Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi. It causes inflammation in the small air sacs of the lungs called alveoli, making breathing difficult. Common symptoms include cough, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. Risk factors include old age, smoking, medical conditions weakening the immune system. Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-rays, and tests of sputum or blood. Treatment depends on the cause but often involves antibiotics, rest, and following up until fully recovered. Vaccines can help prevent bacterial types of pneumonia.

1. CASE
PNEUMONIA

2. Define Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an infection in one or both lungs. The
infection may be caused by fungi, bacteria, or viruses.
Pneumonia causes inflammation in your lung’s air sacs,
also referred to as alveoli. The alveoli fill with fluid or
pus, making it difficult to breathe.

3. Symptoms of Pneumonia
The general symptoms of bacterial pneumonia can
develop quickly and may include:
• chest pain
• shaking chills
• fever
• dry cough
• muscle aches
• nausea/vomiting
• rapid breathing
• rapid heartbeat
• difficulty breathing

4. Some symptoms
may indicate a medical emergency. These symptoms
include:
• skin with bluish tone (from lack of oxygen)
• blood in sputum (coughed-up mucus)
• labored breathing
• high fever (103 °F or higher)
• confusion
• rapid heartbeat

5. Risk for Developing Pneumonia
No one is immune to pneumonia, but there are certain factors that
can raise your risks:
•previous stroke or problems swallowing: People who have had a
stroke, have problems swallowing, or are bedridden can easily
develop pneumonia.
•age: Infants from birth to age two are at risk for pneumonia, as are
individuals age 65 or older.
•weakened immune system: This includes people who take
medications (steroid drugs and anti-cancer drugs) that weaken the
immune system and people with HIV, AIDS, or cancer.
•drug abuse: This includes excessive alcohol consumption and
smoking.
•certain medical conditions: Asthma, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, and

6. Diagnosed Pneumonia
Pneumonia can be easily overlooked as the cause of an illness
because it often resembles a cold or the flu. However, it usually
lasts longer and symptoms seem more severe than these other
conditions.
Detailed Patient History
To determine whether or not a patient has pneumonia, doctors
generally inquire about a patient’s signs and symptoms.

7. . Questions they may include:
• What are your symptoms and when did they begin?
• What were your recent travels and activities?
• What was your recent exposure to animals?
•What was your recent exposure to individuals who
are sick?
• What are your past and current medical issues?
• What medications are you currently taking?
• What is your smoking history?

8. Physical Exam
Crackling and bubbling sounds in the chest during inhalation
are usually indicators of pneumonia.
Wheezing may also be present.
Additionally, your doctor may have trouble hearing normal
breathing sounds in different areas of the chest.

9. Diagnostic Tests
Chest X-rays can be used to determine if infection is
present in your lungs. However, chest X-rays won’t
show your type of pneumonia. Blood tests can provide a
better picture of the type of pneumonia. Also, blood tests
are necessary to see if the infection is in your
bloodstream.

10. Other Tests
• Chest computed tomography (CT scan):
A CT scan is similar to an X-ray, but the pictures provided by this
method are highly detailed. This painless test provides a clear and
precise picture of the chest and lungs.
Sputum test: This test will examine the sputum (the mucus you
cough up) to determine what type of pneumonia
is present.
Pleural fluid test: If there is fluid apparent in the pleural space
(the space between the tissue that covers the outside of your
lungs and the inside of your chest cavity), a fluid sample can be
taken to help determine if the pneumonia is bacterial or viral.

11. • Pulse oximetry: This test measures the level of oxygen blood
saturation by attaching a small sensor to your finger. Pneumonia
can prevent normal oxygenation of blood.
• Bronchoscopy: When antibiotics fail, this method is used to
view the airways inside the lungs to determine if blocked airways are
contributing to the pneumonia.

12. Treated Pneumonia
The type of treatment prescribed for pneumonia primarily depends on
what type of pneumonia is present and its severity. In many cases,
pneumonia can be treated at home.
General Treatment
The typical treatment plan for pneumonia includes taking all
prescribed medications and participating in follow-up care. A chest x-
ray may be ordered to ensure your pneumonia has been successfully
treated.
Treating Bacterial Pneumonia
Antibiotics are used to treat this type of pneumonia. Antibiotics should
be taken as directed. If antibiotics are ceased before treatment is
complete, the pneumonia may return. Most people will improve after
one to three days of treatment.

13. Pneumonia Be Prevented
Anyone with diabetes, asthma, and other severe or chronic
health problems, is at risk for pneumonia. However, in many
cases, it can be prevented with vaccines against bacterial
pneumonia and flu. Quitting smoking will definitely lower the risk
of pneumonia.

14. Supervisor : Dr
Safia A . Alrezami
Prepare by: Mousa
abdosalam abdoh.
5TH PHARMACY .