Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness. There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic
Acute bronchitis (brahn-KITE-uss), or chest cold, is a condition that occurs when the bronchial (BRAHN-kee-uhl) tubes in the lungs become inflamed. The bronchial tubes swell and produce mucus, which causes a person to cough. This often occurs after an upper respiratory infection like a cold. Most symptoms of acute bronchitis (chest pain, shortness of breath, etc.) last for up to 2 weeks, but the cough can last for up to 8 weeks in some people.
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness. There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic
Acute bronchitis (brahn-KITE-uss), or chest cold, is a condition that occurs when the bronchial (BRAHN-kee-uhl) tubes in the lungs become inflamed. The bronchial tubes swell and produce mucus, which causes a person to cough. This often occurs after an upper respiratory infection like a cold. Most symptoms of acute bronchitis (chest pain, shortness of breath, etc.) last for up to 2 weeks, but the cough can last for up to 8 weeks in some people.
Acute and Chronic Bronchitis is amongst most common presenting illness for Family Physicians considering its prevalence in all ages. Revisiting it with perspective of a family physician helps improve understanding and management at Family PRactice
Module: Pharmacology and Therapeutics III, (Therapeutics part)
Coordinator: Dr. Arwa M. Amin Mostafa
Academic Level: Undergraduate, B.Pharmacy
School: Dubai Pharmacy College
Year of first presented in Class: 2018
This presentation is for Educational purpose. It has no commercial value associated with it.
At the end of the lecture, the student will be able to
Describe the patho-physiology of the disease.
Discuss the major risk factors and clinical manifestations of the disease.
Use the nursing process as a framework for patient care.
Discuss medical , surgical and nursing management of the disease.
Bronchitis is an acute inflammation of the air passages within the lungs. It occurs when the trachea (windpipe) and the large and small bronchi (airways) within the lungs become inflamed because of infection or irritation from certain causes. Homeopathy is the best treatment with no side effects. For further information contact Ph. : +91-265-2250212,
(M) +91 97236 69210
Skype Id : cosmic1021
Email:
drmahavrat@homeopathyhealing.net
pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia.
Acute and Chronic Bronchitis is amongst most common presenting illness for Family Physicians considering its prevalence in all ages. Revisiting it with perspective of a family physician helps improve understanding and management at Family PRactice
Module: Pharmacology and Therapeutics III, (Therapeutics part)
Coordinator: Dr. Arwa M. Amin Mostafa
Academic Level: Undergraduate, B.Pharmacy
School: Dubai Pharmacy College
Year of first presented in Class: 2018
This presentation is for Educational purpose. It has no commercial value associated with it.
At the end of the lecture, the student will be able to
Describe the patho-physiology of the disease.
Discuss the major risk factors and clinical manifestations of the disease.
Use the nursing process as a framework for patient care.
Discuss medical , surgical and nursing management of the disease.
Bronchitis is an acute inflammation of the air passages within the lungs. It occurs when the trachea (windpipe) and the large and small bronchi (airways) within the lungs become inflamed because of infection or irritation from certain causes. Homeopathy is the best treatment with no side effects. For further information contact Ph. : +91-265-2250212,
(M) +91 97236 69210
Skype Id : cosmic1021
Email:
drmahavrat@homeopathyhealing.net
pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia.
The lower respiratory system, or lower respiratory tract, consists of the trachea, the bronchi and bronchioles, and the alveoli, which make up the lungs. These structures pull in air from the upper respiratory system, absorb the oxygen, and release carbon dioxide in exchange.
this is detailed study on lower respiratory diseases
please comment
thank you
Pneumonia-medical information (symptoms , management , diagnosis)martinshaji
Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia.
Pneumonia can range in seriousness from mild to life-threatening It is most serious for infants and young children, people older than age 65, and people with health problems or weakened immune systems.
please comment
thank u
Bronchiectasis is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by irreversible widening and scarring of the airways (bronchi) in the lungs. This widening and scarring result from repeated inflammation and infection, leading to the accumulation of mucus and impaired clearance of bacteria and debris from the airways. Common symptoms of bronchiectasis include chronic cough, production of large amounts of sputum (phlegm), recurrent respiratory infections, shortness of breath, fatigue, and chest pain. Treatment typically involves a combination of airway clearance techniques, medications to manage symptoms and prevent infections, and sometimes surgery in severe cases. Early diagnosis and management can help improve quality of life and reduce complications associated with bronchiectasis.
**Stop the Spread of TB**
==>Take all of your medicines as they're prescribed, until your doctor takes you off them.
==>Keep all your doctor appointments.
==>Always cover your mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. ...
==>Wash your hands after coughing or sneezing.
==>Don't visit other people and don't invite them to visit you
this presentation show information about skin disease as scabies , impetigo ,small pox ,-pityriasis versicolor and anthrax with discuss their diagnosis ,treatment and other.
a lot in information in simple way.
this article include useful information about antibiotic working in DNA inhibitor may direct action as sulfonamide or indirect action as fluroquinolone groups.
the presentation show mechanism of actions,uses , adverse effect ,also resistance and pharma-cokinetic properties of each drug.
in simple way and a lot of picture to describe information this work is done .
thanks
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. Define Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an infection in one or both lungs. The
infection may be caused by fungi, bacteria, or viruses.
Pneumonia causes inflammation in your lung’s air sacs,
also referred to as alveoli. The alveoli fill with fluid or
pus, making it difficult to breathe.
3. Symptoms of Pneumonia
The general symptoms of bacterial pneumonia can
develop quickly and may include:
• chest pain
• shaking chills
• fever
• dry cough
• muscle aches
• nausea/vomiting
• rapid breathing
• rapid heartbeat
• difficulty breathing
4. Some symptoms
may indicate a medical emergency. These symptoms
include:
• skin with bluish tone (from lack of oxygen)
• blood in sputum (coughed-up mucus)
• labored breathing
• high fever (103 °F or higher)
• confusion
• rapid heartbeat
5. Risk for Developing Pneumonia
No one is immune to pneumonia, but there are certain factors that
can raise your risks:
•previous stroke or problems swallowing: People who have had a
stroke, have problems swallowing, or are bedridden can easily
develop pneumonia.
•age: Infants from birth to age two are at risk for pneumonia, as are
individuals age 65 or older.
•weakened immune system: This includes people who take
medications (steroid drugs and anti-cancer drugs) that weaken the
immune system and people with HIV, AIDS, or cancer.
•drug abuse: This includes excessive alcohol consumption and
smoking.
•certain medical conditions: Asthma, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, and
6. Diagnosed Pneumonia
Pneumonia can be easily overlooked as the cause of an illness
because it often resembles a cold or the flu. However, it usually
lasts longer and symptoms seem more severe than these other
conditions.
Detailed Patient History
To determine whether or not a patient has pneumonia, doctors
generally inquire about a patient’s signs and symptoms.
7. . Questions they may include:
• What are your symptoms and when did they begin?
• What were your recent travels and activities?
• What was your recent exposure to animals?
•What was your recent exposure to individuals who
are sick?
• What are your past and current medical issues?
• What medications are you currently taking?
• What is your smoking history?
8. Physical Exam
Crackling and bubbling sounds in the chest during inhalation
are usually indicators of pneumonia.
Wheezing may also be present.
Additionally, your doctor may have trouble hearing normal
breathing sounds in different areas of the chest.
9. Diagnostic Tests
Chest X-rays can be used to determine if infection is
present in your lungs. However, chest X-rays won’t
show your type of pneumonia. Blood tests can provide a
better picture of the type of pneumonia. Also, blood tests
are necessary to see if the infection is in your
bloodstream.
10. Other Tests
• Chest computed tomography (CT scan):
A CT scan is similar to an X-ray, but the pictures provided by this
method are highly detailed. This painless test provides a clear and
precise picture of the chest and lungs.
Sputum test: This test will examine the sputum (the mucus you
cough up) to determine what type of pneumonia
is present.
Pleural fluid test: If there is fluid apparent in the pleural space
(the space between the tissue that covers the outside of your
lungs and the inside of your chest cavity), a fluid sample can be
taken to help determine if the pneumonia is bacterial or viral.
11. • Pulse oximetry: This test measures the level of oxygen blood
saturation by attaching a small sensor to your finger. Pneumonia
can prevent normal oxygenation of blood.
• Bronchoscopy: When antibiotics fail, this method is used to
view the airways inside the lungs to determine if blocked airways are
contributing to the pneumonia.
12. Treated Pneumonia
The type of treatment prescribed for pneumonia primarily depends on
what type of pneumonia is present and its severity. In many cases,
pneumonia can be treated at home.
General Treatment
The typical treatment plan for pneumonia includes taking all
prescribed medications and participating in follow-up care. A chest x-
ray may be ordered to ensure your pneumonia has been successfully
treated.
Treating Bacterial Pneumonia
Antibiotics are used to treat this type of pneumonia. Antibiotics should
be taken as directed. If antibiotics are ceased before treatment is
complete, the pneumonia may return. Most people will improve after
one to three days of treatment.
13. Pneumonia Be Prevented
Anyone with diabetes, asthma, and other severe or chronic
health problems, is at risk for pneumonia. However, in many
cases, it can be prevented with vaccines against bacterial
pneumonia and flu. Quitting smoking will definitely lower the risk
of pneumonia.
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Prepare by: Mousa
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5TH PHARMACY .