This document discusses various types of endoscopy procedures. It describes cholangioscopy, which is used to treat bile duct stones and evaluate biliary strictures. Endoscopic fistula closure is discussed as a way to close gastrointestinal perforations. Endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection are described as minimally invasive techniques to remove benign and early malignant lesions. Upper endoscopy and colonoscopy are summarized as procedures to examine the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract respectively. Potential risks associated with these endoscopic procedures include sedation side effects, bleeding, perforation, and infection.

1. Endoscopy

2. Prepared by group (b):-
-Akram Al.Ghubesi
-wesam Yahiya Hessen
- iz.aldeen aljurmozi
-Ahmed almuraisi
Dr.safia alruzami

3. Types of endoscopy
1-Cholangioscopy
2-Endoscopic Fistula Closure
3-Endoscopic Mucosal Resection (EMR)
4-Radiofrequency Ablation
5-Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (ESD)
6-Upper Endoscopy (EGD)
7-Colonoscopy

4. 1-Cholangioscopy
Definion:-
Cholangioscopy is primarily used for the treatment of difficult bile duct stones and for the
evaluation of biliary strictures.
Types of Cholangioscopy Procedures
-An endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
is used to treat and diagnose problems in the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas. .
ERCP combines the use of X-rays, contrast dyes, and an endoscope.
Enteral stents
Stents may be placed within your stomach, small bowel, and/or colon to treat an
obstruction within your gastrointestinal tract.
Small bowel Enteroscopy
inserts a longer scope into more distant parts of the small intestine.
Single balloon Enteroscopy
is an endoscopic way to evaluate the small intestine
Double balloon Enteroscopy
Double-balloon enteroscopy involves the use of a balloon at the end of a special endoscope
and a tube which fits over the endoscope, and which is also fitted with a balloon.

5. Side effect of Cholangioscopy
 Common Side Effects
 Reactions to the sedative. The drugs used to sedate you may continue to
cause drowsiness and may cause nausea and vomiting.
 Sore throat. If the endoscope was guided down your esophagus, you may
experience a sore throat. Lozenges help to sooth the throat.
 Preparation the patient to endoscopy:-
You may not each or drink 8-12 hours prior to the procedure. If you are
on blood thinning medication, ask your provider if you need to stop them
prior to the procedure.

6. 2-Endoscopic Fistula Closure
About fistula closure:
A fistula is the presence of an abnormal communication between two organs or
between an organ and the cutaneous surface. It can be caused by benign
inflammatory diseases, malignancies, or from surgery
Definition:-
An endoscopic fistula closure is a safe way to close gastric, duodenal, and colonic
perforations
Preparation the patient:-
For upper GI fistulas, you may not eat or drink anything for 8-12 hours prior to the
procedure
For lower GI fistula closures, your medical provider will order a bowel prep.
Common side effects:
- sedation drowsiness and may cause nausea and vomiting.
- Sore throat.to overcome this problem take Lozenges help to sooth the throat.
- Gas or cramps.

7. 3-Endoscopic Mucosal Resection (EMR)
Definition:-
EMR is a minimally invasive, endoscopic removal of benign and early malignant lesions in the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
The uses:-
Esophagus
EMR is used for patients with discrete nodules in an area of Barrett's mucosa.This is a safe and
effective way to remove precancerous and early cancerous lesions.
Stomach
EMR is used in the stomach in order to remove early gastric cancers.
Duodenum
EMR is used in the duodenum to resect duodenal polyps.
Colon
EMR is used to resect rectal and colon polyps
Preparation the patient:-
do not eat or drink anything 8 hours prior to the procedure time. If the EMR is done in the colon,
your doctor or nurse practitioner will prescribe a medicine to cleanse your colon.

8. Side Effects and complecation of (EMR)
- sedation, drowsiness and may cause nausea and vomiting.
-Sore throat to overcome this problem take Lozenges to sooth the throat
- Gas , cramps, bloating
. Possible Complications
Common complications are bleeding, perforation (or tear), and stricture
(narrowing of intestine).
.

9. 4-Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (ESD)
Definition:-
ESD is an advanced endoscopic procedure used to remove gastrointestinal tumors that
have not entered the muscle layer. ESD may be done in the esophagus, stomach or colon.
About the Procedure
Under anesthesia, a long narrow tube is passed through the throat to reach the lesion in
the stomach, or the tube is passed through the anus to reach the lesion in the colon.
The procedure consists of three steps:
- injecting fluid into the submucosa to elevate the lesion
- Cutting the surrounding mucosa of the lesion
- Dissecting the submucosa beneath the lesion
Preparation the patient:-
You may not eat or drink anything 8 hours prior to the procedure. If ESD is performed in
the colon, your nurse practitioner or physician will prescribe a colon preparation.

10. 5-Upper Endoscopy (EGD)
Definition:-
An esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (EGD) is a procedure that allows to examine the lining of
the upper part of your gastrointestinal tract, including the esophagus, stomach .
Reasons for using EGD
•Unexplained, persistent abdominal pain
•Persistent nausea, vomiting or difficulty swallowing
•Upper GI bleed ( may be treated by endoscopy)
•Removal of a foreign body
•Abnormal or unclear findings on imaging
•Biopsy (small tissue sample)
•Follow up of previously noted polyps, tumors or ulcers

11. Types of EGD:-
EGD with esophageal dilation
used to dilates, or stretches, the narrow part of esophagus. Dilation is indicated when there is a
blockage or stricture in the esophagus usually caused by tumors, acid reflux, ingestion of harmful
agents, or the inability of food to move down the esophagus properly
EGD with confocal microendscopy
in which a laser is used to image the lining of the esophagus
EGD with radiofrequency ablation
Possible Complications
Aspiration of food/fluid into the lung
Reaction to the sedative medication
Bleeding from biopsies or polyp removal
The endoscope can cause a tear in the area being examined.
The following signs/symptoms
Severe abdominal pain
Firm distended abdomen
Vomiting
Elevated temperature

12. 6-Colonoscopy:-
definition:-
A colonoscopy used for examine the lining of large intestine (colon) for abnormalities by inserting a thin
flexible tube, as thick as your finger, into your anus and slowly advancing it into the rectum and colon.
Reasons for using colonoscopy
- to check for polyps or colon cancer,
- To check the cause of rectal bleeding,
- To check for the cause of changes in bowel habits,
- To check the cause of iron deficiency anemia
- If there is a family history of colon cancer
- As a follow-up test for patients with known colon cancer or previously detected
polyps
- To check the cause of chronic unexplained abdominal or rectal pain
- To provide a more thorough examination after an abnormal x-ray
complication:-
- Severe abdominal pain
- bloated abdomen and vomiting
- Fever greater than 101 degrees Farenheit
- Rectal bleeding (greater than 30ml) – something more relatable.