Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism.
Its name is a hybrid word, originating from the Greek bios for "living" and the Latin lumen "light".
Bioluminescence is a naturally occurring form of chemiluminescence where energy is released by a chemical reaction in the form of light emission. Fireflies, anglerfish, and other creatures produce the chemicals luciferin (a pigment) and luciferase (an enzyme).
its all about respiratory system of insects, arrangement and position of spiracles system. Types of different respiratory systems in aquatic insects.
Contact Email: mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com
its all about respiratory system of insects, arrangement and position of spiracles system. Types of different respiratory systems in aquatic insects.
Contact Email: mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com
The integumentary system comprises the skin and its appendages. Skin + derivatives= Integument.
It aims to protect the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or damages from outside.
The integumentary system in chordates includes hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails.
It may serve to water proof, and protect the deeper tissues.
Excrete wastes, and regulate body temperature.
It is the attachment site for sensory receptors to detect pain, sensation, pressure, and temperature.
THE PPT CONTAIN GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO Respiratory system.
Components of respiratory system
spiracles, trachea, tracheoles, air sacs.
Number and arrangement of spiracles in insect.
• Holopneustic respiratory system
• Hemipneustic respiratory system
• Peripneustic respiratory system
• Amphipheustic respiratory system
• Propneustic respiratory system
• Metapneustic respiratory system
• Apneustic respiratory system
Function of the respiratory system.
restrial insects
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
looking after the eggs or young until they are independent to defend from predators is known as parental care.
Amphibians show great diversity in Parental care.
Taxonomic Collections, Preservation and Curating of InsectsKamlesh Patel
Taxonomy: Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics.
The classification of organisms is according to hierarchal system or in taxonomic ranks (eg; domain, kingdom, phylum class, order, family, genus and species) based on phylogenetic relationship established by genetic analysis.
Taxonomic Collection : Biological collection are typically preserved plant or animals specimens along with specimen documentations such as labels and notations.
Dry Collection - Dry collections consist of those specimens that are preserved in a dry state.
Wet Collection - Wet collections are specimens kept in a liquid preservative to prevent their deterioration.
The integumentary system comprises the skin and its appendages. Skin + derivatives= Integument.
It aims to protect the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or damages from outside.
The integumentary system in chordates includes hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails.
It may serve to water proof, and protect the deeper tissues.
Excrete wastes, and regulate body temperature.
It is the attachment site for sensory receptors to detect pain, sensation, pressure, and temperature.
THE PPT CONTAIN GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO Respiratory system.
Components of respiratory system
spiracles, trachea, tracheoles, air sacs.
Number and arrangement of spiracles in insect.
• Holopneustic respiratory system
• Hemipneustic respiratory system
• Peripneustic respiratory system
• Amphipheustic respiratory system
• Propneustic respiratory system
• Metapneustic respiratory system
• Apneustic respiratory system
Function of the respiratory system.
restrial insects
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
looking after the eggs or young until they are independent to defend from predators is known as parental care.
Amphibians show great diversity in Parental care.
Taxonomic Collections, Preservation and Curating of InsectsKamlesh Patel
Taxonomy: Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics.
The classification of organisms is according to hierarchal system or in taxonomic ranks (eg; domain, kingdom, phylum class, order, family, genus and species) based on phylogenetic relationship established by genetic analysis.
Taxonomic Collection : Biological collection are typically preserved plant or animals specimens along with specimen documentations such as labels and notations.
Dry Collection - Dry collections consist of those specimens that are preserved in a dry state.
Wet Collection - Wet collections are specimens kept in a liquid preservative to prevent their deterioration.
This is what we call bioluminescence. Bioluminesence is the process of emmiting light by living organisms as the result of chemical reaction. The organisms are like jellyfish, fireflies, wormtail and there's also dinoflagellates. Our study is about Vadhoo Island in Maldives which has sparkling water if you see at night. That's so beautiful. If u wanna see vadhoo island, just see the first page. That's all. -cincin
• Bioremediation – process of cleaning up environmental sites contaminated with chemical pollutants by using living organisms to degrade hazardous materials into less toxic substances
• Nutrient cycles referred to as biogeochemical cycles
• Gaseous forms of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen occur in the atmosphere and cycle globally
• Less mobile elements, including phosphorous, cycle on a more local level
• Still, gains and losses from outside of the ecosystem are generally small when compared to the rate at which nutrients are cycled within the system.
ART refers to methods used to achieve pregnancy by artificial or partially artificial means.
• INCLUDES- artificial insemination, In vitro fertilization (IVF) , Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) or Tubal Embryo Transfer, Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) , Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
There needs to be a balance between water ingested and water eliminated.
In order to maintain homeostatic levels of water, the body must undergo osmoregulation.
A number of morphologically and functionally diverse organs and tissue organs and tissue contribute to the development of immune responses .
These organs can be distinguished by function as the primary and secondary lymphoid organs .
In five kingdom classification(scheme proposed by R. Whittaker in 1969), Protists make up a kingdom called “Protista”, composed of “Organisms which are unicellular or unicellular-colonial and which form no tissue.
Protists are the eukaryotes that are not members of the kingdom Plantae, Animalia or Fungi. Most Protists are unicellular, but few have hundreds or even thousands of cells.
Protists can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
They move by cilia, flagella or pseudopodia.
Microbial cultures are foundational and basic diagnostic methods used extensively as a research tool in molecular biology.
Microbial cultures are used to determine the type of organism, its abundance in the sample being tested, or both.
It is one of the primary diagnostic methods of microbiology and used as a tool to determine the cause of infectious disease by letting the agent multiply in a predetermined medium.
It is often essential to isolate a pure culture of microorganisms
Excretory system
Fuction of excretory system
Excretory organ
1>Malpighian tubules
2>Nephrocyte
3>Oenocytes
5>Integument
6>rectum
→Urine production
Formation of primary urine
Movement of solute
Excreation of ions
Modification of primary urine
Salt and water balance
terrestial insects
Fresh water insect
Salt water insect
Nitrogen Excretion
o Snow leopard known throughtout the world for its beautiful fur and elusive behavior, the endangered snow leopard () is found in the rugged mountains of central asia.
o They are perfectly adapted to the cold, bareen landscape of their high altitude home, but human threats have created an uncertain future for the cats.
o Scientist estimate that there may only be between 3920-6390 snow leopard left in the wild.
Honey bees are social insects, which means that they live together in large, well-organized family group.
Communication, complex net construction, environmental control, defense and divison of the labor are just some of the behaviour that honey bees have developed to exist successfully in social colonies.
A honey bees colony typically consists of three kinds of the bees 1) Queen. 2) Workers. 3) Drones.
In addition to thousands of workers adults, a colony normally has a single queen & several hundred drones.
Honey bees live in comb or nest.
Mutual cooperation exist.
Developed communication Dance.
A spectrophotometer is an instrument that measures the amount of photons absorbed by a sample after it is passed through its solution.
UV-Visible spectrophotometer uses UV and visible range of electromagnetic radiation spectrum.
wing is one of the most characterstic feature of insects.
In majority of insects mesothorax and meta thorax carries a pair of wings.
On the basis of presence of wings class insecta is devided into 2 sub classes :
1. APTERIGOTA
2. PTERIGOTA
Louis Pasteur was born on 27th december 1822, in dole, france. He was a soldier in napoleon’s army and his job was a gravedigger. As a child louis loved to paint but the age of 19, he decided to start a scientific career. He studied physics and chemistry and in 1846 he recived a PH.D in CHEMISTRY.He worked as a professor at the university of strasbourg,paris.Louis pasteur is known as the “FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY”
Systematic position
Physical description
Distribution
Food habitat
Grazing habits
Mating behaviour
Threats to wild ass
Poaching
Predation
Conservation efforts
Indian wild ass sanctuary
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. 1. Bioluminescence is the production and emission of
light by a living organism.
2. Its name is a hybrid word, originating from the Greek
bios for "living" and the Latin lumen "light".
3. Bioluminescence is a naturally occurring form of
chemiluminescence where energy is released by a
chemical reaction in the form of light emission.
Fireflies, anglerfish, and other creatures produce the
chemicals luciferin (a pigment) and luciferase (an
enzyme).
4. The luciferin reacts with oxygen to create light. The
luciferase acts as a catalyst to speed up the reaction,
which is sometimes mediated by cofactors such as
calcium ions or ATP. The chemical reaction can occur
either inside or outside the cell.
3. 5. Bioluminescence occurs in marine vertebrates
and invertebrates, as well as microorganisms
and terrestrial animals. Symbiotic organisms
carried within larger organisms are also known
to bioluminescence.
•6.Ninety percent of deep-sea marine life are
estimated to produce bioluminescence in one
form or another. Most marine light-emission
belongs in the blue and green light spectrum,
the wavelengths that can transmit through the
seawater most easily. However, certain loose-
jawed fishes emit red and infrared light and the
genus Tomopteris emits yellow
bioluminescence.
4. 6.Non-marine bioluminescence is less widely
distributed, but a larger variety in colors is seen.
The two best-known forms of land
bioluminescence are fireflies and glow worms.
Other insects, insect larvae, annelids, arachnids and
even species of fungi have been noted to possess
bioluminescent abilities.
6. 1. Dinoflagellates are the commonest cause of
luminescence in the surface water of the seas,
especially in summer and in warm waters. Most (but
not all) bioluminescent species are heterotrophs:
Protoperidinium, Noctiluca . In the Firth of Clyde,
Tett (1971) measured a seasonal cycle of spontaneous
luminescence, which correlated well with numbers of
luminescent dinoflagellates.
2. Ctenophores (comb-jellies) - emit bright flashes of
light.
7. • Cephalopods - mesopelagic squid in particular have
well-developed light organs, some self-illuminated,
other using symbiotic bacteria; a few species emit
luminescent ink.
• Polychetes – marine and terrestrial oligochaetes-
Eisenia – a terrestrial earthworm on iritation eject
luminous slime from oral, anal, and dorsal pores.
Polychaetes Chaetopterus exhibits luminosity.
• Arthropods -Crustacea - e.g. euphausiids (krill) have
10 complex light-emitting organs, or photophores,
under nervous and hormonal control. Deep sea
shrimps, Sergestes, light passes from anterior to
posterior. Among insects fire fly.
9. •Molluscs - certain clams, bivalves,certain nudibranchs, sea
slugs ,Octopus
•Bolitaenidae
the order Teuthida
•Colossal Squid
•Mastigoteuthidae
•Sepiolidae
•Sparkling Enope Squid
• Vampire squid
•Urochordates: Salps - flashes of light. Salps are mostly
small, but colonial tunicates Pyrosoma can grow to 1m, and
form dense patches, which light up when illuminated by a
searchlight.
10. LUMINOUS ORGAN
Means light producing organs , they differ with the number and
locations
•In beetles . Mostly lampyridae much diversity of the location of
the luminous organs amongst the male , female and larvae
example:- 1. Photinus
•Single pair in 6th segment of abdominal = male Photinus
•Single pair in 7th segment of abdominal = female Photinus
•Single pair in 8th segment of abdominal = in larval stages of
Photinus
2. Bolitophila = tip of the four malpighian tubules
3. Platyura = caudal end
11. STRUCTURE OF LUMINOUS ORGAN
• Firstly scientist SMITH in 1963 described the anatomy of luminous
organ in Photinus
PHOTOCYTE = light organ cells which are lying just beneath the
epidermis and backed by several layers of the cells called dorsal layer
cells.
• They are arranged in cylindrical from to the cuticle and richly
supplied with the tracheae and nerves .
• Photocyte cells packed with photo granules , these are LUCIFERIN
and rich with MITOCHONDRIA
• Dorsal cells contain urate forming a reflecting layers .
12. DIFFERENT COLOUR PRODUCED BY THE
LUMINOUS ORGAN
The colour of the light produced by the insects varies with
species
Lampyris, Photinus = yellow green light
Bolitophila = blue green light
Fulgora = white light
Phrixothrix = at thorax and abdomen region green
light , and red light on head.
13. MECHANISM OF LIGHT PRODUCTION
•Basically light is produced by the oxidation of lucifernin . In the
presence of the enzyme luciferase .
• Luciferin is first activated by ATP in the presence of magnesium and
luciferase to produce adenylluciferin .
•the adenyl-luciferin is then oxidised by an organic peroxide , again in
the presence of luciferase , to from so called excited
adenyl-oxylucifernin ,which decays spontaneously to low energy
adenyl-oxylucifernin with the production of light .the energy for this
process is obtained directly from the oxidation process, not from the
ATP and it is released in one large step .the radiation is very efficient,
about 98% of the energy involved being released as light . The low
energy adenyl-oxylucifernin produced inhibits further reaction ,
probably by binding with luciferase .
14. The pyrophosphate however removes the inhibition .
When the light organ is stimulated by a nerve , the
acetycholine released at nerve ending reacts with ATP
and co-enzyme so yield pyrophosphate .
The pyrophosphate diffuse to the photo cycle granules
and stimulates the production of lights by removing the
inhibition of luciferase. During the reaction in the
photocyte more pyrophosphate is released and this may
spread through the cell , extending the reaction . The
chemoluminescence reaction is given diagram
15. Nerve
impulse
Terminal
process acetylcholine
Acetic acid +
choline
ATP + coenzyme A
Adenylic acidAcetyl- coenzyme A + pyrpphosphate +
Hydrolysis
Inhibits luciferaseFree luciferase
Luciferin
+
ATP
Adenylluciferin
+
pyrophosphate
Removes inhibition
Adenyloxy
luciferin
Oxyluciferin
+
Adenylic acid
Stored as waste in
dorsal layer cells
These reactions
normally
prevented by
inhibition of
luciferase
Excited
adenyloxy
luciferin
Light
Mg ++
16. Adaptations and significance of
bioluminescence
•Attraction
1.Bioluminescence is used as a lure to attract prey by
several deep sea fish such as the anglerfish. A dangling
appendage that extends from the head of the fish attracts
small animals to within striking distance of the fish.
2.Some fish, however, use a non-bioluminescent lure.
The cookie cutter shark uses bioluminescence for
camouflage, but a small patch on its underbelly remains
dark and appears as a small fish to large predatory fish
like tuna and mackerel swimming beneath it. When
these fish try to consume the "small fish", they are bitten
by the shark, which gouges out small circular "cookie
17. 3. Dinoflagellates have an interesting twist on this
mechanism. When a predator of plankton is sensed through
motion in the water, the dinoflagellate luminesces. This in
turn attracts even larger predators which will consume the
would-be predator of the dinoflagellate.
4.The attraction of mates is another proposed mechanism of
bioluminescent action. This is seen actively in fireflies,
which use periodic flashing in their abdomens to attract mates
in the mating season. In the marine environment this has only
been well-documented in certain small crustaceans called
ostracod. It has been suggested that pheromones may be used
for long-distance communication, and bioluminescence used
at close range to "home in" on the target.
18. Certain squid and small crustaceans use bioluminescent
chemical mixtures or bioluminescent bacterial slurries in
the same way as many squid use ink. A cloud of
luminescence is expelled, confusing or repelling a potential
predator while the squid or crustacean escapes to safety.
Every species of firefly has larvae that glow to repel
predators.
•Communication
Communication between bacteria (quorum sensing) plays a
role in the regulation of luminesence in many bacterial
species. Using small extracellularly secreted molecules,
they are able to adapt their behavior to only turn on genes
for light production when they are at high cell densities.