The thyroid gland is located in the neck below the Adam's apple. It produces important hormones including thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) that regulate metabolism and growth. Hyperthyroidism is an overactive thyroid that causes symptoms like rapid heartbeat and weight loss. It is often caused by Graves' disease and can be diagnosed through blood tests and scans. Treatment options include anti-thyroid drugs to reduce hormone production, radioactive iodine treatment to damage the thyroid cells, or surgical removal of part or all of the gland.

1. By :
Dr .Safia A. Alrezami

2. What mean thyroid ?
Is one of the largest endocrine glands ,located in the
lower part of the neck, below the Adam's apple.
Types of hormone secreted :
The most important thyroid hormones are
1.Thyroxine (T4) .
2. Triiodothyronine (T3).
3. calcitonin .
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which is
produced by the pituitary gland, acts to stimulate
hormone production by the thyroid gland ( uses
iodine form food in production process).

3. Function of gland :
Essential for the function of every cell in the body.
 They help regulate growth and the rate of chemical
reactions (metabolism) in the body(the rate at which
food is converted into energy).
 help children grow and develop .
 help regulate the heart rate, blood pressure, body
temperature.
 calcitonin, is involved in calcium metabolism and
stimulating bone cells to add calcium to bone.

4. Disease of gland :
1.Hyperthyroidism (over -
activity)
2.Hypothyroidism (low-activity)
.

5. Hyperthyroidism
Increase produce Of T3T4 above
normal.

6. Cause
. 1.Graves' disease (an autoimmune
disorder) is the most common. occurs
more often in women and tends to run
in families. In Graves' disease,
antibodies stimulate the thyroid to
secrete too much hormone.

7. Cause
2.excess iodine (iodine is needed to
make T4 and T3).
3.inflammation of the thyroid gland
(thyroiditis causes T4 and T3 to leak
out of the gland)

8. Cause
4.Tumors of the ovaries or testes.
5.Taking large amounts of T3 (through
dietary supplements or medication).
6.Benign tumors of the thyroid or
pituitary gland

9. Symptom
1. rapid heart rates& heat
intolerance.

10. Symptom
2.Weight loss &Tremor
3.Nervousness, anxiety and
irritability

11. Symptom
4. An enlarged thyroid gland (goiter),
which may appear as a swelling at the
base of your neck.
5. Fatigue, muscle weakness &Difficulty
sleeping

12. Diagnosis
1. Medical history and physical exam. During the
exam your doctor may try to detect a slight tremor
in your fingers when they're extended and other
symptom.

13. Diagnosis
2. Blood tests. A diagnosis can be confirmed with
blood tests that measure the levels of thyroxin and
TSH in your blood. High levels of thyroxin and low
or nonexistent amounts of TSH indicate an
overactive thyroid.

14. Diagnosis
3. Radioactive iodine uptake test.
For this test, you take a small, oral dose of
radioactive iodine (radioiodine). Over time, the
iodine collects in your thyroid gland because your
thyroid uses iodine to manufacture hormones.
You'll be checked after two, six or 24 hours — and
sometimes after all three time periods — to
determine how much iodine your thyroid gland has
absorbed.

15. Diagnosis
4. Thyroid scan. During this test, you'll have a
radioactive isotope injected into the vein on the
inside of your elbow or sometimes into a vein in
your hand. You then lie on a table with your head
stretched backward while a special camera
produces an image of your thyroid on a computer
screen.

16. Treatment
1. Anti-thyroid Drugs
The goal with this form of drug therapy is to
prevent the thyroid from producing hormones.

17. Treatment
1. Anti-thyroid Drugs
a. methimazole and propylthiouracil (PTU).
M.O.A
interfere with the thyroid gland's ability to make its
hormones.

18. Treatment
1. Anti-thyroid Drugs
patients treated with these medications
can develop liver inflammation or a
deficiency of white blood cells therefore,
patients taking anti thyroid drugs should be
aware that they must stop their medication
and call their doctor promptly if they
develop yellowing of the skin, a high fever,
or severe sore throat.

19. Treatment
2. Radioactive Iodine Treatment
By giving a radioactive form of iodine, the
thyroid cells which absorb it will be damaged
or killed. Because iodine is not absorbed by
any other cells in the body, there is very little
radiation exposure (or side effects) for the rest
of the body. Radioiodine can be taken by
mouth without the need to be hospitalized.
This form of therapy often takes one to two
months before the thyroid has been killed, but
the radioactivity medicine is completely gone
from the body within a few days.

20. Treatment
2. Radioactive Iodine Treatment
By giving a radioactive form of iodine, the
thyroid cells which absorb it will be damaged
or killed. Because iodine is not absorbed by
any other cells in the body, there is very little
radiation exposure (or side effects) for the rest
of the body. Radioiodine can be taken by
mouth without the need to be hospitalized.
This form of therapy often takes one to two
months before the thyroid has been killed, but
the radioactivity medicine is completely gone
from the body within a few days.

21. Treatment
3. Surgical Removal of the Gland or
Nodule
The biggest reason for this is that the
most common forms of hyperthyroidism
are a result of overproduction from the
entire gland (Graves' disease)

22. THANK YOU ,,,,