxic and apnuestic centers

67. The midbrain or
mesencephalon (from the
Greek mesos, middle, and
enkephalos, brain) is a portion
of the central nervous system
associated with ,
,
,
, and

68. *Several important nuclei are located in the
midbrain, including the red nuclei, the
substantia nigra, and the nuclei of cranial
nerves III and IV.
The cerebellum compares input from muscles
and joints with motor output from the cortex
and relays subsequent adjustments to the
cortex through the red nucleus and thalamus.
The substantia nigra is a group of dark-
colored, dopaminergic cells. Lesions here
cause Parkinson's disease
CN III is the oculomotor nerve.
CN IV is the trochlear nerve.
Both of these cranial nerves provide
innervation for motor movements of the eyes.

74. CEREBELLUM

75. The cerebellum consists
of two cerebellar
hemispheres that contain
neural cortex folded into
a smaller space.
The smaller folds are
called folia ("leaves")
deeper folds include the
primary fissure that
separates the cerebellar
hemispheres into
anterior and posterior
lobes.

78. 1.HYPOTHALAMUS
2.THALAMUS
3.CEREBRAL CORTEX

83. Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus forms the floor of the third ventricle and extends from
the area superior to the optic chiasm to the posterior margins of the
mammillary bodies. Posterior to the optic chiasm, the floor of the third
ventricle forms a funnel-shaped extension called the infundibulum which
connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.
Functions of the hypothalamus include:
The hypothalamus regulates heart rate, blood pressure, respiration and
digestive functions
Chemical messengers released by neurons in the tuberal area (between the
optic chiasm and mammillary bodies) control secretion of hormones by the
anterior pituitary.
Neurons of the hypothalamus secrete two hormones, antidiuretic hormone
and oxytocin, which are released at the posterior pituitary.
Regions of the hypothalamus are associated with emotions such as
aggression and contentment and drives such as hunger and thirst.
The "thermostat" that enables the nervous system to produce physiological
responses that adjust body temperature is in the hypothalamus.
The hypothalamus receives input from the eyes that enable it to adjust daily
rhythms.

85. the state of being aware of and responsive to one's
surroundings.