2. Digital Dentistry
Digital dentistry is a broad term encompassing any dental
technology that involves the use of computer-based
components such as hardware devices and software
solutions. The purpose is to enable dental professionals
to deliver treatment with the help of computer-aided
tools .
4. Introduction
Over the past few decades, digital dentistry was gradually
introduced, with various technologies developed and
adopted at different times, primarily to improve and
enhance the practice of dentistry through the use of digital
tools and techniques, providing improved accuracy and
precision, enhancing patient experience, increasing
efficiency and productivity, improving communication and
collaboration between dental professionals
theraby resulting in better treatment outcomes
5. applied digital dentistry refers to the use of advanced digital
technologies in dental practices and laboratories which are
designed to enhance the accuracy, efficiency, and overall
quality of dental treatments and procedures.
6. The graphical abstract highlights few of the current trends in digital
dentistry R&D&I, including the use of AI, virtual reality (VR), augmented
reality (AR), 3D printing, digital smile design (DSD)
7. ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL DENTISTRY
1. Patient engagement.
It’s possible to present the final result to a patient even
before treatment starts .
engage in dialogue with them around their expectations, and adjust the
plan based on their wishes regarding the esthetics and the treatment
timeline.
8. 2. More accurate treatment planning:
Software solutions for dental treatment planning enable designing and
planning with digital precision and accuracy, which is a good way to
minimize errors .
9. 3. Time-saving:
Digital solutions allow dentists to take impressions quicker and give
patients the option to get treatment in a single visit, with less chair-time
for the patient. As for the labs, digital dental technologies speed up
processes, which lets them handle more orders in the same amount of
time.
10. 4.Space-saving :
With digital impression technology clinics can store all models on a
single computer, server or in the cloud, thus freeing up an entire room
that can be used for other purposes!
11. 5. Cost-effectiveness:
Dentists can save money on impression materials and transport by
taking them digitally instead.
6. No more gag-reflex:
Dentists taking traditional impressions are often faced with the patients’
gag-reflex or teeth hypersensitivity to cold washing agents. The
discomfort of conventional impression taking can be avoided by taking
impressions digitally.
12. 7.Entertainment:
Digital pediatric dentistry can help children experience dental
procedures as less stressful. Their 3D image on screen — looking like
a video game — helps them understand what’s happening.
•
13. History of digital dentistry
The history of digital dentistry can be traced back to the 1970s, when
the first computerized tomography (CT) scanners were introduced
This technology allowed for more accurate and detailed imaging of the
teeth and jaw and helped to improve diagnosis and treatment planning.
14. Later, in the 1980s, the decade when CAD/CAM technologyfirst entered
the dental sector.
CAD/CAM technology was introduced to dentistry in 1989 by Mormann
& Brandestinni in Germany.
CAD/CAM system was introduced for dental restorations allowing the
computer-aided design of dental restorations, which could then be
milled out of a block of material using a CAM system.
15. On the other hand, the first 3D printer for dental uses was introduced in
the 1990s and since then, 3D printing technology has advanced
rapidly, and is now widely used in dental practices for the design and
fabrication of crowns, bridges, and other restorations
16. one of the early pioneers of digital dentistry was CEREC (Chairside
Economical Restoration of Esthetic Ceramics), a system developed in
the early 1990s by German company Sirona
CEREC used digital imaging and CAD/CAM technology to create
custom restorations, such as crowns and bridges, in a single visit.
17. digital dentistry actually continued to evolve rapidly. Indeed, other
companies, such as 3Shape, Dentsply Sirona, and Align Technology, to
mention a few, developed advanced digital imaging and scanning
technologies, 3D printers, and software systems for virtual treatment
planning and simulation
18. Different categorization of digital system:
Intra oral scanner:
Intraoral scanning (IOS) is a newer technology widely used with
CAD/CAM for milling machines (subtractive technology) and 3D
printers (additive technology).
19. The procedure of IOS begins by taking a direct optical/digital
measurement of the patient's teeth or gums. This creates a 3D picture
of the surface topography of the target teeth and the gingival contours,
the antagonistic tooth/teeth, and/or the state of the dental occlusion
20. The IOS method has both advantages and disadvantages.
The major disadvantages most commonly mentioned are its purchase
and the management costs and the operator error of inexperienced
individuals.
On the other hand,
the main advantages of IOS are reduction in patient discomfort, time
efficiency, simplicity of operative steps, and the feasibility of better
communication amongst the dentist, dental technician, and patients,
particularly in distant locations.
21. How do intraoral scanners work?
An intraoral scanner consists of a handheld camera wand, a computer,
and software.
The small, smooth wand is connected to a computer that runs custom
software that processes the digital data sensed by the camera. The
smaller the scanning wand, the more flexible it is in reaching deep into
the oral area to capture accurate and precise data
22. The dentist can view the real-time images on the computer, which can
be magnified and manipulated to enhance details.
The data will be transmitted to labs to fabricate any needed appliances.
With this instant feedback, the whole process will be more efficient,
saving time and allowing dentists to diagnose more patients
23. dentists will insert the scanning wand into the patient's mouth and
gently move it over the surface area of the teeth.
The wand automatically captures the size and shape of each tooth. It
only takes a minute or two to scan
24. CAD/CAM TECHNOLOGY:
What is CAD/CAM dentistry?
CAD/CAM technology in dentistry is used to design and manufacture
dental restorations, such as splints, crowns, bridges, veneers,
inlays, and onlays. It streamlines the traditional workflows by reducing
the time and effort required to produce high-quality dental restorations
25. 1.The use of CAD/CAM in dentistry begins with a digital scan of the
patient’s teeth and oral structures.
2.The dentist uses an intraoral which are used to create a digital model.
Avant also accepts manual impressions scanner to capture precise 3D
images of the teeth and gums
26.
27. What are the advantages of CAD/CAM in
dentistry?
• Precision and accuracy: Digital scanning
reduces the risk of errors and ensures a perfect fit
for the restoration
• Enhanced patient experience: Digital dentistry
eliminates the use of traditional impression
materials that can be quite uncomfortable for
patients.
•
28. • Superior aesthetics: CAD/CAM restorations can
be highly customized to closely match the
patient’s natural teeth
• Improved efficiency: Digital scans can typically
be completed faster than physical impressions,
which means less chair time and shorter
appointments per patient.
29. 3D printing technology:
What Is Dental 3D Printing?
Dental 3D printing is the use of additive manufacturing to create dental
parts such as aligners, dentures, and crowns.
30. WhatAre the Dental 3D PrintingApplications?
1. Implants
2. Crowns and Bridges
3. Surgical Guides.
4. Anatomical Replicas and Models.
31. Digital smile design:
What is digital smile designing?
DSD is a technical tool which is used to design and modify the smile of
patients digitally and help them to visualize it beforehand by creating
and presenting a digital mockup of their new smile design before the
treatment physically starts.
32. WHY DSD?
Clinical information, study models and photographs have been used to
establish a correct treatment plan for esthetic dentistry. Although these
data provide relevant information for diagnosis, they do not offer all the
information necessary for analysing the smile.
Dento-labial parameters vary according to lip dynamic, therefore a
posed smile differs from the smile in motion captured on video.
33. Virtual reality (VR)
Virtual reality (VR): utilizes advanced technologies to create virtual
environments (VE) that allow patients to be immersed in an interactive,
simulated world
These advanced systems interact at many levels with the VE,
stimulating sights, sounds, and motion to encourage immersion in the
virtual world to enhance distraction from pain .
34. “Virtual reality allows students to practice in a safe environment, make
mistakes they can rectify, and improve their confidence before entering
a clinic to treat real clients.”
When wearing a virtual reality headset, students interact with 3D
holographic images that allow them to see through skin to explore the
human body,
35. Digital occlusal analysis
Occlusal analysis allows the identification of normal and abnormal
occlusal contact points that alter the craniomandibular cervical system.
36. Example :
T-SCAN® is an objective approach for assessing dynamic dental
occlusion.
It enables computerized analysis, which eliminates operator subjective
paper mark misperceptions additionally, T-Scan measurements are
unaffected by saliva.
The T-Scan is dentistry's only digital occlusal analysis system. This
dental scan device gives clinicians accurate 2D and 3D representations
of bite forces complete with timing information relative to dental
occlusion
37. It can determine the first contact between maxillary and mandibular
teeth, the maximum biting force, the maximum intercuspation, and the
occlusal position of the mandible in which the cusps of the maxillary
teeth fully interpose with the cusps of the opposing arch.
38. Digital radiography
Digital radiography is a type of X-ray imaging that uses digital X-ray
sensors to replace traditional photographic X-ray film, producing
enhanced computer images of teeth, gums, and other oral structures
and conditions.
39. Digital dental images are acquired through three methods: the direct
method, indirect method and semi-indirect method.
The direct method uses an electronic sensor placed in the mouth to
record images.
40. The indirect technique uses an X-ray film scanner to view
traditional dental X-rays as digital images.
The semi-indirect digital technique combines a sensor and
scanner to convert dental X-rays into digital film.
42. Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Various Fields of Dentistry:-
• Artificial Intelligence in Patient Management:-
Artificial intelligence based virtual dental assistants can perform several
tasks in the dental clinic with greater precision, fewer errors and less
manpower compared to humans
43. It can be used to coordinate appointments, managing
insurance and paperworks as well assisting clinical
diagnosis or treatment planning.
44. Artificial intelligence in Diagnosis and Treatment:-
•
Artificial intelligence can be used as a useful modality in diagnosis
and treatment of lesions of oral cavity and can be employed in
screening and classifying suspicious altered mucosa undergoing
premalignant and malignant changes.
45. Artificial Intelligence in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery:-
The greatest application of artificial intelligence in oral surgery is the
development of robotic surgery where human body motion and human
intelligence is simulated [18]. Successful clinical application in image
guided surgery in cranial area include oral implant surgery, removal of
tumor and foreign bodies, biopsy and TMJ surgery
46. Artificial Intelligence in Prosthetic Dentistry:-
In order to provide ideal esthetic prosthesis for the patient various
factors like anthropological calculations ,facial measurements, ethnicity
and patient preferences has been integrated by a design
assistant,RaPid for use in prosthodontics .RaPiD integrates computer
aided design
47. Teledentistry
• Teledentistry is a combination of telecommunications and dentistry
involving the exchange of clinical information and images over remote
distances for dental consultation and treatment planning. Teledentistry
has the ability to improve access to oral healthcare, improve the
delivery of oral healthcare, and lower its costs. It also has the
potential to eliminate the disparities in oral health care between rural
and urban communities.
48. METHODS OF TELECONSULTATION
Teleconsultation through teledentistry can take place in either of the
following ways – “Real-Time Consultation” and “Store-and Forward
Method”.
Real-Time Consultation involves a videoconference in which dental
professionals and their patients, at different locations, may see, hear,
and communicate with one another
Store-and-Forward Method involves the exchange of clinical
information and static images collected and stored by the dental
practitioner, who forwards them for consultation and treatment planning
the patient is not present during the “consultation
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52. Recent technology in diagnosis and caries detection
Under supervision :
Dr Shahenda Samir
done by :
Moustafa Hassan Elkady
108. Cariogram
is the only such model which can evaluate several factors such as host response, pathogens and
cariogenicity of the diet involved in the development of caries and can give an individual
interpretation of caries risk.
• Cariogram is an interactive computer programme conceptualized by Dr. Bratthall in 1997
109.
110.
111.
112. WHAT IS CAD CAM ?
• CAD/CAM (computer-aided-design and computer-
aided-manufacturing) to improve the design and
creation of vertuel plan for dental restorations,
• crowns
• veneers
• inlays and onlays
• fixed dental prostheses (bridges)
• dental implant supported restorations
• dentures (removable or fixed)
• orthodontic appliances
113.
114. Preparation Guidelines
• Reduction of functional cusp to avoid thin
layer of porcelain which fractured under
stresses
• Preservation of tooth structure
• Retention & Resistance forms
• Structural durability
• Marginal integrity
• Preservation of peridontium
117. Onlay prep. guidlines
• Minimal 6 degree taper
• 2-3 isthmus width
• Flared walls & no bevel
• Smooth internal line angels
• 2mm cusp reduction
• 1.5 – 2mm occlusal clearance
• Adequete cavity depth for accommodate
restoration
• 90 deg. Cavosurface angle for ceramics
• Shoulder F.L all around in case of defect in buccal
serface ( 1mm thickness & 1.5 – 2 mm under
cuspal reduction) so it reduce demarcation line
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123. Metals
• Metals such as CoCr and titanium can be
manufactured using CADCAM software.
• Precious metals cannot be machined for a
variety of reasons, including expense.
• Pre-sintered CoCr blocks are available, and
requires sintering after to achieve the desired
mechanical properties.
• This method replaces the more traditional
lost-wax technique
124.
125.
126. Feldspathic and leucite-reinforced
ceramics
• The microstructure of feldspathic and leucite
reinforced ceramics is a glassy matrix with
crystalline loads.
• It has low flexural strength, very good optical
properties and an advantageous bonding
abilities.
127. • A major advantage is
its good aesthetics,
with a variety of
shades available and
high translucency.
However, it is a fragile
material and is
susceptible to damage
by occlusal forces
129. Lithium disilicate, zirconium oxide and
lithium silicate ceramics
• Lithium disilicate, zirconium oxide and lithium
silicate ceramics also have a biphasic structure with
crystalline particles dispersed in a glass matrix.
• They have a high flexural strength, good optical
properties and ability to bond.
130. • It produces highly aesthetic restorations in a
variety of shades is useful as well as its high
mechanical strength
131. Zirconia
• Zirconia has a polycrystalline structure.
• It has a high flexural strength. However, both
its optical properties and ability to bond are
weak.
• Its main advantage is its mechanical strength
CAD-CAM processing means that polycrystalline
zirconia can be utilised for copings and
frameworks.
•
132.
133. • Less use in inlay or onlay due to bonding tech. of Zr
• the aesthetics of zirconia restorations are not as
good as other types of ceramic
134. Resin materials
• Three resin materials are available: resin
composite, PMMA, and Nano-ceramics.
PMMA is made of polymethylmethacrylate
polymers with no filler.
• However, resin composite is composed of
inorganic filler in a resin matrix. Similarly,
nano-ceramic is nanoparticles embedded in a
resin matrix.
135.
136. • All three materials have a weak flexural strength
and disadvantageous optical properties. However,
the ability to bond is very effective.
• An advantage of these materials is the ability to
manufacture them quickly through fast milling, so
are great to used for direct composite repairs.
• However, the aesthetic quality of these materials
limit their utility
137.
138. Digital impression
• recording the shape of a patient’s dental
structures by using scanners. In CAD/CAM's
infancy
• Scanning is the final impression in procedures
• Retraction cord app
• Hemostatic agent app
• Laser surgery
• Proper isolation for field
139. • process of taking digital impressions in general
we will see that there are a few common steps ,
and they all are fully digitalized:
• First — entering patient information into the
scanner software;
• Second — scanning upper and lower arches;
• Third — right and left bite scanning;
• Fourth — sending results to the person working
on the design or treatment plan
140. CAM
Computer Aided
Manufacturing
Translate the
virtual plan to an
object by
A machine
CAD
Computer
Aided Design
Virtual
planning stage
by using a
dental
software
CAI
Computer Aided
Inspection
physical properties
Dimensions,
consistency,
roughness and
roundness
Techniques
Digital camera
Laser scanning
Light scanning
Ct scanning
Acronyms
141.
142. SCANNERS
Data collection tools that measure three dimensional
jaw and tooth structures and transform them into
digital data set
Cast read
mechanically line-
by-line by means of
a ruby ball
The Procera Scanner
from Nobel Biocare
Mechanical Scanners
optical scanners
White light
projection or laser
beam
e.g: LAVA SCAN
STT (3M ESPE,
White light
projection)
143. SCANNERS
• INTRAORAL
• Surface of the oral
topography
• Reduce time , Improve
communication & Reduce
storage space
• Trios, 3shape
Medit
Sirona, Cerec
Itero
• Extraoral
• Stone casts or
conventional impressions
• Two types:
• Contact-less
• Contact using probe as:
procera®, nobel biocare
• Non-contact or optical
scanners are widely
145. Design software
• Designing a restoration from start to
finish by replicating the same
processes and refinement by
operator
• Margin placement . Block out of undercuts
• Anatomical modifications .Emergence profile
• Material Thickness . Cusp Morphology
• Height Of Contour
• Interproximal Contacts
146. DESIGN
SOFTWARE
Adjustment of occlusion by
virtual articulator
Variety of cad libraries that
enable ease of design
E.g: Exocad, 3shape, Medit,
Clinux, Dentsply sirona
147. PROCESSING DEVICES
Materialize what designed
into a tangible object
This is either by subtractive
or additive methods
Additive method
Lower cost, compared to the
subtractive method
Used in orthodontic aligners,
surgical guides, removable
and implant-supported
dentures
148. PROCESSING DEVICES
Subtractive method
by removing material from a solid block
using burs or cutting tools
mechanical characteristics of the raw
material can be be preserved
Effect of machine axes number:
Affect possibility of reproducing complex
topography and smooth angles
3-Axis machines cutting tool moves in 3 linear
aspects So, areas of the design might be
impossible to reach.
4/5-axes machines
allow all regions from the design to be reached
reproduce more detailed and complex objects
149. 1
• Located in the dental surgery
without laboratory procedure
• Saves patient’s time but
expensive
2
3
• Impression sent to the
laboratory.
• Other steps are performed in the
laboratory via the technician
• The first and second steps occur
in lab while the third occur in
milling center
• Digitized master cast sent to the
outsource lab through the
connection between the satellite
scanners to the production
milling center
Classification
Of
CAD CAM
SYSTEMS
Laboratory
Centralized
Chair-side
150. In-office CAD CAM systems
1980 Basic concept 2D Inlays
Mormann and
Brandestini
1985 CEREC1 2D First chairside inlay
Mormann and
Brandestini
1988 CEREC1 2D
Inlays, onlays and
veneers
Mormann and
Brandestini
1994 CEREC2 2D
Copings, Partial and full
crowns
Siemens
(Munich,Germany)
2000 CEREC3 and InLab 2D
3 and 4 unit bridge
frames
Sirona (Bensheim,
Germany)
2003 CEREC3 and InLab 3D 3 and 4 unit bridges
Sirona (Bensheim,
Germany)
2005 CEREC3 and InLab 3D
Automatic virtual occlusal
adjustment
Sirona (Bensheim,
Germany)
2011-
2015
CEREC 4 and
CEREC 4.5
3D
Automatic virtual occlusal
adjustment, full arch
recording
Sirona (Bensheim,
Germany)
153. DSD (DIGITAL SMILE DESIGN)
DSD is a technical tool which is used to design and
modify the smile of patients digitally and help them
to visualize it before hand by creating and presenting
a digital mockup of their new smile design before the
treatment physically starts.
154. Evolution of digital smile designing
• In the last two decades smile designing has
progressively evolved from physical analogue to
digital designing which has advanced from 2D to
3D.
• Christian Coachman in 2017 has proposed this
evolution in generations.
155. Generation 1: Analogue drawings over photos
and no connection to the analogue model. It
was the time when drawing with pen was done
on printed copy of photographs to visualize the
treatment result but that could not be co-
related with the study model.
-Digital dentistry by now was not introduced.
156. Generation 2:
Digital 2D drawings and
visual connection to the
analogue model. With
the advent of digital
world, certain software
like PowerPoint were
familiarized which
permitted digital drawing.
157. • Generation 3:
• Digital 2D drawings and analogue connection to the model
the beginning of digital-analogue connection. The very firs
software specific to digital dentistry was introduced which
digital smile design to 3D wax-up. Facial integration to smil
was also introduced at this stage, but connection to 3D dig
was missing.
158. • Generation 4. Digital 2D drawings and digital connection
model. Now was the time when digital dentistry progres
to 3D analysis. 3D digital wax-up could be done involvin
integration and predetermined dental aesthetic parame
159. • Generation 5: Complete 3D workflow.
• Generation 6: The 4D concept. Adding motion to the smile d
160. Requirements for DSD
1. Photography protocol:
The following photographic views in fixed head position are necessar
A)Three frontal views:
• Full face with a wide smile and the teeth apart,
• Full face at rest, and
• Retracted view of the full maxillary and mandibular arch with teeth
161.
162. • B)Two profile views:
• • Side Profile at Rest
• • Side Profile with a full Smile
163.
164. • C) A 12 O, clock view with a wide smile and incisal edge
teeth visible and resting on lower lip.
165. • D) An intra occlusal view of maxillary arch from second
second premolar
166. 2. Videography protocol
• 1. A facial frontal video with retractor and without retractor smili
• 2. A facial profile video with lips at rest and wide-E smile,
• 3. A 12 O'clock video above the head at the most coronal angle th
visualization of the incisal edge,
• 4. An anterior occlusal video to record maxillary teeth from secon
second premolar with the palatine raphe as a straight line.
167.
168. DSD planning
•The DSD process follows a specific flow and cons
steps.
• STEP1: Digital Photography
• STEP 2: 2D and 3D Planning
• STEP 3: The Wax Up
• STEP4: The Prototype (try -in)
• STEP 5: Final Fit
169. STEP1: Digital Photography
• Full frontal relaxed smile
• Full frontal wide smile
• Full frontal smile with lips retracted
• Intra oral photos
170. STEP 2: 2D and 3D
Planning
The next step is to use
specific software programs
to design (2D) your new
smile and to help us to
determine the new length,
width and size of your new
teeth. This step takes the
whole face in consideration
and thus making this a truly
facial driven protocol.
171. STEP 3: The Wax Up
The 2D design is now
transferred to a 3D
design called the wax up
or 3D model. The wax
up is literally a wax
material that is build up
by hand on a plaster
model according to the
specifications as directed
by the 2D design.
172. STEP4: The Prototype
(try -in)
This is the exciting part where
you now have the opportunity
to 'test-drive' your new
smile! The final set up is
transferred to your mouth with
a temporary material that can
easily be removed. This
prototype is left in place until
the final step.
173. STEP 5: Final Fit
• If we are all happy
to proceed with the
final step the
prototype is
removed and the
teeth prepared.
174. Smile Design Using CAD/CAM: Precision and Personaliza
• CAD/CAM (Computer-Aided
Design/Computer-Aided
Manufacturing) technology has
revolutionized various fields,
including dentistry. When it
comes to smile design,
CAD/CAM offers precise and
personalized solutions for
creating stunning and natural-
looking smiles.
175.
176. CAD/CAM Technology in Smile Design:
• The process typically involves the following
steps:
• 1. Digital Imaging and Analysis: Using
specialized software, the dentist captures
digital images of the patient's teeth, gums, and
face. These images are then analyzed to
evaluate the existing smile and identify areas
for improvement.
• 2. Smile Simulation and Design: With CAD/CAM
software, the dentist can digitally manipulate
the images to simulate the desired smile
makeover. The software enables the precise
adjustment of tooth shape, size, color, and
alignment to create a virtual representation of
the final result.
177. • 3. Patient Consultation: The patient is
presented with the virtual smile design,
allowing them to visualize the proposed
changes and provide feedback
• 4. Fabrication of Restorations: Once the
smile design is approved, CAD/CAM
technology is used to manufacture the
dental restorations.
178. Benefits of CAD/CAM Smile Design:
• Precision and Accuracy
• Customization and Personalization
• Time Efficiency
• Enhanced Communication
179. DSD integration with 3d printing
• The DSD process starts with a digital
scan of the patient’s dentition,
which we take with an intraoral
scanner. Then we import the data
into the software.
• we print the model, clean it, and
cure it
180. How has the digital workflow and 3D printing changed t
process?
• for many years it has been done in an analog
way. You’d take a regular impression from the
patient and send it to a dental technician who
would start adding wax over the stone model,
drop by drop, tooth by tooth. It would take at
least one week or more like ten days to
receive the wax-up.
• A temporary mockup is placed into the
patient’s mouth. With 3D printing, the time in
between the first visit and the treatment plan
presentation is reduced from weeks to a few
days.
181. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)
• CBCT scans provide detailed 3D images of the patient’s dental an
structures. Integrating CBCT data with DSD can assist in precise im
placement, orthodontic planning, and interdisciplinary treatment
• Using 3 imaging modalities (CBCT scan, intraoral scan, and facial s
patient can be created
191. Summary
• Digital dentistry has transformed the field of dentistry,
improving the precision ,accuracy, and efficiency of
dental procedures, as well as patient outcomes.
• Current and future applications of digital dentistry, such
as AI, AR, and tele dentistry enhance the capabilities of
digital dentistry.
• the future of digital dentistry is exciting and promising,
with new technologies and innovations emerging and
progressing all the time.
• There are also limitations to digital dentistry, including
cost and security concerns.
192. References
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3. Evolution of Smile Design. (Accessed on 15th February 2020) Available online:.
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4. Daher R, Ardu S, Vjero O, Krejci I. 3D digital smile design with a mobile phone and
intraoral optical scanner. Comp Cont Educ Dent. 2018;39(6):e5–8.
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6. Zanardi PR, Zanardi RL, Stegun RC, Sesma N, Costa BN, Laganá DC. The use of the
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8. Tjan AH, Miller GD. Some aesthetic factors in a smile. J Prosthet Dent.
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